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ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
Вестник Череповецкого государственного университета. 2024. № 1 (118). С. 80-92. Cherepovets State University Bulletin, 2024, no. 1 (118), pp. 80-92.
Научная статья УДК 811.11
https://doi.org/10.23859/1994-0637-2024-1-118-7 EDN: GKBGFX
On the concept "precedential proper name" and its functional value in the English-language mass media discourse (using the example of English-language publicistic
texts published in 2022-2023)
Viktoria М. Volova1H, Kseniya S. Oparina2, Elena V. Rakova3
1 2 3 Samara State Technical University, Samara, Russia,
'vmvolova@mail.ru, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9044-2050 2ks.oparina@mail.ru, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3132-7861 3rakowdan@mail.ru, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6730-8657
Abstract. The authors consider the main approaches to the problem of determining precedent proper names as an essential component of human language allowing us to identify and refer to specific individuals, places, or things. In the English language precedent proper names hold a unique place, particularly in the realm of mass media discourse. These names often become synonymous to groundbreaking events, influential figures, or iconic locations, shaping the way information is reported and disseminated. In this paper we delve into the world of precedent proper names and describe the diverse field of their functions in mass media discourse, exploring their impact, challenges, and ethical considerations.
Keywords: precedent proper name, mass-media discourse, function, publicistic text For citation: Volova V. М., Oparina K. S., Rakova E. V. On the concept "precedential proper name" and its functional value in the English-language mass media discourse (using the example of English-language publicistic texts published in 2022-2023). Cherepovets State University Bulletin, 2024, no. 1 (118), pp. 80-92. https://doi.org/10.23859/1994-0637-2024-1-118-7
e Волова В. М., Опарина К. С., Ракова Е. В., 2023
80 ISSN 1994-0637 Вестник Череповецкого государственного университета • 2024 • № 1 (print) Cherepovets State University Bulletin ^2024 • No. 1
V. М. Volova, K S. Oparina, E. V. Rakova.
On the concept "precedential proper name" and its functional value ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ
in the English-language mass media discourse (using the example НАУКИ
of English-language publicistic texts published in 2022-2023)
Содержание понятия «прецедентное имя собственное» и его функциональная ценность в англоязычном масс-медиа дискурсе (на примере англоязычных публицистических текстов 2022-2023 гг.)
Виктория Михайловна Волова1 н, Ксения Сергеевна Опарина2,
Елена Владимировна Ракова3
1 2 3 Самарский государственный технический университет,
Самара, Россия,
1ушуо1оуа@та11.ги, https://oicid.org/0000-0002-9044-2050 2 ks.oparina@mai1.ru, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3132-7861 3гако%^ап@шаП.ги, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6730-8657
Аннотация. Цель данной работы выявить среди всего множества имен собственных ряд тех, которые относятся к ядру языковых средств хранения культурной информации и определяют шкалу ценностей англоязычной лингвокультуры, а также раскрыть особенности и ценность функционирования прецедентных имен в публицистических текстах, тесно связанных с их семантической структурой. Материалом исследования послужили электронные версии английских газет в режиме реального времени. Применяя метод лингвостилистического анализа, авторы рассматривают содержание понятия прецедентного имени собственного и функциональный потенциал прецедентных имен собственных: идентификация, коннотация, актуализация, заимствование.
