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10SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS VOLUME 4 I ISSUE 4 I 2023 _ISSN: 2181-1601
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ON THE ETHNIC COMPOSITION AND TERRITORIAL LOCATION OF THE
TAJIKS OF THE JIZZAK OASIS
Mukhriddin Mamarajabov
Jizzakh State Pedagogical University, a student of the Faculty of History
ABSTRACT
The article is about the ethnic composition and territorial location of the Tajiks of the Jizzakh oasis. At the same time, the theories put forward by scientists were considered with the help of scientific literature and archeological sources.
Key words: Turkistan ridge, Morguzar and Nurota mountain ranges, Pakhtakor, Dostlik, Zafarabad, Nurota Tajiks, Porasht, Asraf, Okhum, Khayot, Mojarom, Andagin, Sintab, Ej.
According to its natural geographical location, the Jizzakh oasis includes the northern slopes of the Turkestan ridge and its branches, the Morguzar and Nurota ridges, the central and southern regions of Mirzachol.1. The oasis extends from the north-east to Aydarkol through the districts of Pakhtakor, Dostlik and Zafarabad, from the east to Mirzachol and from the north-west to the Kyzylkum deserts, and the plains in the south-west are connected to the Zomin and Aikor ridges. .
Oasis in the north and northeast with Kazakhstan (216.9 km), It borders with the Republic of Tajikistan in the east and southeast (326.7 km), Navoi (83.7 km) and Samarkand (199.8 km) regions in the west. In the southeast, the Ilonutti Pass on the
"5
Sangzor River separates the Nurota Range from the Molguzar Range . The western part of both mountain ranges is a plain, and the eastern part connects to Aktog, Karatog and Koytash mountains through the Nurota oasis.
A part of the oasis, which is located almost in the central part of Uzbekistan, adjoins the desert, desert and steppes. The combination of mountains, sub-mountains, lowlands and desert zones in the region is its uniqueness. From the north and north-east, the terraced plains rise towards the mountains. A large part of the territory is occupied by Mirzachol, whose land structure is flat4. The land surface of the oasis is not uniform. It decreases from southeast to northwest. The part of the plain slopes to the north-west,
Republic of Uzbekistan. (Jizzakh region and Syrdarya regions. Administrative division). T., 2002. p.95.
^National Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan. (Jizzakh region). T., 2004. 593 p.
3In that place.
4Alibekov L.A., Nishanov CA Prirodnye usloviya i resursy Dzhizakskoy oblasti. - Tashkent: Uzbekistan, 1978. - S. 24-25.
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and the average height is 250-300 m. In the southern foothills, the height reaches 450530 m5.
The average height of the Molguzar mountain, which is the northern branch of the Turkestan range, is 1500-2000 m, some peaks reach up to 2621 m. It is separated from Nurota mountain by the Sangzor river valley on the north side. The largest river of the oasis, the Sangzor River (123 km long), is fed by the snow and ice waters of the Turkestan, Koytash and Molguzar ridges, its water increases in summer and decreases in winter. Average monthly water consumption is 6.1 cubic meters per second6.
The location of Jizzakh oasis, favorable geographical features have created all the natural conditions for settlement and farming of settled and semi-sedentary population since ancient times. As a result, agriculture and animal husbandry developed continuously and seasonally in the region, and the possibility of joint development of nomadic animal husbandry with settled agriculture caused many ethnic groups to move and settle in this place. was
The population of the oasis today has a complex ethnic composition, Uzbeks -89.0%, Kyrgyz - 3.1%, Tajiks - 3.0%, Kazakhs - 2.1%, Russians - 0.7 %, other nationalities - 2.1%, 4.1% of the population of the Republic of Uzbekistan live in Jizzakh region. In particular, Uzbeks - 1208.7 thousand, Kyrgyz - 41.6 thousand, Kazakhs - 28.4 thousand, Tajiks - 31.6 thousand, Russians - 14.9 thousand, Tatars - 6, 4 thousand Koreans - 2.7 thousand, Turkmen - 0.4 thousand, Karakalpaks - 0.2 thousand,
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representatives of other nationalities and ethnic groups - 17.3 thousand .
