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14AGRICULTURE
ONTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF MODERN MACHINE TECHNOLOGY FOR INTENSIVE HORTICULTURE
Academician of Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Doctor of technical sciences
Zavrazhnov A. I., 1Ph.D. Zavrazhnov A. A., 1Ph.D.Lantsev V. Yu.
2Academician of RANS, Doctor of technical sciencesTyutyunnik V. M.
1Russia, Michurinsk, Regional scientific-technical center «Industrial machine technology
for intensive horticulture», 2Russia, Tambov, International Information Nobel Centre (IINC)
Abstract. The radical modernization of the modern intensive horticulture is the development and introduction of modern machine technology.The main thing in this process is to create the conditions and opportunities of process of formation and functioning of all components of the machine technology (technical, technological, production, organizational, social, etc.).Such wording relates machine technology for intensive horticulture as computational systems, to implement the most effective technologies and methods of system engineering and business modeling. Ontological analysis based on the language and definitions of various reputable authors for highlight the main directions of modern industrial horticulture was held.The algorithm that allows you to generate information domains (classes) for the formation of ontological models wasdesignedby authors. As a result of ontological analysis hadbeen formed the key terms and concepts, as well as the basic components of modern industrial horticulture, which are fundamental in machine technology for intensive horticulture: intensive horticulture (regulatory and organizational components are attachment, refund, the concentration of production), industrial technologies(economic and agricultural componentsareagricultural machinery, farming techniques, biological factor), machine technology(technological and technical componentsareagro-technical receptions, achieving the goal, specified time periods), intensive technology(engineering component and business technologyareagro-climatic conditions, agricultural techniques, biological characteristics).
Keywords: intensive horticulture; ontological analysis; ontological models;modern machine technologies;industrial technologies;intensive technologies.
Russian agricultural production and horticulture, in particular, are in the process of radical transformation in terms of industrialization of the sector, which is a fundamental task in the framework of a decision problem is a leading national food security and import substitution[1].The main limitations inthisprocess are: the difficult situation in the engineering and maintenance of domestic agriculture as the primary performer of industrialization; the deep crisis of the domestic agricultural machinery; lack of industry development strategy in the context of the EEA and the WTO;weak scientific and methodological framework (preparation) in the solution of problems of technical and technological welfare of the industry;most importantly, according to the authors, the lack of a clear understanding of the wording and terminology (read: processes and problems) "intensification", "industrialization", etc. in relation to modern horticulture.
Unfortunately, to date, there is no universally accepted patriotic doctrine and theory of industrial machine technology for industrial intensive horticulture answering fundamental questions:what is intensive horticulture;what are industrial technologies in horticulture;what is machine technology in horticulture;what are their features at the present stage of development, etc.
This, in turn, gives rise to the diversity of views and opinions, interagency inconsistency and confusion in planning and implementing research on establishment and implementation of modern machine technology in the intensive horticulture [2].
In the minds of many Russian specialists still dominates "technological bias", whichisthe view that machine technology intensive horticulture it is associated mainly with the agro-biological, agro-technological and productional features intensive gardens, for example: use poorly growing rootstocks and highly productive varieties;increasing the density of planting fruit trees; the introduction of effective systems of trees crown formation;the use of drip irrigation and anchor systems; implementation of programmed and information (by the growth phases) systems of fertilizers;implementation of integrated
(on the threshold of harmfulness), combined and bio-chemical plant protection systems; application of soil-landscape maps based on geo-information systems (GIS) and information technology on the basis of the cosmic monitoring fora breakdown of the gardens, etc.
Absolutely not denying the importance of the technological domain, authors (from theirown experience) argue that the main thing in the development and implementation of modern machine technology in the intensive horticulture is establishment of the conditions and possibilities of process of formation and functioning of all components of the machine technology (technical, technological, production, organizational, social, etc.).Such wording relates machine technology for intensive horticulture as computational systems, to implement the most effective technologies and methods of system engineering and business modeling [3].
According to the international standard ISO 15288, system engineering can be defined as a process that converts the raw specifications in a well-functioning system.In the initial stages of the development,initial requirements and specifications are not clearly expressed, as they are the result of interaction of multiple stakeholders and agencies.None of the developers did not have a full understanding of the system being developed outside the scope of their interests, which are expressed by the system in terms and concepts, which are specific to each subject area.Thus, the problems of system engineering in part due to the fact that the use of natural language and limited the scope of competence of the developers.
Chance of overcoming these problems is in modeling and formalization of the system development process. Ontologies are widely present use when the modeling of complex systems (initial description which is in natural language). By definition ofT.Gruber, ontologies are accurate, that is marked by formal means (specifications and conceptual models) [4].Currently, ontological analysis is a methodological basis in standards ontological modeling of business processes (standard IDEF 5) and processes life cycle in systems engineering (ISO 15926), regulating the processes of information and saturated systems design and management.Development of ontologies (ontology engineering) allows to structure and disseminate knowledge in various subject areas by organizing, creating a unified hierarchy of concepts, the unification of terminology and rules of interpretation in the form of light "man-understandable" ontologies (including controlled vocabularies, taxonomies, thesauri, cognitive and conceptual maps) or of powerful "machine-understandable" ontologies (including UML model or STEP, XML schema languages, automated modal logics) [5-7].