Ключевые слова: прецедентное имя собственное, масс-медиа дискурс, публицистический текст
Для цитирования: Волова В. М., Опарина К. С., Ракова Е. В. Содержание понятия «прецедентное имя собственное» и его функциональная ценность в англоязычном масс-медиа дискурсе (на примере англоязычных публицистических текстов 2022-2023 гг.) // Вестник Череповецкого государственного университета. 2024. № 1 (118). С. 80-92. https://doi.org/10.23859/1994-0637-2024-1-118-7
Introduction
Whеn studying the issue of correlation between the text and discourse we have developed our understanding of the concеpt that texts, which are created by a person in the process of producing any communicatively mеdiated act, are an integral part of the discourse. Thus, the publicistic text should be considered as a component of the mass-media discourse, which has a branched genre system, including texts of different genre, which is the result of the stratification of the global communicative intention of speech influence on a number of private micro-intentions. It has been established that when determining whether a text belongs to a particular genre, one should proceed cfrom the analysis of the general structural and semаntic model of the text as well as the communicative purposes and objectives encoded in it. During the last decade, the observation of the genre system evolution, which can be associated with the expansion of the global information space, includes, along with the genre characteristic itself, such features of the language message as its "tone", subject content, general intellectual sphere to which this content belongs; it also includes the communicative situation with all explicit, implicit and imagined components
Вестник Череповецкого государственного университета • 2024 • № 1 ISSN 1994-0637 Cherepovets State University Bulletin ^2024 • No. 1 (piint)
V. М. Volova, K. S. Oparina, E. V. Rakova. ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ On the concept "precedential proper name" and its functional value
НАУКИ in the English-language mass media discourse (using the example
of English-language publicistic texts published in 2022-2023)
which imply each participant's idea of it. The genre individuality of modern publicistic materials is connected not only with the image of the author but with the functional orientation of the text. Publicistic texts in periodicals describe various political, economic and social processes that influence the formation of public opinion. Proper names are characterized by their semantic originality. It means that they reveal the binarity of linguistic (general) and speech (individual) components to a greater extent than common nouns. We call the linguistic component of proper names - the denotative, and the speech component -the connotative. It should be noted that the connotative use of proper names is more typical of precedent оnyms. The evaluative attributes of proper names form the pragmatic component of meaning, which is included in the connotation. The peripherality of the pragmatic component of meaning determines the use of proper names in the discourse for the purposes of indirect, hidden influence. In the mass-media discourse, precedent proper names can act as evaluative stereotypes. Real connection of еvaluative-implicit attributes with the objects of reality (bearers of names and proper names) makes the movement along the evaluative scale and the mechanism of evaluation.
Main part
Modern linguistics can be characterized by identification of new research aspects, development of the onomastic field, in-depth study of onomastic classical areas, the study of proper names essence, their functional specificity, their connection with all levels of the language, theoretical and practical knowledge of onomastic science itself. A few attempts have been made to create a new concept of onomastics, the distinctive features of which are its pragmatic orientation (taking into account cultural, situational and other contexts and meta-contexts of proper names functioning), considering "prejudices", ix. individual and group stereotypes of communicators' consciousness and subconsciousness, active use of associative-experimental methods of research1. During the analysis of precedent proper names, namely precedent anthroponyms and toponyms, we paid attention not only to the functional potential of proper names, but also to their linguocultural and stylistic specificity.
Precedent names includе all socially-speaking names of any onomastic gender, the perception of which is similar in a linguistic community. A precedent name is "an individual name associated еither with a widely known text, usually related to a precedent one, or with a precedent situation", where "a precedent situation is a certain "standard", "ideal" situation associated with a set of certain connotations, differential features of which are included in the cognitive base", whereas a precedent text is "a complete and self-sufficient product of speech-cognitive activity; a complex sign, the sum of its component values is not equal to its meaning"2. We consider the precedent onomastic vocabulary as one of the
1 Chernobrov A. A. Filosofskie i logiko-metodologicheskie osnovy teorii nominatsii (na mate-riale angliiskikh i russkikh sobstvennykh imen) [Philosophical and logical-methodological foundations of the theory of nomination (on the material of English and Russian proper names): Dr Thesis in Philological Sciences]. Novosibirsk, 2002. 371 p.
2 Diuzheva M. B., Vlasova T. M. Pretsedentnost' v zhurnalistskom diskurse (na materiale zago-lovkov statei russkogo izdaniia zhurnala "Rolling Stone") [The use of precedent texts in journalist
82 ISSN 1994-0637 Вестник Череповецкого государственного университета • 2024 • № 1 (print) Cherepovets State University Bulletin ^2024 • No. 1
V. М. Volova, K S. Oparina, E. V. Rakova.
On the concept "precedential proper name" and its functional value ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ
in the English-language mass media discourse (using the example НАУКИ
of English-language publicistic texts published in 2022-2023)
linguistic and stylistic means of text formation. The authors study the precedent оnym - a precedent name which is traditionally understood as a name associated either with a well-known text or with a precedent situation. These are names-symbols indicating some reference set of certain qualities. It should be noted that precedent names are characterized by duality of functioning. Thus, D. B. Gudkov within the framework of his concept divides precedent names into those that function denotatively, i.e. name an object, pointing directly to the denotate, and those that function connotatively, i.e. are used to characterize the object1. Connotatively functioning precedent names are the most important linguistic source of information about spiritual culture2, as well as a significant criterion of the level of communicative competence .
