CC BY
11CONFERENCE 15 OCTOBER 2022
DOI: 10.24412/cl-37100-2023-12-99-128
M. S. Rubin
On the concept of TRIZ-civilization
The disorder is not in WC, but in the brains.
Mikhail Bulgakov, «Head of a Dog», 1925
SUMMARY
The message of TRIZ (theory of inventive problem solving) consists not only in solving problems and developing inventive thinking of people, but also in the creation of a system of values, which corresponds to the goals of uniting civilizations on Earth based on domination in the society of creative and loving interrelations, not the exploitive, money-grubbing and authoritative relations. The civil-sphere formed on such principles (uniting earthly civilizations into a single system) is a geosphere of a new type together with lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.
The present work reviews regularities of forming and development of geospheres. The comparison is drawn between the scale of civilization processes and the processes of development of other geospheres, which enables to conclude that the civil-sphere is at the starting stage of formation. It is shown that on the one hand culture is a key factor in evolution of civil-sphere, since it includes not only art and sciences, but also technologies and systems of values, while on the other hand this is culture, which appears to be a source of cognitive distortions, which are able to bring civilization to catastrophic events. The formation of TRIZ civilization is one of the tools used for compensating such cognitive distortions.
In this work the author for the first time offers a definition of civil-sphere, TRIZ civilization as well as introduces other terms, associated with the corresponding notions. Different aspects of forming the concept of TRIZ-civilization are analyzed, as well as the goals, tasks and structure of TRIZ -civilization, key tasks of development of TRIZ and TECP (theory of creative personality evolution). The structure of TRIZ-civilization proposed in this work, implies that by the middle of the 20th century the need for scientists, specialists, consultants and trainers, related to TRIZ as well as TRIZ students and trainees will amount to more than 20 million.
Key words: theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ), theory of creative personality evolution (TECP), Dignified goal of the personality, inventive thinking, TRIZ-civilization, civil-sphere, forecast of civilization evolution, TRIZ-education, function-and-targeted systems (FTS), culture, system of values, cognitive.
1. BASIC TERMS
In order to describe models of civilizations and the key regularities of their evolution, special terms are used in this article. In order to avoid any ambiguity in their treatment and understanding, we shall quote short definitions of them in this section.
1.1. Types of systems and their evolution
We shall consider evolutionary succession consisting of three types of systems:
Resource systems are systems, of which other systems may be created (formed), while at the same time they don't possess any features of self-organized or functional systems.
Self-organized systems. The term was introduced by W.R. Ashby, 1947. It is possible to single out the following features of self-organized systems:
- Cooperative processes play a decisive role in the formation of the system; they are based on coherent or coordinated interaction of system elements, type of molecular behavior changes;
- system is dynamic, its motion is of non-linear, badly predictable character;
- system is open, non-balanced, which provides for material-and-energy as well as informational exchange with the environment.
Self-organizing systems don't meet the requirements of supersystems. Self-organizing system is a resource system, in which spontaneously (not in keeping with the requirements with the supersystem) the energy flows lead to formation of processes and flows, which are associated with the changes in elements and system taken as a whole in time and space, for example, whirlwinds, swirls, volcanic eruptions, formation of stars and planets, etc.
Function-and-targeted system is a system, formed for fulfillment of complex of useful functions attainment of goals in keeping with the requirements of supersystems and operation principle of the given system. Function-and-targeted system is formed based on self-organization, natural or artificial selection or as a result of targeted actions of one of supersystems. To function-and-targeted systems we can relate biological systems, technical systems, social, financial-and-economic as well as scientific and other similar systems. [1].
System ontogenesis is an individual development of any system (material or non-material) is a generalization of the notion of biological ontogenesis.
System phylogenesis is a historical development (evolution) of any systems (material and non-material). System phylogenesis is described through information models of regularities of evolution and is impossible without a succession of system ontogenesis, the evolution of which forms a phylogenesis. System phylogenesis is a generalization of biological phylogenesis, its origination became possible only owing to appearance of information systems, which are able to transfer the accumulated experience of variation of subjects.
TRIZ - theory of inventive problem solving is a field of knowledge of objective regularities and laws of technical system evolution, methods and tools of forecasting, identification, analysis and resolving contradictions of system evolution. TRIZ is based on the laws of dialectic and presupposes the use of evolutionary, system-based, functional, model-based and other fundamental scientific approaches. TRIZ reveals regularities and methods for forming and development of inventive thinking as well as methods for developing creative imagination. Methods and tools of TRIZ are applicable to solving inventive problems not only in engineering, but also in non-technical systems. TRIZ is used in practice for developing creative personality, for solving inventive problems in various fields, in innovative enterprising, in solving problems at industrial plants. [2, 3]
Invention is a significant improvement of the existing system or creation of a new system enabling to resolve the requirements contradiction, which existed before or creating fundamentally new potentiality of the system. In contrast to patenting, TRIZ does not consider insignificant changes in the system, which don't lead to resolving requirements contradictions to be an invention.
Inventive problem is an inventive situation, which contains a contradiction of requirements made to the system.