The use of ontologies makes sense in terms of scientific research logic, which determined that the development of any scientifically-practical theory is characterized by a state of concepts and terminology apparatus.Operation with concepts and terms (semantic analysis) is a necessary condition for the initial stages of forming and design of theoretical and practical models.Clearly formed a system of concepts and terms supported a peculiar catalyst, source fordeciding and understanding the problem.Following the remarks of V.M.Polonsky that if "there is term - there is a problem, there is no term - there is no problem", it can be argued that, depending on the interpretation of the terms and concepts, may be given objective or an erroneous assessment of the actual state of affairs in the researched field of science[8].
On the basis of the above, the authors propose to consider the initial requirements for the design of modern machine technology for intensive horticulture as structured (in the form of ontological models) describe various aspects of the subject areas.When performing of ontological analysis, authors adopted in principle the idea proposed in the American guides for the drafting of ontologies [9]:
1) there is not the only correct way to domain modeling, but there are always viable alternatives;
2)development of ontologies is necessarily iterative process;
3) concepts in the ontology should be close to objects (physical or logical) and relationships in the subject area of interest.
Algorithm (table 1), which allows you to generate information domains (classes) for the formation of ontological models had beendeveloped by us.
Table 1. Ontological analysis algorithm
Stage 1 _^ Stage2 _^ Stage3 _^ Stage4
1
Formation of a pivotal concepts (defining the scope and scale of the ontology) - Conduct of structural analysis (symbol of the terminological field) - Formation of tuples source terms and concepts - Creation of information domains (classes) for the ontological models
To complete the first two phases, the authors conducted terminological and semantic analysis of more than 100 the wording and definitions of the different directions of scientific and practical activity one way or another related to the modern industrial horticulture.During the analysis the initial allocated (key) terms and concepts that define the semantics of the wording.Some examples of formulations with highlighting key terms and concepts are given in table 2.
Table 2. Examples of the wordings defining modern industrial horticulture (with highlighting key terms and concepts)
1.
Intensivehorticulture
Intensification - a way to quickly and |efficientlyreturn money, |invested| inperennial plants|and delivery of high-quality production. Intensification of involves the concentration of production on the unit
unitarea
square (planting density, technology, technique
organization!) and provides for greater ¡impact per [Apple production system in intensive orchards of Central Russia (recommendations) /ed.
Yu.V.Trunov;Michurinsk-scientific-town of RUSSIA. -Voronezh: Kvarta, 2011. - 204pp.] _2._Industrialtechnologies_
Industrial(fromLatinindustriadiligence,
industriousness,
activity)
isinterpretedastheprocessofcreatingalarge|machineproduction|inallindustriesofnationaleconomy. [GSE]
Industrial technology —machine technology, in which all basic workflows run only machines, to a certain extent due to the fact that, within the limits permitted by the peculiarities of the development and needs of plants, a few transformed agricultural machinery with a view to ensuring the most effective mechanization on the flow through and eliminate manual labor. [Pilyugin, L.M.Justification agricultural machinery systems. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1990. - 208pp.]_
Industrial technology of cultivation of agricultural crops - is machine technologyof production of
the productin the planned productivity, combining the application of modern |high-performanceequipment
with the latest agricultural techniques!, which in substance is approachingto|industrial production. It focuses on the end result thatis getting ¡scheduled (programmed) harvest of |high quality. [Iophinov, S.A. Industrial technologies of cultivation of agricultural crops. - M.:Kolos, 1983. - 191 pp.]_
Industrialtechnology- the combination of interrelated
regulated the timing and quality of jobs|, providing |maximumharvest
mechanized processes with strictly
crops of high quality in specific |soil
and climatic conditions| without the use of manual labour. [Sigov, V.I.Dictionaryofagriculture. - M.:
Rosselkhozizdat, 1987. - 222pp.]
3._Machinetechnology
technical) ¡operations! in
Machine technology - the |combination| of consistently running (mostly specified time periods and with the [required indicators, providing the |goal| of [System of criteria for quality, reliability, economic efficiency of agricultural machinery: instruction method. edition. - M.:Rosinformagrotech, 2010. - 188pp.].
agricultural production.
Machine technology - the combination of ¡agricultural and ¡organizational techniques, ¡ways to
obtain| the ultimate agricultural products for ¡specific requirements! in terms of quantity and quality. complexes! of mobile and stationary |machines| for different purposes. [State StandardR 53054 -2008.