It is well known that the press is a valuable source of information about another culture, since the identification of associative series that influence perception, results in better comprehension of various cultural priorities and makes it possible to understand the world of various national-cultural societies.
Publicists texts, containing proper names as components of these texts, reveal the national-cultural specificity of the corresponding speech group4. "Along with the ability to convey information that is significant for the recipient, onyms have the ability to make the same information "closed" or "uninitiated" to foreign cultural recipients, since proper names always represent specific realities referred to the non-equivalent vocabulary, proper names are a kind of cultural code that requires decoding"5.
The functional significance of proper names in the scope of a publicistic text has been stressed in the works of V. V. Vinogradov, O. I. Fonyakova and many others. We have already noted that onomastic vocabulary functions as its integral component in a publicists text. Against the background of verbal material, surrounded by the immediate and general context, оnyms "add speech-contextual, associative and background meanings," therefore, onomastic units are a constructive element of the content-semantic space of the text structure"6. Precedent оnyms can be considered as elements of verbal symboli-
discourse], Gumanitarnye issledovaniia v Vostochnoi Sibiri i na Dal'nem Vostoke [Humanitarian research in the Eastern Siberia and the Far East], 2013, no, 6 (26), pp, 146-152,
1 Gudkov D, B, lazyk sredstv massovoi informatsii [The language of mass media], Moscow: Akademicheskii proekt, Al'ma Mater, 2008, 760 p,
2 Semenova T, N, Antroponimicheskaia individualizatsiia: kognitivno-pragmaticheskie aspekty [Anthroponymic individualisation: cognitive and pragmatic aspects], Moscow: Gotika, 2001, 237 p,
3 Razhina V, A, Onomasticheskie realii: lingvokul'turologicheskii i pragmaticheskii aspekty [Onomastic realities: linguocultural and pragmatic aspects: Cand, Thesis in Philological Sciences], Rostov-na-Donu, 2007, 156 p,
4 Khaleeva I, I, Gender v teorii i praktike obucheniia mezh"iazykovoi kommunikatsii [Gender in the theory and practice of teaching interlingual communication], Gender: iazyk, kul'tura, kommu-nikatsiia [Gender: language, culture, communication: papers of the I International Conference], Moscow: Moskovskii gosudarstvennyi lingvisticheskii universitet, 2001, pp, 7-11,
5 Leonovich O, A, Ocherki angliiskoi onomastiki [Essays in English onomastics], Moscow: In-terpraks, 1994, 128 p,
6 Voronova I, B, Tekstoobrazuiushchaia funktsiia literaturnykh imen sobstvennykh: na materiale epicheskikh proizvedenii 19kh-20k' [Text-forming function of literary proper names: on the material
Вестник Череповецкого государственного университета • 2024 • № 1 ISSN 1994-0637 Cherepovets State University Bulletin ^2024 • No. 1 (print)
V. М. Volova, K. S. Oparina, E. V. Rakova. ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ On the concept "precedential proper name" and its functional value
НАУКИ in the English-language mass media discourse (using the example
of English-language publicistic texts published in 2022-2023)
zation, i.e., the "knowledge summery" about basic concepts, about the fixation of similar experience in terms of previous generations, but adjusted to the specific situation of their usage1. Researchers note the special position of precedent proper names among other units of the nominal class. It is traditionally argued that the specificity of proper names is determined not only by their linguistic status, but also by extra linguistic factors that influence the formation of the semantic structure of precedent onyms and their functioning2.
Proceeding from their intended use, proper names are an integral component of the semantic-stylistic system of the author's vocabulary. They naturally and motivatedly merge into the system of linguistic tools of a publicists text, participate in the creation of the overall imagery of the article, and are part of the "effective vocabulary of the writer" (L. V. Shcherba) as an important indicator of the paradigm of the individual author's style3. This allows us to talk about counter, complementary processes in the space of a publicists text: the influence of the text's style on the development of the style-forming potential of proper names, on the one hand; and the role of onyms in the formation of text structure, on the other hand. On the one hand, each element of public speech performs a text-forming function within the structure of the text. The text as an integral unity is a combination of multilevel elements of varying functional significance. Establishing their systematic nature involves identification and description of paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships of each significant element of the text as well as associations and classes of functionally equivalent elements4. All elements of a publicists text, determined by the author's opinion, function within the framework of its composition. On the other hand, precedent оnyms participate in the creation of semantic multidimensionality of the basic content universals of the text (Man - Text - Space) and the '^so^e^^at^n" of information due to the ability of encoding a significant amount of information on a small linear segment of the text.