Evolutionary system studies (evolution studies). The main object of exploration in evolutionary system studies are not the systems themselves, but the mechanisms of system evolution in the processes of phylogenesis and ontogenesis. It means that the object under discussion is not every change within the system, but only such ones which lead to stable evolutionary transformations, which are positive for the present system. In evolutionary system studies the object of exploration is a set of mechanisms of evolutionary development of any system: material and non-material, live and non-live. [4]
TECP - theory of creative personality evolution. It was developed by G.S.Altshuller and I.M.Vertkin in 1980-ies. It includes the analysis of the main concepts of creative personality evolution, of life strategy development (LSCP) and ideal creative strategy («maximum upward motion»), as
well as a complex of practical materials (business games, problem books, collections of cards) intended for developing features, which are necessary for a creative personality. As part of TECP an ideal model of creative personality was developed - a set of features of a creative personality (FCP).
Thinking (psychology). Thinking is involved in the process of solving any problem, which a human being might encounter, if the problem is vital, has no ready solution and a powerful motive induces a human being to search for an outcome. The thought appears as a kind of induction of a force field between the need and the opportunity. In the opinion of L.S.Vygotsky, it appears not from the word, not from another thought. A decisive role in its generation is played by motivation. Thinking presupposes the ability of the human mind to split the phenomenon under discussion into parts and extract from them what can lead them to a correct conclusion. One of specific features of thinking is the capacity for orientation under new conditions through generalization and analysis. [5]
Inventive thinking is a type of thinking of the human being, which includes procedures of analysis, synthesis of systems and evaluation of results of introduced changes, which is distinguished by the presence of components of sensitivity to contradiction and to solving it, evolutionary nature, system character and critical character. [6]
System of values is a set of traditional ideas (social settings) of people, concerning the meaning of corresponding objects as well as natural and social phenomena in their lives, which serves as a criterion in evaluation and selection of solution. [7]
Value -is a universal generic category, which embraces the nest of axiological notions pertaining to the same row: the good (and the evil), the beautiful (and the ugly), the true (and the untrue), the just (and the unjust), the right (and the wrong), the pleasant (and the unpleasant), the useful (and the useless, the harmful), the reasonable (and the unreasonable), i.e., the basic (but specific!) categories of ethics, aesthetics, logic, legal awareness, political, economic and other kind of consciousness, economic and other kinds of awareness and corresponding sciences. Axiology harmonizes these rows of notions, classifies them, coordinates, subordinates them and gives them definitions. [8, p. 13]
TRIZ-civilization -is a model of civilization, in which civilization, in which TRIZ, as a social tool of evolution is an important constituent of state and science, widely spread field of human activity. The term TRIZ-civilization can be related both to local civilizations and to civil-sphere as a whole.
1.2. Geospheres of the Earth: lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere, noosphere, civil-sphere.
Geospheres successively alternate, diverging from the center of Earth, intersect (interpenetrate) in space and time (transition from one geosphere to another), however, preserve their independence in their formation and development. Geospheres are interconnected and form a stable dynamic system. Geospheres are self-organized (not function-and-targeted) systems.
Abiogenic sphere is a unification of lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere. Abiogenic matter is a matter, which is formed without participation of live organisms. The formation started 4-3,5 billion years ago. About 2 billion years were needed for formation of supercontinent Pangea. [9] Biosphere - is a shell of the Earth populated by live organisms, staying under the action of these organisms and occupied with products of their activity as well as a set of its features as a planet, where the conditions are created for the development of biological systems; global ecosystem of the Earth. The term «biosphere» was introduced by Austrian geologist E.Suess in 1875. V.I.Vernadsky discovered powerful transforming geological and geochemical features of the biosphere. The foundation of biosphere are biogeocoenoses.
Noosphere. The term «noosphere» was first proposed in the 1930-ies by French historians and natural philosophers (Teillard de Chardin, Le-Roix). In the literal sense the term means «sphere of mind» (noos is mind).
Noosphere is the highest stage of evolution of biosphere, associated with the origination of a civilized society inside it, with the period, when the conscious activity of the human being becomes the main, definitive factor of development. Scientific thought concerning the activities of a human being changed the structure of biosphere and preconditioned physical and chemical changes of all its shells (atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere). [10]
The formation of noosphere started approximately 3 million years ago, with the appearance of the human being. It is believed that noosphere is a part of biosphere. There is no clear model and mechanisms of noosphere development. V.I.Vernadsky wrote that «Noosphere is the last of many states of biosphere evolution in geological history - the state of our days. The development of this process only recently became the object of studies based on exploration of its geological past in its certain aspects». [11]
Civil-sphere (sphere of global planetary civilization of the Earth) is a new geosphere, which is formed through system-based unification of earthly civilizations. At present it is in the state of formation and dramatic changes. Civil-sphere is different from Noosphere. The minimum constituent of noosphere is the human being, the formation of noosphere started with the origination of Neanderthal men 40 000 years ago; mechanism of origination and the model of evolution of noosphere haven't been described. Civil-sphere appears since the moment of formation of the first civilizations 6000 years ago (for example, Schumer civilization), and its minimum system is a socio-cultural system (ethnos). According to V.I. Vernadsky noosphere is a new state of biosphere. [12] The concept of civil-sphere is based on the fact that this is a new type of geosphere, which is different from noosphere, since the culture as a geological force is generated only after the formation of civilizations.
