18III Международная научно-практическая конференция
УДК 80
Naumova I.
Наумова И.А.
Senior teacher Старший преподаватель Chelyabinsk State University Челябинский государственный университет
ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРЕЦЕДЕНТНЫХ ИМЕН СОБСТВЕННЫХ ИЗ СФЕРЫ-ИСТОЧНИКА «РУССКИЕ НАРОДНЫЕ СКАЗКИ» В РОССИЙСКОМ МЕДИАДИСКУРСЕ
FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OF THE PRECEDENT PROPER NAMES USAGE FROM THE SPHERE-SOURCE "RUSSIAN FOLK FAIRY TALES"
IN THE RUSSIAN MEDIA DISCOURSE
Abstract. The article addresses the question of precedent phenomena in the Russian media discourse. Precedent phenomenon is defined as a cultural sign, clearly reflected by representatives of a national community and showing its national and cultural characteristics. Precedent proper names are used for critical and ironic evaluation in the analysis of political and social life of Russia. The names of positive literary characters are used to give constructiveness to the internal events. Precedent proper names serve multiple purposes in publication work and evaluate, nominate, persuade and illustrate. They also implement a ludic and attractive functions.
Аннотация. В статье рассматривается вопрос о прецедентных явлениях в российском медиадискурсе. Прецедентное явление определяется как культурный знак, ярко отраженный представителями национального сообщества и демонстрирующий его национально-культурные особенности. Прецедентные имена собственные используются для критической и иронической оценки при анализе политической и общественной жизни России. Имена собственные положительных персонажей русских народных сказок используются для конструктивного анализа внутренних событий в России. Данные прецедентные явления призваны выполнять оценочную, иллюстративную, номинативную, персуазивную функции, а также они реализуют функции убеждения и аттрактивности.
Key words: precedent phenomenon, precedent proper name, sphere-source, Russian folk tale.
Ключевые слова: прецедентный феномен, прецедентное имя собственное, сфера-источник, русские народные сказки.
Modern media discourse is characterized by the use of a large number of precedent phenomena, among which precedent phenomena from the texts of Russian folk tales are highly active. We define the texts of fairy tales as precedent following L. Podrychnaya, who notes that "a folk tale fully corresponds to the concept of a "precedent text", deeply and comprehensively reflects the whole complex of features characteristic of the Russian cultural society and constitutes the basis of its mentality" [5, p. 40].
The Russian folk tale is one of the richest sources of precedent names for the Russian media. It reflects the age-old spiritual experience of the Russian people, the strength and daring of the national character. In a fairy tale, wisdom is concentrated within the framework of a relatively short text, on the pages of which the heroes sometimes live a significant period of their lives, overcome difficulties, draw conclusions, and come to an awareness of some kind of morality. Most Russian fairy tales give a person answers to questions, consolation and confidence that all adversity is surmountable, as a result, evil will be defeated and punished, and good will be rewarded.
Fairy tales are one of the most widespread, almost universal folklore genres. A fairy tale is a kind of history and a treasury of folk wisdom. As a manifestation of folk culture, a fairy tale contains plots, images and situations specific to each ethnos, which finds expression in the names of the characters, the names of animals and plants, the scene of action, in the original traditional linguistic formulas. Fairy-tale plots, images and situations with different national and specific design are transmitted from generation to generation, interpreted by peoples, which makes them universal precedents, that is, known to any modern individual. It is the universality of a folk tale as a genre that constitutes that common, against the background of which nationally determined differences in the perception of the world appear especially clearly [1].
The high frequency of reference by the media to the proper names of the main characters of the Russian folk tale as precedents is associated with the presence in the minds of the recipients of strong associative links with the psychological and physical characteristics of fairy tale characters.
III Международная научно-практическая конференция Some participants in Russian talk shows are described in an ironic tone. As a comparison, the precedent name Baba Yaga is used, which is defined as "one of the main characters in Russian folk tales, an ugly, evil and insidious old woman with great witchcraft power" [6, p. 855], The comparison is given to women, the heroines of talk shows, who bring their failed personal life on public display, try to speculate with their unhappy position (or maybe not so unhappy), in fact are malice. Cf.:
"Baba Yaga will cause the greatest excitement. In a short skirt, on high heels (she watches "Shopping Queen "on a satellite in the forest). Yaga, who has made a circular face lift, fearlessly and coquettishly tells how the old fool promised to marry, drank, beat and left her, leaving only one chicken leg in the hut!" (V. Koklyushkin, "Got Bad!", 10.12.2014, http://www.aif.ru/).
Comparison with the American billionaire Mark Zuckerberg, who donates shares of his campaign as an act of charity, is given to some Russian entrepreneurs who behave in a similar way and distribute part of their goods for free.
Cf.: ""Alyonushka" and her brother Mark Zuckerberg"(G. Agisheva, 04.12.2015, www.trud.ru)
In this heading of the article, we see an appeal to the title of the precedent text -the Russian folk tale "Alyonushka and her brother Ivanushka" The first component of the title coincides with the ergonym "Alyonushka" in its form, which has a nominative-excretory and aesthetic function. The second component of the title is replaced by a proper name Mark Zuckerberg, which in turn is also a precedent name. Taken together, a headline with two precedent units appears in front of the readers, which reveals the content of the article about the charitable activities of "Alyonushka" bread shop and its owner.