According to A. V. Superanskayа, all onomastic space in the language lexicon, can be conveniently classified into: 1) names of real objects; 2) names of fictitious objects; 3) names of hypothetical objects. In the field of onomastic space, which deals with real denotative objects and objects as bearers of individual names Russian scientists identify
of epic works of the 19th-20th centuries: Cand. Thesis in Philological Sciences]. Volgograd, 2000. 226 p.
1 Molchanova G. G. Verbal'nyi simvol i marketingovye kommunikativnye strategii teksta [The verbal symbol and marketing communication strategies of the text]. VestnikMoskovskogo universi-teta. Seriia 19: Lingvistika i mezhkul'turnaia kommunikatsiia [Moscow University Bulletin. Series 19. Linguistics and Intercultural Communication], 2012, no. 3, pp. 9-26.
2 Voronova I. B. Tekstoobrazuiushchaia funktsiia literaturnykh imen sobstvennykh: na materiale epicheskikh proizvedenii 19kh-20kh [Text-forming function of literary proper names: on the material of epic works of the 19th-20th centuries: Cand. Thesis in Philological Sciences]. Volgograd, 2000. 2263p.
3 Peshkovskii A. M. Russkii sintaksis v nauchnom osveshchenii [Russian syntax in scientific interpretation]. Moscow: Iazyki slavianskoi kul'tury, 2001. 510 p.
4 Vol'f E. M. Funktsional'naia semantika otsenki [Functional semantics of evaluation]. Moscow: Editorial URSS, 2002. 260 p._
84 ISSN 1994-0637 Вестник Череповецкого государственного университета • 2024 • № 1 (print) Cherepovets State University Bulletin ^2024 • No. 1
V. М. Volova, K S. Oparina, E. V. Rakova.
On the concept "precedential proper name" and its functional value ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ
in the English-language mass media discourse (using the example НАУКИ
of English-language publicistic texts published in 2022-2023)
the following classes of proper names: anthroponyms, toponyms, cosmonyms, zoonyms, phytonyms, chrononyms, chrematonyms, etc.1
As the linguocultural and functional specificity of precedent оnyms is important for our research, from henceforth we will consider two main groups of proper names: 1) anthropo-nyms - proper names or a group of proper names that identify a person. Broadly speaking, it is the name of any person: fictional or real; 2) toponyms - proper names defining the name of geographical objects.
It should be noted that when analyzing publicistic texts, one can find both precedent proper names, understandable to any educated reader, regardless the country of residence and the native language, and оnyms that make sense only for representatives of a certain ethnoculture.
The first group of precedent proper names includes proper names that have become the property of the global linguistic culture, as well as those that belong to any specific linguistic culture (in our case, English), but due to their significance and consequently popularity, they have been integrated into the global culture2. After I.V. Zakharenko, a precedent name will be understood as an individual name that is associated with a well-known text, usually considered to be precedent. A precedent name is a kind of a symbol of certain qualities and features, events, fates, stories, expressed by a proper name that is widely known. Therefore, we suppose that a precedent name is not only a denotation of a specific person (situation, city) in the text3. Anthroponyms are personal names, patronymics, surnames, nicknames, pseudonyms, fidtonyms, cryptonyms that make up the anthroponymicоn of the language. The use of precedent proper names in the media serves as one of the tools for transmitting the "cultural memory" of the nation. Precedent proper names fix the evaluation of reality. In the mass media sphere, the interrelationships between the conditions of people existence, culture, language and mentality are clearly manifested4. We will consider precedent anthroponyms of the names of such world-famous politicians as V. Putin and Kim Jong-un using the example of an article with the bright headline:
Example 1. "Putin and Kim Find Common Ground in Hostility Toward the West." The two leaders trumpeted their ties in a summit that signaled a new era in their relationship, amid speculation that North Korea would send more weapons to Moscow for its war in Ukraine. Putin and Kim Deepen Ties, Spurred by War in Ukraine"5. Example 1 shows that
1 Superanskaia A. V. Teoriia i metodika onomasticheskikh issledovanii [Theory and methodology of onomastic research]. Moscow: URSS, 2009. 256 p.
2 Ermolovich D. I. Imena sobstvennye na styke iazykov i kul'tur [Proper names at the crossroads of languages and cultures]. Moscow: R. Valent, 2001. 200 p.