Proto-civil-sphere is a set of earthly civilizations, which are not united by system bonds into a civil-sphere; unfinished civil-sphere, which possesses all features of geosphere.
Civilization is a self-organized social-and-technical system, in which humanity, united by culture, transforms surrounding natural environment into an artificial ambience in order to create more beneficial conditions for existence and development of the society. This process inevitably leads to the growth of civilized substance, controllable energy and information. [13]
1.3. Models of system capture:
Capture of resources is a fundamental feature of any system, which defines the entire course of its formation and evolution. Five types (models) of the capture of resources of one system by another system are proposed in the theory of system capture. They can be divided into two groups.
Negative capture (one of the systems loses resources or acquires nothing):
1. Reaction of capture with acquisition or adjoining of the capture object (exploratory, possessive type of capture).
2. Reaction of capture by displacement (substitution) based on struggle for limiting factor of evolution (acquisitive, saving type of capture).
3. Reaction of decomposition (internal capture, division of the system into separate parts).
Positive capture (both systems get something useful for development):
4. Reaction of capture with exchange (market type).
5. Fruitful capture, synthesis of a new system from the elements (active, mindful and loving type of personality).
Each type of capture in the society finds its equivalent in a definite type of character in this society, which prevails over the others. In case with the negative capture this is the taking, possessing, devoted, authoritative, money-grabbing, saving type of human character. Characteristic for a positive capture in the society is a fruitful character of a human being: active, loving and reasonable. [14]
1.4. Culture. Socio-cultural systems
Culture. Culture will be understood by us as a system of all non-material (information) complexes of human activity, aimed directly or indirectly at changing the material world or at forming the system of human values: technologies, science, religions, art, economics, politics, etc. We shall distinguish culture from material vehicles (transmitters) of elements of culture.
Socio-cultural system (SCS) is a union of many live systems or sets of them based on cultural ties, possessing qualitatively new characteristics and not reduced to a simple sum of these characteristics, of which these systems are composed. Each socio-cultural system can itself become a foundation (element or resource) for another socio-cultural system. Thus, the elevation of a hierarchical level of SCS can take place (people, family, tribe, ethnos, nation, state, civilization, unions of states, civil-sphere). [15]
2. GLOBAL CIVILIZATION AS A STAGE IN THE EVOLUTION OF GEOSPHERES OF THE EARTH
2.1. Civil-sphere as a development of geospheres
We shall consider civilizations (both the local ones and a planetary civil-sphere) as a continuation of one process of formation and development of global geospheres. All geospheres of the Earth have common features in terms of their properties and stages of their evolution.
Table 1. Main stages of evolution of any geosphere on an example of biosphere and civil-sphere
Stages of geosphere evolution On example of biosphere For civil-sphere
¡.Formation of individual elements of future geosphere Approximately 3800 million years ago first signs of life on Earth appeared (micro-organisms). [16] 0.006 million years ago first civilizations appeared in Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, Far East and Peru.
2. Uniting these local elements into a global sphere of planetary level Approximately 3200 million years ago the influence upon the composition of atmosphere (biological registration of nitrogen) [17,18], hydrosphere and lithosphere 0.0007-0.0009 million years ago (15-17th centuries of our era). Great geographical discoveries
3. Stage of dramatic revolutionary changes in the process of geosphere evolution 2400 million years ago oxygen catastrophe (entrance of oxygen into the atmosphere). [16] 555 million years ago - Cambrian explosion. [19]. Quick evolution of multicellular organisms 0.00002 million years ago (1800-1900) exponential growth of the world population number, industrial revolution
4. Stage of stabilization, ho-meostasis and evolutionary development of geosphere (can include separate revolutionary changes, smaller in scale than at the 3rd stage) Approximately 500-400 million years ago - stabilization of growth. Plants conquer the firm ground. Oscillations in evolution. Formation of combustible minerals [20] Has not come. Number of population of the Earth will be approximately 18.8 billion people in 2100 [15] and approximately 30 billion in 2300
5. Stage of forming elements of new geosphere based on newly formed geosphere 3 -0.04 million years ago. Origination of humanoids, humans and tribes as elements of would-be civilizations Has not come.
The Table 1 enables to c raw a number of conclusions. Time of civil-sphere formation is im-
measurably lower (hundreds of thousand times) than the time of formation of lithosphere, hydro-
sphere, atmosphere and biosphere. Civil-sphere stays at the beginning of its formation and will go through millenniums (or even millions of years) of dramatic changes, then stabilization and origination (on its basis) of global (planetary or cosmic) formations.
In order to understand what form the image of civil-sphere might take by the moment of stabilization of its evolution, it is possible to evaluate the rates of growth of its key parameters as compared to other geospheres, which have already attained a certain level of balance. One can form the opinion on dramatic growth of civil-sphere by high (exponential) growth of the population number, growth of weight of all civilized substance, generated energy, volume of information in civilizations. It is most logical to compare the future image of civil-sphere and its geological influence with biosphere. Will civil-sphere become a part of biosphere? Or if biosphere become a part of civil-sphere? Are civil-sphere and biosphere interacting entities or are they at the same time different ge-ospheres?