When describing and analyzing socio-psychological phenomena in Russian society, one can often observe an appeal to such a precedent name as Tsarevna-Nesmeyana, a fairy tale character who has no positive emotions for the world around, no acceptance of it, which is burdened by everything that happens around. Cf.:
"Remember the fairy tale about Princess Nesmeyana? From the point of view of psychologists, the appearance in the royal chambers of the comedy genius in the
Инновационные аспекты развития науки и техники person of Ivanushka the Fool is a real disaster. After all, the princess was clearly
burdened by life at court and was looking for a new goal in life " (Ya. Karabatov, "Why
it is impossible to amuse Princess Nesmeyana", 25.02.16, www.chel.kp.ru/daily).
In this example, the link to the precedent name in the article is also duplicated in
the title. The analysis of the problem itself, which the article touches upon, is presented
by the author in the context of the storylines of the fairy tale, with a constant appeal to
the psychology of the main characters, the interpretation of which provides a platform
for expressing the author's unique point of view.
Acute social problems are actualized through parallels with the precedent text -
the fairy tale "The Wolf and the Seven little Kids", where insidious brute strength and
defenselessness are clearly opposed. Cf.:
"Housing stock and the seven little kids" (D. Golovanov, 02.02.2016,
www.kras.mk.ru/articles)
The title of the article duplicates the name of the tale, but with the lexical
replacement of the first component by a word combination Housing stock, thereby
immediately revealing its pragmatic potential, endowing an organization that is still
unknown to readers with completely transparent characteristics.
The pragmatism of addressing the precedent proper name Kurochka Ryaba by
the Russian media is twofold. If the coverage of food issues in Russia takes place, or
problems of poultry farming are discussed, then the precedent proper name Kurochka
Ryaba is mentioned, as a rule, in the title and without the traditional connection with
golden eggs. Cf.:
"Russian Kurochka Ryaba for old Europe" (05.10.2015, www.uralinform.ru/interviews/economy)
"Kurochka Ryaba" (headline of a report on chicken poisoning, 01/12/2015, www.ntv.ru)
If we are talking about economic benefit, profit as a result of owning something, or capture, as shown in the next example, then the traditional connection of the precedent proper name Kurochka Ryaba with golden eggs necessarily appears. Cf.:
III Международная научно-практическая конференция
Romania became the main supplier of oil, giving in 1940 58% of total imports
of "liquid gold" to Germany. France and Great Britain willingly bought its oil: in the first 9 months of the war, more than 1000 tons were sent to these countries. Romania was like Kurochka Ryaba - whoever owned it got the golden eggs ("The Conquest of Romania: The Hunt for Oil", RIA Novosti, 07.10.2015, http://ria.ru/analytics).
Within the context of the food quality problem, the media refer to the precedent proper name Myshka-norushka. It is interesting to note the way the author tries to implement towards the problem. He uses the mixture of three fragments of Russian folk tales at once. These are:
1. The mouse, which was either in the bread, or not, is defined as the Little Mouse - an appeal to the fairy tale "Teremok";
2. "waved her tail" - an appeal to the fairy tale "Ryaba Hen";
3. "scratched the bottom of the barrel" - referring to the fairy tale "Kolobok"
Cf.: "... there was no rat in the loaf, but there was this very frozen flour, which
somehow got into the bread in a strange way. The little mouse scratched at the bottom of the barrel in the imaginary space of Saratov and in the heads of the frightened citizens, waved her tail - and disappeared. As if it fell into the ground" (E. Balayan, http://www.vzsar.ru/special/2016/02/04).
The ability of some politicians and entrepreneurs to evade responsibility is presented by the media through the usage of the proper name Kolobok in terms of his dexterity and cunning. Cf.:
Varshavsky (owner of the Estar holding) is a kind ofprotagonist from the fairy tale "Kolobok", running from deceived partners and creditor banks (N. Somov, "Ineffective management of Vadim Varshavsky and its consequences", 10.03.2016, http://www.moscow-post.com/economics).
In the following example, we observe the use of a number of precedent names in order to determine the personal and psychological characteristics of the politician Boris Nemtsov. Appealing to the names of Emelya, Kolobok, Gray Wolf, the author builds a kind of scale for analyzing his personality. The lowest point - Emelya - is the embodiment of laziness (but in our opinion, taking into account the opposition to the
Инновационные аспекты развития науки и техники image of the gray wolf, the author puts the meaning of simplicity and naivety into this comparison), the extreme top point - the Gray Wolf - is the embodiment of cunning and evil. As a result, a completely different characterization is selected, by comparing with the clever Kolobok, who, like Boris Nemtsov, still had a sad end. Cf.:
"What fairy tale hero was Boris Nemtsov? Emelya? Gray wolf? No, Boris is Kolobok. He left everyone, everyone tried to lick him, bite him - he left everyone, but he didn't leave the fox " (Alexey Venediktov:" Nemtsov is a Kolobok from a Russian fairy tale ", http://rustelegraph.ru/news/2015-02-28/).
It should be noted that we have not identified a single case of comparison with Kolobok in shape or complexion, although the Russian Associative Dictionary gives the highest frequency of associative reactions to the stimulus Kolobok specifically to external characteristics [2].
Conclusion. The analysis of the material shows that the use of the Russian folk tale by the Russian media as a source of precedent phenomena is relevant. This is due to the fact that the images and plots of fairy tales are of particular importance for the mentality of a Russian person. It is important to note that the usage precedent phenomena from the source sphere "Russian folk tale" by the Russian media completely excludes communication failures with any audience, since the reader, once got familiar with the stories of fairy tales, will always reflect their images and meanings in any context.
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III Международная научно-практическая конференция interpretatsiya russkoy narodnoy skazki]. Slovo.ru: Baltic accent. - 2013. - No. 3. - PP. 39-44. (In Russ). ISSN 2225-5346.
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