Jizzakh region, one of the historical and cultural regions of Uzbekistan, has its own history, and representatives of different nationalities and peoples have been living side by side in the region since ancient times. However, it should be noted that until now, the information about the ethnic composition of the inhabitants of the Jizzakh oasis has been rather sketchy.
As we mentioned above, Tajiks also live in Jizzakh oasis, in addition to Uzbeks. Tajiks are mainly in the desert regions of the oasis (as a result of the population resettlement policy during the Soviet era) in an unorganized state, and the main part is in the middle and highest part of the Nurota mountain range (66°, 33' and66°,55'east latitude) lives in large villages such as Forish, Ukhum, Sentog', Katta and Kichik Ej and Keskan. The Tajiks of Nurota resemble the Tajiks of the Upper part of Zarafshan by their way of life and partially their external structure..
Nowadays, although the Nurota Tajiks consider themselves a Tajik nation, the inhabitants of some Tajik villages connect their ethnic history with certain Uzbek clans.
5Toshboev F. Culture of Ustrushona herdsmen in ancient times. History is a science. tall div. doc. (PhD). diss. Autorefrati. Sam., 2017. 14 p.
6Alibekov L.A., Nishanov CA Prirodnye usloviya i resursy Dzhizakskoy oblasti. - S. 27.
7The official website of Jizzakh regional government. www. Jizzakh.uz. visit October 10, 2021.
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Unfortunately, the origin of Tajiks and why they call themselves Uzbek clans is still unknown.
The Russian scientist AP Khoroshkhin Nurota is skeptical about the origin of the Tajiks going back to the Uzbeks and the popular narratives that they later adopted the Tajik language under the influence of some Tajik-speaking groups. In his work "Which Tajik groups and when did they influence this nation?" After all, they are surrounded by Uzbek clans - he writes. Indeed, the Tajik villages in the oasis are surrounded on all sides by villages inhabited by Uzbek clans. According to Khoroshkhin, the Tajiks of the oasis are pure "mountainous" i.e. "mountainous Tajiks". Khoroshkhin wants to prove his opinion by the similarity of Nurota Tajiks with mountain Tajiks in facial structure.
IPMagidovich, the author of the national composition section in the 1920 population census and regionalization materials of Central Asia, has no doubt that the original origin of Nurota Tajiks is Uzbek. As evidence, he cites as a result of the 1924 inquiries that the Tajiks connected their ethnogenesis with one or another Uzbek clan. In our opinion, the process of origin of Nurota Tajiks is quite complicated. Without admitting that their foundation was formed by the ancient Tajik population, it should be noted that the oasis Tajiks were constantly influenced by their neighboring oasis Uzbeks, and the two peoples lived in constant close relations. This opinion is also confirmed by the philologist BXKarmysheva. In his opinion,.
As a result of the research, we identified the names of several Uzbek clans among Nurota Tajiks. These are: "Bog'achili" (or "Bogachli") found in the Uzbeks of the Nurota oasis, "Chaloir" typical of the Kazakhs living in the areas adjacent to the Nurota mountains (in the northern part of the mountain range), "Chaloir" found in the Uzbeks and Kazakhs of the oasis. Naiman". The Tajiks living in the village of Forish (or Porosht) consider themselves Tajiks, and they connect their origin with the "Bugajili" clan, which is considered one of the large clans of Nurota Turkmen. Residents of Mojirum and Andigin Tajik villages separated from it were considered "naiman"..A small group of Uzbek-naimans formerly lived on the North-Eastern slopes of the Nurota Mountains, from the village of Mojarum.40 kmlived in the south-east. Of course, it is difficult to believe that Tajiks adopted the name Naiman because they lived next to this clan, but it is not without possibility. In the history of Central Asian peoples, there are many facts about the fact that small tribes and clans, sometimes of their own free will, and sometimes under compulsion, joined large nations and adopted their names. According to local legends, some of the Nurota Tajiks came from the banks of the Syrdarya River and settled there. Khoroskhin also provided information about this narration in the 19th century. This location on the banks of the Syrdarya River is called Echkilizor, and it is located between Chordara and Turkestan. Some Uzbek clans of Nurota (Mang'it, Nayman) claim their origin from the same address.