3 Zakharenko I. V., Krasnykh V. V., Gudkov D. B., Bagaeva D. V. Pretsedentnoe imia i pretsed-entnoe vyskazyvanie kak simvoly pretsedentnykh fenomenov [Precedent name and precedent statement as symbols of precedent phenomena]. Iazyk. Soznanie. Kommunikatsiia [Language. Consciousness. Communication: collection of papers]. Moscow, 1997, vol. 1, pp. 82-103.
4 Nakhimova E. A. Pretsedentnye imena v politicheskoi kommunikatsii [Precedent names in political communication]. Vestnik Ural'skogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta - UPI. Seriia: Filologiia [Bulletin of the Ural State Technical University. Series: Philology], 2005, no. 60 (8), pp. 232-241.
5 The New York Times. Available at: http://nytimes.com (accessed: 05.10.2023)._
ISSN 1994 0637 85
Вестник Череповецкого государственного университета • 2024 • № 1 Cherepovets State University Bulletin ^2024 • No. 1
(print)
V. М. Volova, K. S. Oparina, E. V. Rakova. ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ On the concept "precedential proper name" and its functional value
НАУКИ in the English-language mass media discourse (using the example
of English-language publicistic texts published in 2022-2023)
Putin and Kim found common ground amid hostility of the West, during the summit that marked a new era in the two leaders' relationship, amid speculation that North Korea would send Moscow more weapons for its war in Ukraine, and the two leaders trumpeted their ties. Precedent anthroponyms perform an identification function and also actualize a certain phenomenon; in this article, this is a meeting on armament issues between two leaders of the world powers. As we see, the extralinguistic factor - the wide popularity of a person in society - finds linguistic expression in the fact that individual anthroponyms do not need an additional context of a clarifying nature, and their referents do not depend on the narrow communicative sphere. It should be underlined that precedent аntroponyms do not require a clarifying context, since their communicative sphere - the entire linguistic community, is demonstrated, in particular, by those cases when an anthroponym is introduced into the text without any explanation for representatives of the English-speaking linguistic culture, but it is possible that for representatives of other linguistic cultures an explanation of "who is who" will be needed.
Further on in example 1, precedent toponyms are used - proper names defining the names of geographical objects that are involved in the precedent situation: North Korea and the West. "And they lifted their glasses at a flower-lined table in the conference room of a remote Russian spaceport, toasting the Kremlin's "sacred struggle" against a "band of evil", otherwise known as the West".
Our attention was attracted to the way the author of the article called the West "a gang of evil," using a figurative comparison to strengthen the negative attitude, and the Special Military Operation as "the Kremlin's holy war": "the Kremlin's "sacred struggle" (this expression has very specific meanings and references in history) against a "band of evil," otherwise known as the West"1. The peculiarity of the first example is that the precedent toponyms Moscow and Kremlin have a specific political meaning as symbols of Russia, thus, the author uses the definition "the Kremlin's holy war" which seme is compared with the political views of the progressive West (the West), the formal sign of which is expressed by the conjunction as. The generalized aggregate of Western European countries clearly shows the development of Russia's relations with the world in this period. Thus, the substantive opposition of these views is strengthened by connotative definitions sacred and evil. We also would like to notify that "The Sacred War" (Russian: "Svyashchennaya Voyna"), also known as "Vstavaj, strana ogromnaja!" ("Arise, Great (Vast) Country!") was Russian song that is the most famous Soviet military music songs associated with the Second World War. It was written by request of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin in 1941, just predating the beginning of the German invasion of the Soviet Union. The music is often performed by the choir the Red Army Choir. The founder of the choir was Aleksandr Ale-ksandrov, founder of the Alexandrov Ensemble. He also was the music composer for the National Anthem of the Soviet Union. The lyrics are by Vasily Lebedev-Kumach.
Here is another illustrative example of a precedent anthroponym - the name of the American intelligence officer and spy (a computer intelligence consultant and whistle-blower) Edward Snowden, who created a precedent situation:
1 The New York Times. Available at: http://nytimes.com (accessed: 05.10.2023).
86 ISSN 1994-0637 Вестник Череповецкого государственного университета • 2024 • № 1 (print) Cherepovets State University Bulletin ^2024 • No. 1
