CC BY
0
УДК 677.074.1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24412/2079-7958-2023-3-44-50
ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ УГЛА СДВИГА НА ПАРАМЕТРЫ ТКАНЕЙ
Дж. Эзенванкво, И. Петрикова, Дж. Зак
Технический университет в Либерце, Чешская Республика
АННОТАЦИЯ
Ткани играют важную роль при использовании в качестве армированных материалов для композитов и, в частности, в качестве одежды. В текстильной промышленности макроструктура ткани и виды переплетения играют важную роль в поведении, механических свойствах, а также в общем ощущении и текстуре ткани. Инженерные константы являются важными параметрами, поскольку материалы в основном орфотропны. Актуально исследовать влияние некоторых важных параметров ткани на инженерные константы материалов, в основном, когда они критичны с точки зрения охраны труда, промышленной безопасности и охраны окружающей среды для таких материалов как армированные композиты, применяемые в конструкции крыльев, фюзеляжей и других деталей самолетов. Свойства материалов испытывали в лаборатории по двум показателям: модуль Юнга и коэффициент Пуассона. Технически несущественная плотность получена из данных производителей, а программа автоматически рассчитывает два модуля.
Аналогично, геометрические параметры ткани были измерены в лаборатории с помощью двух идеально плоских пластин с нагрузкой 100 г и цифрового штангенциркуля. Влияние угла сдвига в тканях на шесть инженерных констант было исследовано с помощью программы Ansys Material Modeler. Влияние геометрических свойств ткани, как толщина нити, ширина пряжи и расстояние между нитями, будет изучено в дальнейших работах в ближайшем будущем.
Объект исследований - ткань полотняного переплетения.
Цель работы - исследовать влияния изменения угла сдвига в тканях полотняного переплетения на модуль Юнга, модуль сдвига, коэффициент Пуассона и объемную долю волокна.
Ключевые слова: ткань; текстура; текстиль; пограничное состояние; композиты. Информация о статье: поступила 29 августа 2023 года.
Статья подготовлена по материалам доклада Международной научно-технической конференции «Инновации в текстиле, одежде, обуви (ICTAI-2023)».
SHEAR ANGLE EFFECT ON THE ENGINEERING CONSTANTS OF WOVEN FABRICS
Johnson Ezenwankwo, Iva Petrikova, Josef Zak
Technical University of Liberec, Czech Republic
ABSTRACT
Fabrics play a key role when used as both reinforced material for composites and simply as apparels. In textile industry, fabric geometrics and weave pattern play a key role in the overall behaviour, mechanical response and general feel and texture of a piece of fabric. The engineering constants of are highly important parameters since the materials are largely orthotropic in nature. It is therefore, pertinent to investigate the effect of some key parameters on the engineering constants of a material, especially when they are used for HSE critical purposes such as reinforced composites employed in the design of aircraft wings, fuselages and other parts. The effect of shear angle on the six engineering constants is investigated using Ansys Material Modeler. Material properties are shown in Table 2 and gotten from measurement from the lab. The model was automatically achieved by inputting the textile geometrics, and generating the RVE, applying the boundary conditions, periodicity of the model and running the simulation. The material properties are given in Table 1, and are deduced from experimental data. To further expound the work, the effect of geometric properties such as fabric thickness, yarn width and yarn spacing will be explored in subsequent work.
Keywords: fabric; texture; textile; effect; composites. Article info: received August 29, 2023.
The article was prepared based on the report of the International Scientific and Technical Conference "International Conference on Textile and Apparel Innovation ICTAI-2023".
INTRODUCTION
In application and usage, the angle between weft and warp, described as the shear angle, changes dues to the dynamic forces of tension and pure shear. This tends to have a significant impact on the behaviour and response of the fabric in usage. It is paramount to determine how this constant change in angle affect the geometry of the fabric and how it affects the textile formed from this fabric. Fabric properties including weave type and setting have significant effects on the shear response of fabrics [1]. A number of experimental methods proposed fpr measuring shear deformation in woven fabrics include the picture frame test method (PFTM), the Kawabata evaluation system for fabrics (KEF) and the bias-extension test method (BETM). Most other research works have delved into experimental investigation of the shear angle, displacement, tensile and shear forces of the fabric. There is a relationship between wrinkling and shear angle.