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The meeting of the tribal names Bakhrin and Sarai in Nurota Tajiks is a problem that requires special study. The Tajik villages we are studying are large villages, which are divided into separate parts (the local population called these parts villages).
Villagers are divided into large and small ethnic groups called "seed", "generation", "community". It should be noted that the names of these generations and communities are completely different from the names of clans within the Uzbek tribe, which the inhabitants of this village call themselves.
The following large and small generations and communities live in the Tajik villages of Nurota: the inhabitants of Forish or Porasht villages are divided into Qishloki, Kolmaki, Karavulbegi and Makhmat-zamani generations, and these generations consider themselves Tajikized Uzbeks.
Representatives of large ethnic groups Albaki, Sultani and Tabaqli live in the neighboring village of Ukhum. The descendants of Sayfi, Khalachi and Hunuksoi live in the village of Mojarum. In the village of Sentog, which is one of the largest Tajik villages, the population is divided into Mulloi, Solili, Khofizi, Najmiddini, Tamuri, Baqi, Sultan-Husain, Yodgori, Ayoni, Eshmakhammadi, Bayrami and Qurama generations.
Kazigi, Chalmagi, Mulloy, and Shokhi communities live in the Tajik village of Ej.
Above, we mentioned the population distribution of only the largest Tajik villages located on the Nurota mountain range. In addition to the mentioned villages, Tajiks live in smaller villages such as Khoyati, Andigin, Saf, Ustuq Hisar, Keskan and Sumbulok.
The local Tajiks, who have been living in the northern foothills of the Nurota Mountains for many centuries, are referred to as "Forish Tajiks" in some ethnogeographical literature. The main reason for this name is that until the sixties of the last century, all the villages where they lived belonged to the Forish district of the Samarkand region. Currently, this region is almost equally divided and administratively looks after two provinces (Jizzakh and Navoi) and two districts (Forish and Nurota). Villages such as Porasht, Arsaf, Okhm, Hoyat, Kochak, Andagin, Mojarm are part of Forish district, villages such as Sintab, Sop, Ej (Soyi Kalon - Kattaej, Soyi Khurd -Kichikej), Simbuloq are administratively part of Nurota district. It seems that the concept of "Forish Tajiks" does not fully correspond to today's administrative-territorial division.
o
A well-known geographer,
Currently, Tajiks make up about ten percent of the population of Forish district. The territorial location, language, culture, lifestyle, and customs of this nation with its own ethnic roots differ from others, even if only partially. Until now, they have been little studied by experts and have not been a separate research object. Consequently,It is of great
8Nurnazarov M.N. Tajikoni Forish, Gulistan, 2000.
Uzbekistan www.scientificprogress.uz
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scientific importance to study the historical formation, territorial location and specific ethnogeographic features of the local Tajiks who have been living in this area for many centuries. The Nurota Mountains, located in the central part of Uzbekistan, are administratively part of Samarkand, Navoi and Jizzakh regions. These mountains are described in Greek historical sources as part of the Sogdian Mountains. Later, the Arab geographers who came to this area noted it as a component of the Qaf Mountains. In the early medieval written sources, the mountains located on the northern border of Samarkand are mentioned as "Kohi Khud Din" - "Mountain of religion that arose by itself"'."According to the legends, when the Arabs came, the highlanders accepted Islam by their own will, which is why the mountains were called by this name. During the Mongol invasion, the local people considered the religion of Islam as sacred and strictly protected the mountains where they lived from outsiders. Natural-geographically, the Nurota Mountains stretch for about 400 km from the southeast to the northwest, with an average width of 50-70 km. At a distance of about 5-6 km from the northern foot of the mountain, the Kyzylkum desert and the Aydar-Arnasoy lake system are located, and the territory of Kazakhstan begins further north. The southwestern foothills of the mountains go to the lower reaches of the Zarafshan River. All natural and climatic conditions characteristic of Central Asia can be found in the studied area. The area is natural-geographical - a desert,10. In the south - Go'bdintog' and Karachitog' (Korachatog'), in the north -Pistalitog', Egarbellitog' and Baliklitog' are also part of the Nurota mountains. The highest point of the Nurota mountains is Hayotboshi (Sarihayat) peak - 2169 meters.