V. М. Volova, K S. Oparina, E. V. Rakova.
On the concept "precedential proper name" and its functional value ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ
in the English-language mass media discourse (using the example НАУКИ
of English-language publicistic texts published in 2022-2023)
Example 2. "What's really changed 10 years after the Snowden revelations? But 10 years after Snowden was identified as the source of the biggest National Security Agency (NSA) leak in history, it is less clear whether America underwent a similarly profound transformation in its attitude to safeguarding individual privacy. Was his act of self-sacrifice worth it - did he make a difference?"1 The 3rd of May marks the 10th anniversary of Edward Snowden disclosures, that revealed numerous global surveillance programs, many run by the NSA and the Five Eyes intelligence alliance with the cooperation of telecommunication companies and European governments and prompted a cultural discussion about national security and individual privacy. It resulted in the international manhunt and culminated in his escape to Russia. In general, these effects have been labelled by the media and others as the "Snowden effect".
In the following example (3), the headline of the article "Newsom to Democrats: 'Buck Up' and Back Biden" attracted our attention by a play of words "buck up" and "back Biden", which is based on visual and phonetic similarities, also the author of the publication talks about the behaviour of the California governor who has become the most prominent 'Democrat-in-waiting':
Example 3. "The California governor has become the most visible Democrat-in-waiting". "By all appearances, Mr. Newsom is a man with an eye on the White House, building a national network of supporters and accumulating the kind of good will among donors, party operatives and voters that could prove critical should he decide to move beyond Sacramento. Mr Newsom said in an interview that he was not running for president, and that the time has come for Democrats to rally around President Biden"2.
Some precedent toponyms require the reader's background knowledge. For example, in the article in The New York Times, in which the author asks the question already in the headline "Why a Coup in Niger Has the World's Attention?", the precedent toponym performs a nominative-informative function. From the first lines, an explanation is given which state is being referred to, because the English-speaking reader who does not have background knowledge needs some explanation.
Example 4. "The West African nation of Niger. Niger borders four countries that are part of the bloc, but two of them, Burkina Faso and Mali, have said they would defend Niger's junta in the event of a military intervention. Why a Coup in Niger Has the World's Attention - The New York Times"3. The author of the article gives readers food for thought and asks the question: Why did the coup in Niger attract the attention of the whole world?
Among precedent proper names there are toponyms that not only represent geographical terms, but also contain in their semantic structure bright cultural, historical and provocative information. The example below is related to the "Panama Archives" or "Panamagate". On April the 3d, 2016, the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) disclosed to the public 11.5 million secret documents, later known as the "Panama
1 The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com (accessed: 07.06.2023).
2 The New York Times. Available at: http://nytimes.com (accessed: 05.10.2023).
3 Там же.
Вестник Череповецкого государственного университета • 2024 • № 1 ISSN 1994-0637 Cherepovets State University Bulletin ^2024 • No. 1 (print)
V. М. Volova, K. S. Oparina, E. V. Rakova. ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ On the concept "precedential proper name" and its functional value
НАУКИ in the English-language mass media discourse (using the example
of English-language publicistic texts published in 2022-2023)
Papers" or the "Panama Archives", containing data on the firm's forty-year history and revealing numerous offshore schemes in which the names of various state leaders and other famous people appear:
Example 5. "What Are the Panama Papers? The Panama Papers have exposed how some of the world's most powerful people may have used offshore bank accounts and shell companies to conceal their wealth. What Are the Panama Papers?"1. Having analyzed example 5 we could additionally identify the metonymic transformation of the precedent top-onym as part of productive word-formation patterns. Such kind of patterns is a so-called telescopy. A telescopic nomination is an abbreviated lexical unit formed by combining word parts (not morphemes) into one word.
A neologism is constructed by combining the precedent toponym Panama and the noun gate = Panamagate to nominate the scandal associated with the leak of information about numerous offshore schemes involving the names of various state leaders and other famous people, and in the context of the article we understand that this word has a clearly negative connotation. The same pattern was used in the word Watergate. Watergate scandal - a political scandal in the United States in 1972-1974, resulted in the resignation of President Richard Nixon who became the only U.S. president to have resigned from office. The use of the suffix -gate after an identifying term has since become synonymous with public scandal, especially political scandal.