The study showed how the critical shear angle called locking angle has a high dependence on such parameters as yarn spacing, tow size and friction [2]. In both applications as textiles in clothing and reinforcements in composites, wrinkling and drapeability play a big role in terms of shear angle, although the latter carry more load. The pin-join model is famous in determining the deformation of woven fabrics based on kinetic-geometric analysis [3]. The main assumption is that yarns, inextensible and incompressible, are pinned at points of intersection and are free to relocation spatially but not translate in real time.
A number of research works have studied the effect of shear angle caused by different factors on textile in use. The pin-join model is one of the prominent models developed for predicting the warp-weft interaction in dynamics. One such work involves fixing the clamp holding the fabric on one end and applying a shearing force at the other end by moving the clamp at a constant spend [4, 5].
Another practical method, as given by numerous authors, is the picture frame method where the fabric sample is inserted in a frame. A measured tensile load is exerted along the corners of the frame - several configurations are used depending on the fabric shape and size, chosen test speed, frame design etc [6-12]. The proposed method of investigating the effect of shear angle on fabrics will be used in further works where the model is exported to commercial software, relevant boundary conditions are imposed and the system is solved in the fashion of the live experimental method.
This work will investigate the effect of shear angle on a 2x2 plain-woven fabric. The model is composed of lenticular-cross section yarns generated from TexGen. As in Table 2, the geometrics of the yarn are given as 1.0 mm for the yarn spacing, 0.8mm for the yarn width, and 0.3 mm for the fabric thickness and 0.1mm for the yarn height. It is also technically desirable to rework the process in Ansys 2022 R2, where the shear angle is initially zero and then parametrically ramped to 30°. Finally, the effect of the geometric property of the model is investigated as well by parameterizing, for instance, the yarn spacing, yarn width and fabric thickness which are known to affect both the in-plane and transverse properties of the RVE in general.
SETTING UP THE MODEL
The model is a conventional plain-woven 2x2 fabric generated in-situ using the in-built Material Modeller module in Ansys 2022. Standard periodic boundary conditions are built into the system so that opposing sides of the model are kinematically tied to a corresponding side using simple canonical equations. The proposed geometrical model is automatically generated in the software. The material properties are given as follows:
The yarn type greatly influences the behaviour of the fabric. In this case, the flattened lenticular (high fibre volume fraction) yarn type was chosen. To retain full orthotropic behaviour of the fabric, the fabric is set not to align with the x-direction. Setting this option will form a 4-yarn arrangement where each pair of yarns lay in opposite positions and form a close square. The periodicity condition is activated and to allow for solutions for the six load cases, the symmetry in XY, XZ or YZ is not turned on.
YARN AND FABRIC GEOMETRICS
The yarn geometry plays a vital role in the shear angle which is directly related to the fibre angle. Specifically, in the bias-extension experiment, the shear angle, 0L, is calculated as:
W = — - 2W = П - 2cos L 2 2
4 + ^
(1)
0L is the angle between the warp and weft whereas L0 is the difference between the original test length L and width W, such that L0 = L - W, and S is the displacement of the sample during the bias-extension test.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Since the model was not solved with symmetry in XY, XZ or YZ, all six load cases are accounted for. The plots are a comparison of Young's modulus, Shear modulus and Poisson's ratio. The different cases of shear angle are observed. A keen observance is made of how sensitive each of the engineering constants are to the shear angles which ranged from zero through 20o with a 5o step. The effect of change in shear angle is the most significant in Ep less in E2 and the least in E3.The shear angle also affects the possible values the software is able to compute.
Table 1 - Material Properties
E (GPa) V B (GPa) S (GPa) P (g/cm3)
1 73 0.22 43.45 29.918 2.56 J
Table 2 - Model Geometry
Yarn Spacing Yarn Width Fabric Thickness Yarn Height
(mm)
^ 1.00 0.80 0.30 0.10 J
Figure 3 - (a) E1 vs Vf (b) E2 vs Vf
b
а
Figure 3b, 4a and 4b are the plots showing the relationships with shear modulus (G), and how change in shear angle affects its relation with the fibre volume fraction. G, G and G23 all showed very insignificant dependence on the shear angle.
From figure 5a, 5b and 5c, the shear angle showed the most significance and effect. vn and v23 showed more variation with the shear angle than Vi3. Generally, this can be explained in the
fact that shear modulus has a direct correlation with Poisson's ratio.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This publication was written at the Technical University of Liberec as part of the project "Research of advanced materials, and application of machine learning in the area of control and modeling of mechanical systems"
Figure 3 - (a) E3 vs Vf (b) G2 vs Vf
b
а
Figure 4 - (a) G13 vs Vf (b) G23 vs Vf
23 ' f
b
а
nr. SGS-2022-5072 with the support of the Specific University Research Grant, as provided by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic in the year 2023.