Table 2. Evaluation of weight and energy in biosphere and in civil-sphere. Information from different sources might be significantly different. The table contains approximate data from the sources, which explicitly inspire confidence
2021 2100 2300
Weight of civilized substance (tons) [21] ~1,5*1012 (rate of growth equal to 1-1012each 15-20 years) ~5*1012 ~10*1012
Dry weight of live substance of biomass (tons) [22, 23, 24]
~2,4-3,6*1012
Weight of entire biosphere (tons) [23] ~3-10*10 (including live, biogenies, bio-abiogenic and
biogenic substance)
Generation and use of energy in civil-sphere (Joule) [25, 26, 27,] ~6-7*1020 -11-1020 -16-1020
Annual energy input in biosphere Joule [28] ~1,8*1020
Overall store of mineral energy in biosphere (Joule) [24, pp. 59, 29] ~2,5*1022 - 4*1025 (earth crust, soil, etc.)
Table 2 quotes the evaluation of energy and weight of the substance in biosphere and civil-sphere.
Comparison of quoted data shows that in the forthcoming years the weight of civilized substance will be higher than the biomass of living organisms on the Earth. In 2300 the weight of civilized substance will be 3 times greater than the weight of biomass. The rate of growth of energy in civil-sphere is still higher. Mineral substance and energy accumulated in the biosphere, can also be quickly converted into a civilized substance. The processes of formation of biomass and energy flows in civil-sphere will thereby develop 500 thousand times quicker than in biosphere. Due to what reasons and based on what resources does such dramatic growth of civil sphere take place?
2.2. Models for forming and evolution of the Earth civil-sphere
Fig 1. Reflects generalized (and simplified) model for forming geospheres of the Earth. Every preceding stage in the evolution of this process prepares resources for the next stage of geospheres formation. In this case each new geosphere starts to influence the evolution of all other geospheres. Civil-sphere is not a part of biosphere, since it is based on a new kind of interaction - socio-cultural fields of interaction.
Fig. 1. Generalized model of processes for forming geospheres of the Earth. The formation of each new geosphere is associated with new fields of interaction
Fig. 2 shows in greater detail the model of the process of forming biosphere and civil-sphere. Without claiming exhaustiveness, we shall single out some fundamental features distinguishing biosphere from abiogenic sphere.
Fig. 2. Model of processes for forming civil-sphere from abiogenic sphere and bio-sphere
1. In contrast to abiogenic sphere, biosphere consists of function-and-targeted systems (plants, animals, bacteria, mushrooms), but it remains a self-organized system. In abiogenic sphere there are no function-and-targeted systems;
2. With the appearance of live organisms the mechanism of feedback is originated as well as the information proper, i.e., an opportunity to store and to deliver information from one agent to another with the aid of genes and with the origin of animals - through social mechanisms;
3. With the appearance of information systems phylogenesis as such comes into being. At first, with unicellular, it had few features distinguishing it from ontogenesis, however, with the origin and evolution of multicellular organisms the difference between onto- and phylogenesis grows;
4. In contrast to abiogenic substance of abiogenic spheres, live substance of biosphere (organisms on the whole and each of its cells separately) requires a ceaseless flow and store of energy in order to support vital activity based on metabolism;
5. An important feature of live substance is the presence of ageing and death as a completion of ontogenesis of live organisms. This important evolutionary invention enables to free resources for new organisms, thereby retaining the main information accumulated during life process; [58]
6. Biosphere is based on biogeocenose - set of living organisms (plants, animals, bacteria, mushrooms) on a certain territory, which provides for circulation of substances and energy pyramids. Thus, the organic matter of three types is formed: living organisms, results of their vital activity and organic substances, which are formed after the death of the organisms. In abiogenic spheres there are no such mechanisms for substance and energy conversion.
Civil-sphere is formed based on abiogenic spheres and biosphere, but is not reduced to them, since it has its own specific features and distinctions.
1. The main difference of civil-sphere from biosphere is the presence of culture and socio-cultural systems, which are formed due to thinking and system of values of the humans;
2. The key factor of forming and development of civilizations is information systems: from the anatomy of larynx and origin of speech to modern computer-assisted information systems. We already noted dramatic tempo of growth of the Earth population and of the weight of civilized substance. However, the tempo of growth of information is 480 million times higher than the tempo of growth of the civilized substance weight. Mechanisms for variation and spreading of information in civil-sphere are much more dynamic than in biosphere;
3. System phylogenesis has much in common with biological phylogenesis, however, it is built on other, more flexible information mechanisms, which also include imagination, thinking, systems of design, manufacturing and verification of new systems. In this case the information from one technical or other artificial «species», for example, horse wagon, may be transferred through the system of design to the system of quite a different «species», for example, to mechanical clock. Besides, it may take place at any distance, at different continents, which is essentially impossible in case with biological systems;
4. In contrast to living matter the greatest part of the civilized substance doesn't require any energy replenishment supply, as it is the case with living cells. For example, buildings and edifices, frames of machines and shells of engines don't require constant supply of energy supporting these systems;
5. The death of ethnos in civilizations is the decomposition of system-based and cultural unity, but not the entire extermination of people, of which this ethnos consists. [30]. It can be the loss by the system of ethnic values, as well as the values of the language, traditions and history, technology and any other significant components of the culture pertaining to this socio-cultural system. Like in the living systems, a socio-cultural system, which has perished, transfers part of its information and material systems to new ethnic formations;
6. During 1-2 billion years biosphere stored energy in biomass which is 100 times greater than the energy, which it annually receives from outwards from the Sun. The portion of stored ener-
gy in civil-sphere is, on the contrary, approximately 100 times less than the energy produced during one year;
There are mechanisms in civil-sphere, which are intended for using sources of substance and energy, which are hardly accessible for application in biosphere: oil, gas, ore materials, metals, sand, clay, limestone, etc. It accounts for a quick growth of the civil-sphere weight.