Machine technology in crop production. Environmental assessment methods] _4._Intensivetechnology
Industrial technology- the process! of ¡cultivation of plants in accordance with their physiological
needs in order to achieve the |optimal| biological and food quality and the greatest possible programming of
harvest. [Gelfenbeim, S.P. Terms and definitions in the agro-engineering: a handbook. - M.:KolosS, 2007. -
255pp.]
Industrial technology- the combination of ¡agronomic techniques of cultivation of agricultural crops, different |balanceproductivity| elements at a high level. [Sigov, V.I.Dictionary of agriculture. -M.:Rosselkhozizdat, 1987. - 222pp.]._
_Industrial crop cultivation technology with ¡organizational and technical sidq assumes ¡integrated
applicatioqthenext: the latest scientific and technological achievements;|optimal|, clearly differentiated
multivariate process flow diagrams|,appropriated for the specific conditions of production;|high-performance
modern (innovation) technologyl to provide ¡comprehensive mechanization of production processes
new
varieties and hybrids! of intensive^ type adapted to ¡mechanization! of cultivation and harvesting;highly efficient [means of mechanization|;[rotarv forms| fororganization of production, labor and ¡management.
[Kozhenkova, K.I. The technology of mechanized farming. - Minsk: Urozhai, 1988. - 375pp.]
List of key terms and concepts that define the semantic value of terminological fields (structural components of a pivotal concept) is given in table 3.
Table 3. Key terms and concepts
1. Intensivehorticulture
Attachment, refund, concentration of production, perennial plantations, organization, return per unit area, planting density, technique, technology, efficiency_
2. Industrialtechnologies
Agricultural machinery, farming techniques, biological factor, scheduled (programmed) crop, quality, maximum yield, machine technology, machine production, machines, mechanization of work processes, mechanized processes, features of plants development, planning, threading, the needs of plants, soil and climatic conditions, performance, production of the product, industrial production, process of creating, workflows, regulated periods, technique, technological rules, technological factor, productivity, economic factor, effectiveness_
3. Machinetechnology
Agro-technical receptions, achieving the goal, specified time periods, specified requirements, quality, complex of machines, organizational techniques, production of the product, collection of operations, ways to get products, technical means, required indicators_
4. Intensivetechnology
Agro-climatic conditions, agro-technical receptions, biological characteristics, biological potential, mutual link, cultivation of plants, innovationity, food quality, comprehensive mechanization, complexity, operationity, optimality, optimization, organization of production, organizational techniques, institutional aspect, organogenesis, threading, plants need, programmable harvest, productivity, production processes, production resources, processes, rationality, balanced, technique, technical aspect, technological schemes, management, physiological needs,economic methods_
The final stage of ontological analysis is to unite key terms and concepts in the thematically similar information domains (classes).
Table 4 shows an example of ontological analysis defining concepts of "Industrial machine technology for intensive horticulture" as a result of which highlights the main information domains, which are the constituent elements of a common ontological model and, most importantly, in the future will harmonize all aspects of modern industrial horticulture.
Table 4. Ontology industrial machine technology for intensive horticulture
Stage1 —► Stage2 —► Stage3 Stage4
\ 1 1
■- - Intensive Attachment, refund, the concentration of production.... » Regulatorycomponent
a Si horticulture Organizationalcomponent
1H il Industrialtechnologies Agricultural machinery, farming techniques, biological factor ... - Economic component
® .y s ® —► Agro-biological (productional) component
•= .s .s u <u S % ® C ■e .s Machine Agro-technical receptions, achieving this goal, specified time periods... Technologicalcomponent
technologies —► Technical component
s ■a s HH Intensive Agro-climatic conditions, agro-technical receptions, biological characteristics... Engineeringcomponent
technologies —► Business-technologies
Conclusion
Modern industrial horticulture is enormous system comprising various components (technical, technological, production, organizational, social, etc.), which, in turn, requires knowledge and skills in the most disparate fields of science and technology activities.We held ontological analysis based on the wording and definitions of various reputable authors to highlight main directions of modern industrial horticulture.As a result of study, the key terms and concepts, as well as the basic
components of modern industrial horticulture, which are fundamental in machine technology intensive horticulture, had been formed.
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PROBLEMS OF FOOD SECURITY IN UZBEKISTAN
Ibragimov Abdumalik Gapparovich
Reclamation Candidate of Economic Sciences, Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Land Department of Water Resources Management
Abstract. The article analyzes the results achieved in the reform of the agrarian sector of Uzbekistan on the basis of official statistics highlights the problems offood security. The conditions to ensure food security of the country, developed recommendations on the specific institutional arrangements aimed at improving various aspects of food security in Uzbekistan.
Keywords: agrarian reform, market economy, food security, agriculture, agricultural production, losses in agriculture, modernization and innovative production.
Introduction. Agrarian reform in Uzbekistan has been focused on the widespread introduction of market relations. The qualitative results of the reforms in agriculture are: improving the efficiency of production - increased productivity for major crops and livestock productivity, increase profitability of private farms and improvements in terms of sustainable food production, ensure food security of the country.
Object of study. Food security