Figure 5 - (a) v12 vs Vf (b) v13 vs Vf
b
а
Figure 6 - v23 vs Vf
REFERENCES
1. Buyukbayraktar, R. B. (2022), A Generalised Geometric Model for the Determination of Shear Angle during the Bias-extension Test, The Journal of the Textile Institute, 2022; 113; pp. 2249-2262.
2. Prodromou, A. G. and Chen, J. (1997), On the Relationship between Shear Angle and Wrinkling of Textile Composites Preforms, Composite Part A, 1997; 28; pp. 491-503.
3. Mark, C. & Taylor, H. M. (2013), The Fitting of Woven Cloth to Surfaces, Journal of Textile Institute, 2013; 47; pp. 477-488.
4. Hu, J. L. and Zhang, Y. T. (1997), The KES Shear Test for Fabrics, Textile Research Journal, https://doi. org/10.1177/004051759706700904, 1997; 67(9); pp. 654-664.
5. Kawabata, S., Niwa, M. and Kawai, H. (1973), The Finite-deformation Theory of Plain-weave Fabrics, Part III: The Shear-deformation Theory, The Journal of the Textile Institute, https://doi. org/10.1177/004051759706700904; 1973; 64(2); pp. 62-85.
6. Boisse, P., Hamila, N., Guzman-Maldonado, E., Madeo, A., Hivet, G. and dell'Isola, F. (2017), The Bias-extension Test for the Analysis of In-plane Shear Properties of Textile Composite Reinforcements and Prepregs: A Review, International Journal of Material Forming, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-016-1294-7; 2017; 10(4), pp. 473-492.
7. Cao, J., Akkerman, R., Boisse, P., Chen, J., Cheng, H. S., de Graaf, E. F., Gorczyca, J. L., Harrison, P., Hivet, G., Launay, J., Lee, W., Liu, L., Lomov, S. V., Long, A., de Luycker, E., Morestin, F., Padvoiskis, J., Peng, X. 0., Sherwood, J. and Zhu, B. (2018), Characterization of Mechanical Behavior of Woven Fabrics: Experimental Methods and Benchmark Results, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. compositesa.2008.02.016; 2018; 39(6); pp. 1037-1053.
8. El Abed, B., Msahli, S., Bel Hadj Salah, H. and Sakli, F. (2011), Study of Woven Fabric Shear Behaviour, Journal of the Textile Institute, https://doi.org/10.1080/00405001003771226, 2011; 102(4); pp. 322-331.
9. Harrison, P. (2012), Normalization of Biaxial Bias-extension Test Results Considering Shear Tension Coupling, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2012.04.014; 43(9); pp. 1546-1554.
10. Lebrun, G., Bureau, M. N., and Denault, J. (2003), Evaluation of Bias-extension and Picture-frame Test Methods for the Measurement of Intraply Shear Properties of PP/glass Commingled Fabrics, Composite Structures, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-8223(03)00057-6, 2012; 61(4); pp. 341-352.
11. Potter, K. (2002), Bias Extension Measurements on Cross-plied Unidirectional Prepreg, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-835X(01)00057-4, 2002; 33(1); 63-73.
12. Wang, C., Shankar, K., Morozov, E., Ram Ramakrishnan, K. and Fien, A. (2020), Characterization of Shear Behavior in Stainless Steel Wire Mesh Using Bias-extension and Picture Frame Tests, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0001710, 2020;146(2); 040191271-04019127-12.
Информация об авторах Information about the authors
Эзенванкво Джонсон
Магистр наук, Технический университет в Либерце, Чешская Республика. E-mail: johnson.ezenwankwo@tul.cz
Петрикова Ива
Доцент, старший преподаватель, заведующий кафедрой, Технический университет в Либерце, Чешская Республика.
Зак Джозеф
Доцент, старший преподаватель, Технический университет в Либерце, Чешская Республика.
Johnson Ezenwankwo
MSc., Doctoral Researcher, Technical University of Liberec, Czech Republic. E-mail: johnson.ezenwankwo@tul.cz Iva Petrikova
PhD, Senior Lecturer and Head of Department, Technical University of Liberec, Czech Republic.
Josef Zak
PhD, Senior Lecturer, Technical University of Liberec, Czech Republic.
_J