Fig. 3. Process of transformation of abiogenic sphere, biosphere and protocivil-sphere into civil-sphere or into a new state of civil-sphere
Fig. 3 shows a simplified pattern of the process for transformation of abiogenic spheres, biosphere and protocivil-sphere into a civil-sphere or into a new state of civil-sphere. It means that civilizations themselves could play the role of a resource for formation or development of a new or simply of another civilization.
It can be concluded form the performed analysis that the main factors of a powerful growth of civil-sphere are culture and the information processes, which are associated with it and providing for both growth of substance weight and growth of energy. The reasons for global processes in civil-sphere are in the imagination and thinking of the human, systems of values, religion, art, science, technologies, economy, politics and other socio-cultural and social-technical constituents of civil-sphere and society, which constitute its core. The same factors also form the basis for the majority of problems, which are encountered by humanity.
2.3. Tendencies of formation and key problems of development of civil-sphere 2.3.1. Ecological problems
Many ecological problems of planetary scale can in reality appear to be myths and mystifications, set up in the interests of business and politics. For example, the myth of ozone «holes» in atmosphere (judging by many publications) has been so popularized in the interests of particular manufacturers of aircrafts and refrigerators. In the same way the myth concerning global warming is exploited for the sake of additional taxes in favor of state budgets or in favor of dishonest competition at the global level in order to restrict the development of industry of other states. Kyoto proto-
col and carbon tax are non-market tools used by some countries in order to influence industry and economy of other countries. [31, 32, 33]
In 1991 600 oil wells were ignited in Iraq in order to initiate ecological catastrophe and decrease the temperature of the world by 5-10°C. The wells continued to burn for many months, but it never led to any influence upon the climate. [33]
Global radiation contamination could be an actual ecological catastrophe. And this danger only emphasizes the fact that the foundation of modern problems of civilizations and also of biosphere is the culture of these civilizations proper. [34, 35, 36, 37]
2.3.2. Aggressions of civilizations
One of the problems for forming civil-sphere is the fact that some civilizations could be looked upon by other civilizations as a resource for development or absorption. If such an interaction is built on the principles of aggressive capture implying the extermination or absorption of one of the civilizations, it could lead to global civilization and to military conflicts. In biosphere the competition takes place between living organisms of different species, while in civilizations living organisms pertaining to one and the same species take part in the competition. Positive kinds of system capture prevail in biosphere (symbiosis, fruitful capture), which is characteristic of the stage of stability and homeostasis in system evolution. At the same time civil-sphere is at the stage of dramatic growth, which is rather characterized by negative types of capture (absorption, displacement, decomposition). Culture of civilizations is a source of menace for these civilizations themselves. In the history of origin and evolution of people there were 9 sub-species of the human and it is known that some subspecies could displace or absorb the others. For example, archanthropus (Homo erec-tus) is displaced by Neanderthals, while Neanderthals, in their turn were in this or that way displaced by Cro-Magnons. [38, 39]
Similar processes of displacement and absorption are found in the evolution of civilizations, for example, the extermination of Maya civilization by Spanish conquistadors.
Social aggression of the people and constant evolution of criminality based on growing and developing civilization resources and technologies is an existential menace for the mankind. Growth and globalization of criminality are directly preconditioned by inequality of people and uneven distribution of resources on the earth. [40]
2.3.3. Growth of the population number
According to the forecast, in 2100 the number of populations of the Earth will reach 18.8 billion people. [27] By 2300 the number of populations of the Earth could attain 30 billion people and the density of population will be equal to this parameter value as of 2022 in Germany. Even if by that time the population number will constitute 50 billion people, it will correspond to the density population in modern India. Currently 70% of existing population live on 7% of the firm ground. The growth of the Earth population should not be looked upon as the motion to certain ecological catastrophes. If the earth population decreased every 12 years by 1 billion persons, it would be a real problem.
Increase of the population number should contribute to economic growth and might lead to stabilization of the population number in a natural way, without any cruel measures consisting in the decrease of birth rate. And we needn't wait for any biosphere cataclysms. Available and developing resources will be enough for all. The task of civilizations is to provide the growth of population with resources: technologically, energetically, ecologically, politically and in terms of other social aspects. Humanity will conquer not only firm land, nut also seas, oceans, and non-distant space.
The average age of the population in 100 years will approach 100-110 years and the population number will start to stabilize out of natural reasons. The growth of civilization will continue due to capture of non-live matter, development of information systems, art, science, systems of values, but not the living mass of the mankind.