The population living in the northern part of the Nurota Mountains is ethnically complex and relatively little studied by experts. Nevertheless, the ethnogeographic features of the region have attracted some experts. For example, historians and geographers such as ANKhoroshkhin, MSAndreyev, BXKarmisheva, A.Mukhtorov, M.Nurnazarov visited this region as part of various expeditions and partially studied different layers of the indigenous population. It should be noted that the ethnogeographical information collected by them about the local peoples, although not complete, has not lost its scientific significance. According to experts, active migration processes have been taking place in this area since ancient times. For many centuries, the Nurota Mountains served as a natural barrier for desert nomadic peoples to move to the oases of Samarkand and Bukhara. It is recognized by scientists that this situation partially affected the ethnic composition of the peoples living at the northern foot of the mountain.11.
9Shevyakov A.I. O korennom naselenii Nuratinskikh gor i prilegayushchikh rayonov (Materialy polevykh issledovaniy 1988-1999 g.g.). // Vostok. -No. 3. -T.: 2000.
10Khakimov K.M. Geography of Jizzakh region. - T.: 2015.
11Karmysheva B.H., Peshchereva E.M. Materialy etnograficheskogo obsledovaniya tadjikov Nuratinskogo hrebta. Journal Soviet Ethnography, -M. 1964, No. 1.
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Currently, the majority of the population of the region is made up of Uzbeks, and Tajiks live in the neighboring villages. Partly Kazakhs lived in the desert areas of the Nurota Mountains, adjacent to Kyzylkum, but due to the demographic policy carried out in the neighboring country during the last quarter of a century, most of them moved to the territory of Kazakhstan.
Villages inhabited by local Tajiks exist on both sides of the Nurota Mountains, but most of them are located on the northern foothills of the mountains. If you pay attention, certain regularities can be seen in their territorial location. First, the Tajik villages start from the middle part of the mountain, which is the highest and most humid, and continue towards the northwest. Second, they live around streams in mountain ranges, where they are relatively comfortable to live. Thirdly, the area inhabited by local Tajiks starts from the village of Porasht in the southeast and ends with the village of Simbulok in the northwest (66*33' and 66*50' east distance). The
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distance between two remote villages is 55 kilometers .
The peculiarity of the area inhabited by local Tajiks is that it is like an "island", the surrounding mountain range is inhabited by Uzbeks, and in the desert, Kazakhs and Uzbeks live. Of course, in such a case, it is natural to ask when and from where the Tajiks settled in this area. Although experts have not yet found a clear answer to this question, it is clear that the Tajiks as a whole have lived together with other local peoples (Uzbeks, Kazakhs) in this area since long historical times.
Onomists say that when mapping any name, its national pronunciation should be the basis. In particular, names inherited from ancestors cannot be written by translating them or adapting them to other language laws. Because if one letter of the eternal names, which have a universal meaning, is written incorrectly, it can acquire a completely different meaning due to phonetic changes. In this process, the necessary knowledge, intelligence and awareness of the historical-ethnic, socio-cultural characteristics of the people are necessary. In addition, the oral pronunciation of the
name is also chronologically primary, and its written form serves for the permanent
1 ^
preservation and consolidation of the spoken word. .
Therefore, the names of the villages were written in the map-scheme in the research work according to the pronunciation of the local people. Another notable problem is that although the local people consider themselves to be Tajiks, the inhabitants of some villages associate their origins with the Turkic tribes that have been absorbed into the current Uzbek and other Turkic peoples. For example, the local Tajiks living in the villages of Mojarm, Andagin and Arsaf consider their origin to be related to the Naiman tribe. In order to clarify the issue, a roundtable discussion was organized
12Nurnazarov M.N. Tachikoni Forish, Gulistan, 2000.