Recently a common and unknown American journalist Jackson Hinkle (Example 6) became famous, for having flown to Russia and compared the capital of our homeland Moscow with New York, Miami, Los Angeles and London, stating that Moscow is more beautiful and is an amazing place where service, food, infrastructure are at top level. He appreciated Moscow and came to the most positive conclusion in spite of strained relations between Russia and the USA his views are strengthened by connotative definitions: amazing, top-notch:
Example 6. "American journalist Hinkle: Moscow is more beautiful than New York, Miami and Los Angeles. If you compare Moscow with New York, Miami, Los Angeles, London, it's just gorgeous here. This is an amazing place. The service is top-notch, the food is top-notch, the infrastructure is top-notch. There are no homeless people on the street or drug addicts trying to attack you for just breathing. <...> It's very clean, "Hinkle said. American Journalist Flew to Russia and Compared Moscow to New York"2. We can also add that in this example precedent toponyms are used in euphemistic function to soften a statement, make it less harsh, less specific and - in the end - to express the necessary information in a non-aggressive form.
One more example (Example 7) that attracted our attention is connected with the Special Military Operation, the article under the heading: "This Is What Is Worrying Me About the War in Ukraine" where the author David French used figurative and individual author comparison:
1 The New York Times. Available at: http://nytimes.com (accessed: 05.10.2023).
2 GLOBAL USA NEWS. Available at: https://globalusanews.com (accessed: 07.10.2023).
88 ISSN 1994-0637 Вестник Череповецкого государственного университета • 2024 • № 1 (print) Cherepovets State University Bulletin ^2024 • No. 1
V. М. Volova, K S. Oparina, E. V. Rakova.
On the concept "precedential proper name" and its functional value ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ
in the English-language mass media discourse (using the example НАУКИ
of English-language publicistic texts published in 2022-2023)
Example 7. "After more than a year of combat, Ukraine knows that, absent overwhelming Western support, they are like David fighting Goliath. Russia still possesses immense, inherent advantages, and despite all its early success, Ukraine could still lose the war.'^The effect of this article is based on a vivid image that includes the toponym Ukraine, which is compared to David fighting with Goliath who presented Russia. According to Longman Dictionary of English language and Culture - David, a king of Israel before the time of Crist - when David was just a boy he killed the giant Goliath with a stone from his sling, and this has led to the names David and Goliath being used, when people want to describe someone small and weak trying to defeat someone very strong2. At the syntactic level, the comparative conjunction like acts as an element of comparison in this example. The negative connotation of the image is reinforced by the definition of "overwhelming Western support", which indicates the scale and global nature of the problem. The figurative comparison of Russia with a damaging force has a pejorative evaluation. Thus, the stylistically marked toponym is used by the author to characterize the place and event both directly and indirectly.
Example 8. "Orbán blasts the European Union on the anniversary of Hungary's 1956 anti-Soviet uprising." A classic example of metonymy, which can act as a typical cliché for newspaper style, can be seen in the following. "Hungary is proud of its relations with Russia. Prime Minister Orbán told journalists about this. Criticizing the EU policy towards Budapest, he called Brussels a pathetic modern parody of Moscow in Soviet-era." In this example, metonymisation is based through the toponym Hungary - its population and the government, which are regarded as a single entity endowed with human qualities. This is evident from the combination of the toponym Hungary with the verb is proud of. The toponym Brussels - is not considered like a capital of Belgium, but also this precedent name is used metonymically to describe the European Union and its institutions as a centre of making decisions against people and the government of Hungary. At the same time, the toponym Brussels is compared with Moscow in Soviet-era which is used here in a figurative metonymic sense and has negative connotation, as it was connected with the 67th anniversary of the 1956 Hungarian uprising. This armed Hungarian uprising against the communist regime was brutally suppressed by the Soviet Union. At least 2,600 Hungarians and 600 Soviet soldiers died in the fighting. The politician also stated that "Brussels, being the de facto capital of the European Union, applies to Hungary methods reminiscent of Moscow's Soviet domination." In this connection, we pay our attention to the grammatical environment of the precedent toponyms "We had to dance to the tune that Moscow whistled'," Orbán said of Hungary's days in the Eastern Bloc. "Brussels whistles too, but we dance as we want to, and if we don't want to, then we don't dance!" At the same time, the toponym Moscow is also used here in a figurative metonymic sense, as it refers not to the
1 The New York Times. Available at: http://nytimes.com (accessed: 05.10.2023).
2 Longman dictionary of English language and culture. Available at: https://archive.org/details/longmandictionariawlunse (accessed: 30.09.2023)._
Вестник Череповецкого государственного университета • 2024 • № 1 ISSN 1994-0637 Cherepovets State University Bulletin ^2024 • No. 1 (print)
V. М. Volova, K. S. Oparina, E. V. Rakova. ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ On the concept "precedential proper name" and its functional value
НАУКИ in the English-language mass media discourse (using the example
of English-language publicistic texts published in 2022-2023)
city itself, but to the people working in it, and the leadership of the Russian Federation headed by the President1.