2.3.4. Culture and systems of values as sources of catastrophes.
The main vehicle of evolution inside the civilizations is culture: system of values, level of thinking of the people, science, technology, economy, politics, art. This is culture, which distinguishes humans from animals, biosphere - from civil-sphere. This is culture which is the reason for catastrophic rates of changes in civilizations, source of main conflicts and potential catastrophes. It has to be noted that in the broad sense mass culture (or it would be better to say counter-culture) could also include cult of force, atrocity, self-annihilation, drug addiction, which are often translated through feature films, music and other sub-culture products. [41]
During the process of their evolution civilizations created a whole complex of social institutions, which are directed against equal rights of different strata of society. For example, in Ancient Athens there was nobility, demos (people) meteks and slaves. Women, slaves, meteks and slaves were not allowed to take part in Public Gathering. It is surprising, but any ideas, directed at social equality and love, are artfully converted by civilizations into maintaining a hard dependence of one part of society upon the other. For example, inquisition, crusades, religious wars. This line of aggression and fanatic passions finds logical counterparts in colonialism, racism and fascism as forms of separation of global society into commanders and subjects. This obviously contradicts the idea of preserving the human as a species and the fundamental values of the world religions. This is the basis for global problems for civil-sphere formation.
2.3.5. Dissonances between the personality and its potentiality in civil-sphere
The culture of civilizations forms and develops mechanisms, which enable one person to directly influence the lives of billions of people. [42] Natural psycho-physiological mechanisms don't presuppose the presence of such potential. Let us quote several examples. At present 4 billion people, which accounts for a half of the population of the Globe have the daily budget of 2 to 10 dollars per day. The richest man on Earth possesses the capital of more than $219 billion. This gap is constantly increasing and leads to formation of a small group within the society, which has huge, non-comparable with anything opportunities of influencing the greater part of the Earth population in future perspective.
Another example is private social networks. For example, such social networks are known, which have about 3 billion active users every month. Not a single state in the world has the population of such scale, which could be influenced through information sources and rules for organizing them. Moreover, there is an opportunity of targeted, individual influence upon every person from the network. Interests and system of values of one rich man, psycho-physiological opportunities of one person are incompatible with that great influence, which civilization enables to concentrate in the hands of one person. This is also a source of great risks for forming civil-sphere. There are no necessary tools of social braking, which might prevent catastrophic changes of civilizations.
As we have already noticed, all geospheres of the earth are self-organizing systems, i.e., they have no supersystems, which might form and regulate the functions of these geospheres. At the same time in forming civil-sphere attempts are constantly made consisting in converting all civil-spheres into a function-and-targeted system, which develops in the interests of particular persons or
narrow clans of people. It means that the person himself, as an individual, staying in the foundation of a multi-layer social hierarchy of civil-sphere simultaneously tends to become the top of this very hierarchy, but already as an owner of a certain social mechanism.
2.3.6. Information and distortion of it as a foundation of social degradation
It was already noticed above that the revolutionary distinction of civil-sphere from biosphere can be understood as the new technology of information processing and storage, which includes imagination, language and thinking and also modern information technologies. It gives essential advantages in forming and development of civilizations. At the same time these are information processes, which are the most tangible component of civilizations.
The evolution of animals and plants it is impossible, for example, to distort the information about the past, if it is recorded on a gene level. At the same time history of mankind is constantly rewritten and distorted in the interests of certain social groups. There is a large number of technologies for distorting the notions and opinions within the society. A well-known example is «Windows of Overton». The essence of this conception consists in a simple thought, worded by Joe Carter in 2011 based on the developments of Joseph Overton: with the aid of money and mass media propaganda it is possible to incorporate absolutely any idea into any society (in terms of level of development) so that this idea will be perceived as a norm. This is a technology of substitution of notions and changing opinions consisting of six stages: 1. From the unthinkable to radical; 2. Radical; 3. Applicable; 4. Rational; 5. Popular; 6. Applicable norm. [43]
According to another theory, which is called "spiral of silence" people are apt to hide their opinion, if it does not coincide with the opinion of those social groups, to which they belong. [44]
The law of self-synchronization is also thereby experimentally proved (the law of 5%): in a certain group 5% active persons are able to lead all other members of this group, even if this is a wrong selection. [45]
One more global problem concerning information, models and evaluations used for decision-taking is associated with cognitive distortions. More than one hundred cognitive distortions, violation of logic and distortions of received information are known. Cognitive distortions or irrational convictions are characterized by dogmatism and «absolute truthfulness», are expressed in certain obligations, appear automatically and are usually accompanied by negative emotions and generate changes in human behavior (phobias, depression, problems with self-evaluation, etc.). [46]
Let us remind the reader that information is also that part of civil-sphere the development of which is the quickest. The rate of increase of information volume is more than 500 million times greater than the rate of increase of the weight of civilized substance. And this very foundation became the most tangible for distortions and manipulation. In particular, it creates the grounds for self-annihilation of civilization, origination and development of fascism.
«Social basis of fascism is illiteracy or psychic inferiority, i.e., controllability through subconscious and mysticism, so called collective subconscious, which also relates to religion. Devotees lose the spark of Reason in their eyes and are converted into a blind and irrational tool of someone else's Will. Therefore, the loss of reason always leads to fascism through intermediate ties coming from neofascism and capitalism. To create an opportunity to control society in such a way, one had to create an intermediate layer of psychic activity, which stays in contrast not only to the Human, but also to biological, i.e., animal nature». [47, 48]
One of the methods of eliminating cognitive distortions is a set of tools of TRIZ and TECP [49], enabling to develop a more independent and effective behavior due to developing system-
based and critical thinking, habits of building correct cause/effect chains, psychological resistance to contradictions, ability to reject the blows of society in attainment of set goals and other qualities of creative personality.