13Khakimov K.M. Toponyms of Jizzakh region. -Jizzakh, 2014.
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with the activists and elderly people of Mojarm and Andagin villages, and during the discussion, various opinions and comments were expressed by the neighborhood activists. They claim that
According to historical sources, Naiman (Mongolian, naim - "eight") entered Movarounnahr together with the Mongols in the 13 th century. Their main occupation was animal husbandry and they lived a nomadic life in the grasslands. Some of the Naymans took an active part in Shayboni Khan's campaigns to Movarounnahr, and at the beginning of the 16th century, they immigrated and settled in the territory of present-day Uzbekistan. According to experts, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, they gradually moved to a settled life, became part of the Uzbek, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Karakalpak peoples and took an active part in the formation of these peoples.14.
It should be noted that the architectural, ethnographic and toponymic studies conducted in Mojarm and surrounding villages confirmed that these villages have a history of at least two thousand years. In addition, the remains of ancient fortresses and fortresses built in the Sogdian style, existing petroglyphs (tashbitik) on the rocks, and, according to local folklore, planted by Alexander the Great and An additional evidence can be the cypress tree (Iuni perus semiglobosa), which is still preserved and is very rare in the Central Asian region. Therefore, it is not true to say that the origins of the Naimans, who came to these regions in the 13th century and led a nomadic life, are the same as the local people who lived a sedentary life with a history of two thousand years.
Russian ethnographer APXhoroshkhin published a scientific article about local Tajiks for the first time. In 1872, as part of a military expedition, he explored the Nurota mountains and the Kyzylkum desert and collected ethnographic information about the Tajiks. What surprised him in the conversation with the local population was that the inhabitants of some Tajik villages connected their origin with the Uzbek clans (Nayman, Jaloyir, etc.) living in this area.
The Russian ethnographer was skeptical of this recognition and cited as evidence how and under whose influence they became Tajiks in a situation surrounded by Turkic peoples from all sides. APXoroshkhin says that they are mountain Tajiks based on the appearance, face and eye structure of local Tajiks, their sedentary lifestyle, mainly engaged in farming, and the abundance of parks in the area where they live. came to a conclusion15.
For many centuries, the local people lived a sedentary life around the streams between the mountains, and until the beginning of the 20th century, they lived in fortresses surrounded by a high wall. During the research carried out by archaeologists, it was found that in each village there are ancient fortifications built around the IV-V
14National Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan. Volume 6.- T.: 2003.
15Khoroskhin A.P. Sbornik statey, kasayushchikhsya Turkestanskogo khanstva. -SPb, 1876.
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centuries. For example, in villages such as Mojarm, Ukhum, Sintab, Ej, the remains of fortresses and fortresses have been preserved until now. Local people paid special attention to the presence of natural barriers when choosing a place to build fortifications. The fortifications were built to protect the local people from the desert and other dangers. Therefore, many legends about the invasion of nomadic tribes living in the desert have been preserved among the local people.
By the beginning of the 20th century, due to the reduction of the danger from the nomads and the increase in the number of people in the fortresses, the local people moved to the waterside where they lived seasonally in the summer months, built houses and established villages. This process continued among the local people until the middle of the last century. In the past, the people who went to the stream during the summer months built seasonal houses for themselves - chayla, chorpoya, kadak, khanacha, otov. APXhoroshkhin paid attention to the fact that the local settled people built a hut during the summer months and lived in it temporarily, and recognized it as a product of centuries-old mutual ethno-cultural relations with Turkic tribes.16.
In 1915, another Russian scientist MSAndreyev, who studied the ethnic origin of the local peoples living in the northern foothills of the Nurota Mountains, including the Tajiks, concluded that this people were actually Tajiks, who lived not only in the mountainous regions, but also partially up to the banks of the Syr Darya before the Mongol invasion. based on written sources and toponomic data proved that they also lived in desert regions. According to the scientist, there are people among the local
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Tajiks who accurately predict the weather in advance, which is important for farming. .