Conclusion
Our research has shown that among the whole group of proper names we can single out a number of those that belong to the core of linguistic tools for storing cultural information and defining the scale of values of the English-speaking linguoculture. Such onyms include precedent names, which have emotional and cognitive value, the reference to which is constantly renewed, i.e. names known to the majority of representatives of the cultural community. The peculiarities of functioning of precedent names in publicistic texts are closely connected with their semantic and stylistic structure, where a special place is occupied by connotations and associations that tend to accumulate and displace the basic meaning of the proper name. All of the above gives us the opportunity to conclude that the precedent onomastic space of the English-language mass-media discourse is formed by well-known, significant proper names, the denotations of which are associated with personalities, events, unique objects of both real and virtual space. Proceeding from the nature of the denotation, the precedent proper names that we have singled out can be divided into two classes: anthroponyms and toponyms. The significance or cultural and historical value of the precedent proper names is reflected in the associations and attributes attached to them within the framework of English-speaking linguoculture. It is obvious that their actualization is carried out in the discourse according to the principle of implicational links -the use of the name evokes in mind some attributes associated with it. The fact that precedent proper names have associative and stereotypical attributes determines their characterizing function and their use as means of secondary nomination. Thus, the specificity of the functioning of precedent proper names in the English-language mass-media discourse involves their ability to name, describe and characterize people, objects and phenomena, as well as to convey the author's emotional and evaluative attitude to them. It can be reasonably argued that the media discourse represents a momentary cross-section of the linguistic and cultural state of society, since by its very nature it reflects both the linguistic and cultural status quo of the community.
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90 ISSN 1994-0637 Вестник Череповецкого государственного университета • 2024 • № 1 (print) Cherepovets State University Bulletin ^2024 • No. 1
V. М. Volova, K S. Oparina, E. V. Rakova.
On the concept "precedential proper name" and its functional value ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ
in the English-language mass media discourse (using the example НАУКИ
of English-language publicistic texts published in 2022-2023)
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Вестник Череповецкого государственного университета • 2024 • № 1 ISSN 1994-0637 Cherepovets State University Bulletin ^2024 • No. 1 (print)
V. М. Volova, K. S. Oparina, E. V. Rakova. ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ On the concept "precedential proper name" and its functional value
НАУКИ in the English-language mass media discourse (using the example
of English-language publicistic texts published in 2022-2023)
Сведения об авторах
Виктория Михайловна Волова - кандидат филологических наук, доцент; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9044-2050, vmvolova@mail.ru, Самарский государственный технический университет (д. 244, ул. Молодогвардейская, 443100 Самара, Россия); Viktoria M. Volova - Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9044-2050, vmvolova@mail.ru, Samara State Technical University (244, ul. Molodogvardeiskaia, 443100 Samara, Russia).
Ксения Сергеевна Опарина - кандидат филологических наук, доцент; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3132-7861, ks.oparina@mail.ru, Самарский государственный технический университет (д. 244, ул. Молодогвардейская, 443100 Самара, Россия); Kseniya S. Oparina - Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3132-7861, ks.oparina@mail.ru, Samara State Technical University (244, ul. Molodogvardeiskaia, 443100 Samara, Russia).
Елена Владимировна Ракова - старший преподаватель; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6730-8657, rakowdan@mail.ru, Самарский государственный технический университет (д. 244, ул. Молодогвардейская, 443100 Самара, Россия); Elena V. Rakova - Senior Lecturer, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6730-8657, rakowdan@mail.ru, Samara State Technical University (244, ul. Molodogvardeiskaia, 443100 Samara, Russia).
Заявленный вклад авторов: все авторы сделали эквивалентный вклад в подготовку публикации. Авторы заявляют об отсутствии конфликта интересов.
Contribution of the authors: the authors contributed equally to this article. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.
Статья поступила в редакцию 26.10.2023; одобрена после рецензирования 23.11.2023; принята к публикации 07.12.2023.
The article was submitted 26.10.2023; Approved after reviewing 23.11.2023; Accepted for publication 07.12.2023.
92 ISSN 1994-0637 Вестник Череповецкого государственного университета • 2024 • № 1 (print) Cherepovets State University Bulletin ^2024 • No. 1