3. TRIZ AND EVOLUTIONARY SYSTEM STUDIES AS A DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Science can be looked upon as a system, which is destined to eliminate cognitive errors, to which people are prone because of their nature. The very phenomenon of cognitive distortions is a scientific discovery. The term was proposed in 1972 by the scientists D. Kahneman and A. Tverski and is extensively used in humanitarian disciplines. [46]
It is possible to single out three main assertions, which characterize science both as a part of culture of civilization and as a tool for compensation of cognitive distortions:
- the world surrounding us and the processes occurring in it have certain regularities and laws, which can be studied and used in practical activity as well as for forecasting (4* millennium B.C.);
- the laws have an objective foundation, i.e., they are not dependent upon subjective factors, associated with personality or some image, but have a rational, abstract foundation with a system of proofs of scientific knowledge and theories. (6* century B.C.);
- the proofs of scientific knowledge are based on scientific method: obtainment of scientific knowledge through experience, experiments and transition to induction as a method of cognition (XII-XIV centuries).
Thus, science, was gradually formed as an alternative to myths and superstitions, belief in a miracle and mysticism. It is assumed that scientific method and science as a state social institution date back to the works of Francis Bacon on the development of sciences, written in 1597-1627. [50] However, in the 20* century there were failures in the application of scientific method. The fact is that with the development of science a gradual transition took place from studying rather stable objects of natural history (physics, chemistry) to exploration of quickly changing social objects. While objects of natural history offer a possibility to collect data, stage experiments, form and verify the models of certain processes and regularities practically on the same objects, in case with social objects science encounters with quite different rates of the objects' changes. Science assumes that the experiments performed, for example, with gravity, mechanical objects and molecules, staged many centuries ago, are the same in our days, since the features of these objects did not change. The situation is quite different with such objects of scientific exploration as technical systems, tribes, ethnic communities, economy and politics. The features of such objects change so quickly, that since the beginning of scientific studies till their end they can be significantly changed. One more problem associated with the scientific exploration of such objects is a large number of factors, which are not always known, but which influence the object of study. Thus, a scientific method based on a set of observations and verification experiments, appears to fail in such fields of studies, which are currently most demanded as an object of studies - social-and-technical, economic, political, ethical. Based on this, arguments are formed, which enable to doubt the fundamental workability of a scientific method. Moreover, it offers the reason to doubt other basic theses of science: an opportunity to study surrounding world and the objectivity of identified laws and regularities of phenomena surrounding us. Science as a tool of compensation of cognitive distortions starts to surrender its positions in two directions simultaneously:
- people gradually start to abandon the ideas of scientific approach as an important tool for perception of the surrounding world, while mythology, superstitions and mysticism return their past influence upon the society;
- science itself begins to lose its strictness and its compliance with the source theses, based on which it was created.
Moreover, reference to research, which purports to be scientific, themselves become a tool of cognitive distortions. Simple belief in certain «facts» and interconnections of these facts without any critical analysis is able to implement into the conscience of society the most absurd ideas concerning the surrounding world. Science itself is more and more susceptible to cognitive distortions. For example, such an experiment was staged in Austria, in Karl-Franzens-Universitat (Graz). One and the same article was presented for reviewing to 3300 of scientists - specialists in the corresponding field. In one case it was indicated that the author is a Nobel prize winner (it was approved by 77%), in the second case the author was not indicated (and 52% expressed their approval), and in the third case an author, which was little known was indicated (35% of reviewers approved of it). [51] It means that scientific system is subjective and does not cause any special trust, is unable to perform the function of correcting cognitive distortions. In this situation the influence of emotional, non-scientific evaluation grows. Utterances of actors, sportsmen or simply mentalists could have a much higher social weight than numerous researches of the scientists. People are prone to perception of simple models, though they might not have been verified, not the objective and proved truths, which are difficult to understand.
Fig. 4 shows the visualization of general logic of appearance of distortions in culture in forming civil-sphere. From abiogenic sphere and biosphere civilizations are formed, the main specific feature and foundation of which is the presence of society (people and culture) and essentially new mechanisms for information processing and storage.
•""Abiogenic "* spheres
(lithosphere, hydrosphere, ..-atmospibeirei...1
t------------N
■Civilizations and!
; I |
, . « states. Culture \
PH Biosphere h^ and r
j I l| information.
Distortions of information and aggressiveness of culture
Science as a compensation of cognitive distortions?
Fig. 4. Visualization of general logic for occurrence of distortions in culture in forming
civil-sphere
These specific features in particular become simultaneously sources of dramatic development and a method of cognitive distortions, aggression and concentration of huge resources without any opportunity of controlling them adequately. The problem could be reduced to two main constituents:
- ineffective thinking of the humans, which allows for significant cognitive distortions;
- ineffective system of values in the society, which allows for catastrophic consequences and leads to aggression, inequality of people, states and civilizations.