According to the predictions of people who always follow the weather, if the weather is cloudy at the end of April, it means that winter is coming hard and there will be a lot of snow. Therefore, if there is a lot of precipitation in the beginning of May, it means that November will be rainy. If warm weather starts at the end of May, October will be much colder. There are still such people in the villages, they are often called "accountants".
In 1959, as part of the scientific expedition to Central Asia organized by the Institute of Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the famous ethnographer BK Karmisheva came to Uzbekistan and partially studied the local people living in the Nurota mountains, including the Tajiks. The scientist compiled the data collected during the expedition and published a scientific article entitled "Material etnograficheskogo obsledovaniya tajikov Nuratinskogo khrebta" in the magazine "Soviet Ethnography" in 1964. In this article, scientist Forish concluded that the lifestyle and anthropological
16Khoroskhin A.P. Sbornik statey, kasayushchikhsya Turkestanskogo khanstva. -SPb, 1876.
17Andreev M.S. The result of the expedition in Nuratinskie gory and Kyzylkumov district. // Archive of Institute History AN Taj. SSR.
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aspects of the Tajiks are more similar to the Tajiks of upper Zarafshan, that is, Kohistan.18.
The author of the historical-ethnographic book "Forish Tajiks" published in 2000, geographer, professor MNNurnazarov's opinions on this matter are noteworthy. According to a well-known scientist, the local Tajiks are the descendants of the ancient Sogdians, and not only have similarities in their traditions, but also in their local dialect many words that are still characteristic of the Sogdian language (meg ', deg', taborok, kefich, sugch, etc.) have been preserved19.
In addition, scientists have proven that the names of the villages where Tajiks live (Porasht, Arsaf, Okhm, Khoyat, Mojarm, Andagin, Sintab, Ej, etc.) were created in this
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language, and ancient residential houses were built in the Sughd style. . It is known from historical sources that after the Sogdians fought valiantly against Alexander and were defeated, some of them, not wanting to live under the oppression of the Greeks, were forced to go and live in mountainous regions similar to their homeland. those who According to Professor MNNurnazarov, the Sogds were relatively peaceful at that time and settled in the northern foothills of the Nurota Mountains. According to the conclusion of a well-known scientist, it is close to the truth that the ancestors of Farish Tajiks are Sogds.21.
In our opinion, this conclusion can be supplemented by other evidence. For example:
- The dialect and customs of the Farish Tajiks differ from the Tajiks of Samarkand and Bukhara, but are more similar to the Tajiks of Kohistan;
- the proximity of the dialect of the local people to the dialect of Oratepa (Istaravshan), Mastchoh, Panjikent Tajiks;
- each village in the studied area has its own nicknames, such as the Tajiks of
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Kohistan ;
In addition, the fact that the Farish Tajiks have been living in this area for many centuries is proved by some of their characteristics:
- the existing traditions among the local people have been unchanged for many centuries;
- villages where Tajiks live side by side (Okhm and Khoyat), (Mojarm and Sintab) have certain differences in their dialects;
18Karmysheva B.H., Peshchereva E.M. Materialy etnograficheskogo obsledovaniya tadjikov Nuratinskogo hrebta. Journal
Soviet Ethnography, -M. 1964, No. 1.
19Nurnazarov M.N. Tajikoni Forish, Gulistan, 2000.
20Rasulzoda N. Tazkira. - T.: 2003.
21Nurnazarov M.N. that work.
22 Khakimov K.M. Ethnogeographic characteristics of some peoples living in the northern part of Nurota Ridge. Own. GJ News, Volume 30.- T.:2008. p. 93-95.
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- due to the fact that Tajiks lived separately, settled and integrated, there is little use of Turkish expressions in their dialect;
- the facial structure of the local people, the location of the eyes and partly the color of the hair are different from other peoples23.
Of course, some of the opinions expressed may be controversial. This clearly requires further research. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out extensive historical-archaeological and ethnogeographical researches in order to comprehensively research and find a solution to the existing problems.
As mentioned above, the area inhabited by Tajiks is located in the central part of the northern slope of the Nurota Mountains, and it borders the Kyzylkum desert from the north. The climate of the region has a dry continental character, the amount of precipitation is relatively low, and it varies depending on the relief of the place. In the northern plain part of the region, there will be 200-250 mm of precipitation, and in the southern mountainous part, up to 750-800 mm. Evaporation is 15-20 times more than precipitation. Each village in this area has its own microclimate characteristics depending on its geographical location, relief structure and climate-forming factors.
Therefore, taking into account the climate and soil conditions of the region, the local people mainly engaged in irrigated agriculture. Good crops were obtained only in the years of high rainfall from dryland (spring) lands. Local Tajiks were mainly involved in horticulture, viticulture, grain and rice production, and partly also cattle breeding. Springs and underground water served as the main source of water for irrigation. Existing springs are shallow in the spring and most dry up by mid-summer.
Consequently, the local people were engaged in economic activities taking into account the water shortage and limited natural resources. For example, the inhabitants of the village of Ej, due to the shortage of irrigation water, were engaged in handicrafts in addition to agriculture. On the contrary, due to the swampy nature of the village of
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Porasht, the inhabitants cultivated grain and rice crops along with horticulture. .
In horticulture, fruit trees characteristic of mountainous regions - mulberry, walnut, apple and apricot trees - were cared for more. Another characteristic feature of local Tajik farming is that it varies from plains to mountains depending on the terrain. Therefore, due to social necessity, the local people gave a special name to the place where each farm was run:
- muddy - fertile lands brought by stream waters, composed of alluvial deposits, pre-mountain plain, located 10-15 km below the foot of the village. Mainly grain was
23Kasymov M. Govory Tajikov Farisha. AKD. -Monday, 1966.
24 Berdiev K.A. Historical analysis of Nurota oasis toponyms (late 19th and early 21st centuries). Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) thesis abstract. -T.: 2019.
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planted, irrigated 2-3 times in the rainy season in the spring and a good harvest was obtained, no farming was done in the dry years;
- desert (steppe) - a mountainous plain area located above the cloud. A part of the local people moved to these places with their cattle in the spring months and used them as pastures until the ephemeral plants dried up. This area is not farmed;
- tagob - an area consisting of irrigated fertile lands located around streams and partially in mountain gorges. Orchards and vineyards were established in Tagob, as well as small farming necessary for household use. The garden and crops were irrigated with stream water from the springs. Most of the inhabitants spent the summer months in this place, in shady and cool places;
- meadow (mountain) - meadow located on the highest part of the mountain (1800-2100 m). The part of the population with a lot of livestock moved to this area. The pasture belonged to the whole community and used it together.
Most importantly, local Tajiks paid special attention to the productive and rational use of land and observed certain natural geographical laws. For example, as the terrain of the region rises, the arable land decreases and the area of pastures increases. Irrigated crops were cultivated mainly in the valleys around the streams and in the foothill (spring) plains. The land in the middle of the mountain is mostly used for dry farming.
During the time of the Soviets, a part of the local people moved to Mirzachol and Jizzakh deserts in order to improve their living conditions. Even earlier, due to the inappropriate policy implemented under the pretext of "enlarging small villages", a large number of local Tajiks were voluntarily and forcibly relocated to other regions. Today, they live in Tashkent, Syrdarya, Jizzakh regions and border areas close to Jizzakh and Syrdarya regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan. According to unofficial data, their number is about fifty thousand people.
Among the next generations of local Tajiks who have been displaced for more than half a century, the number of those who forget their mother tongue is increasing. At the same time, during the last quarter of a century, the process of assimilation of Tajiks with other local peoples, in particular, with Uzbeks, has accelerated, which causes the local Tajiks to move away from the original ethnoculture and traditions.
In general, with the help of scientific sources and collected field data, an attempt was made to determine the historical formation of the Forish Tajiks over a long period of time, their territorial location, and some of their characteristic ethnogeographic features. Local Tajiks have many similarities with other indigenous peoples, which proves that they have been living together in harmony and harmony for centuries.
SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS VOLUME 4 I ISSUE 4 I 2023 _ISSN: 2181-1601
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF 2022=5.016) Passport: http://sjifactor.com/passport.php?id=222ff7
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