It is necessary to create and develop social mechanisms, which are able to correct two constituents of the key problem of civilizations. An important role in this process could be played by TRIZ and TECP. The former (TRIZ) is directed at forming effective, evolutionary, dialectic and critical thinking (inventive thinking). The latter (TECP) could offer the basis for developing a system of values of the society directed at the elimination of intra-species aggression of the people, at the formation of creative personalities, the activity of which is concentrated on the attainment of Dignified goals: socially useful goals directed at the development of life and society as a whole. Civilizations, in which TRIZ and TECP have an important social-and-cultural meaning, will be called by us TRIZ-civilization.
TRIZ has been developing since 1956 as a discipline, which is directed predominantly at solving inventive problems in technology and identification of trends of inventive problem solving. As the sphere of TRIZ application developed, it absorbed a number of other theories and methods, directed at forming inventive thinking with people and at the identification of trends of evolution of any, not only technical and material, but also non-material systems (evolutionary system studies).
The main object of analysis for TRIZ and evolutionary system studies is not a set of objects and processes themselves, but their development and the process of ontogenesis and/or phylogenesis. The systems, which have different functions and operation principles, are thereby subjected to the same general laws and regularities of evolutionary development. For example, a common feature of all function-and-targeted systems is the transition from the system to supersystems, tendency to increase of degree of ideality of these systems (there is no system, but the functions are performed and the goals are attained), the development through forming and elimination of requirements contradictions given to the system and attributes contradictions of system elements. In technology, in business, in biology, in socio-economic systems these laws and regularities of evolution explicitly manifest themselves as well as many other laws and regularities. TRIZ is based on a number of fundamental sciences and scientific approaches: dialectic and dialectic approach, system-based approach, functional approach, evolutionary approach, parametrical approach and model approach. In this case effective TRIZ methodologies for solving inventive problems from various fields of knowledge, for forecasting the evolution of social-and-technical systems, evolution of creative imagination and inventive thinking are developed and successfully used in practice.
Formation of inventive thinking implies the formation of mental components aimed at analysis of systems, synthesis of systems and components for evaluation of the found or proposed solution of the problem: sensitivity to resolving contradictions, critical approach and novelty. Practice of inventive activity implying TRIZ methods creates conditions for formation and development of both individual components of effective thinking and inventive thinking on the whole. Such evolutionary approach to mentality forming enables to broaden the opportunities of scientific method in order to apply it not only to systems with stable features (physics, chemistry), but also to quickly changing systems: social-and-technical, social-and-cultural, etc. Development and wide spreading of TRIZ will enable to reduce the influence of cognitive distortions, reduce the probability of global catastrophes in forming civil sphere and to find effective solutions of emerging problems of its development.
To develop the potential of TRIZ in terms of reducing cognitive distortions and development of civilizations, it is necessary to solve sets of problems in two directions:
- further evolution of TRIZ tools as an effective method for correcting cognitive distortions, development of inventive, system-based and critical thinking;
- broad dissemination of TRIZ in the society, in social structures as a development of a scientific method.
TRIZ-civilization should presuppose social institutions for developing TRIZ, practical use of TRIZ in various fields of industry, business, social and scientific activity. TRIZ-civilization should also imply the formation of more stable, substantiated and objective social mechanisms for development of society and decision-taking. TRIZ is destined to reduce cognitive distortions in the society and in state management, form evolutionary thinking with people.
4. SYSTEMS OF VALUES IN TRIZ-CIVILIZATION
It is possible to single out two types of cognitive distortions:
- distortions of perception and thinking;
- distortions of evaluation, values and priorities.
We shall distinguish thinking (inventive thinking) from evaluations and system of values. Thinking is associated with formation and conversion of abstract models, while systems of values and evaluations are associated with defining the importance of certain objects and factors of their influence, with identification of priorities and processes, which are dominating at a given moment.
In section 3 we considered the potential of TRIZ in terms of reducing cognitive distortions due to formation of inventive thinking. In this section we shall discuss the systems of values, their influence upon cognitive distortions and on the role of the system of values in TRIZ-civilization.
4.1. Systems of values and evaluations
Systems of values and evaluations consist of a large number of socio-cultural and psycho-physiological complexes. Axiology - theory of values and at the same time theory of evaluations studies different approaches to forming systems of values and evaluations in their interaction with psychology, ethics, esthetics, hygiene, religious philosophy, cultural theory, ethnography, anthropology, etc. The main notions of axiology are: meaning, significance, value-based relation, value, evaluation.[8] In practical aspect, 10 commandments from the Bible can be looked upon as the foundation of all basic values. Since there are many systems of values and they are fairly different, it is necessary to work out some basic criterion: what values are useful for the civilization and what of them are useless. Useful values will be understood as systems of values and evaluations, which lead to the development of civilizations and formation of civil-sphere without conflicts, wars and sub-division of people into better and worse, commanders and subjects.
Such feature (criterion) will be understood by us as types of system capture, which dominates in the society: Negative or positive. If a set of values systems in the society leads to domination of negative types of system capture or influential complex of evaluation-related contradictions and contradictions and conflicts, this is a situation around the system of values, which is undesirable. But if the system of values leads to the domination of positive types of system capture, these are systems of values, which are useful for the society and for civilizations.
Let us quote the words from the fundamental work by S.M. Shirokogorov concerning the evolution of ethnic communities: «Finally ethnic environment places one more problem before the ethnos: creation of relations with other ethnic communities, taking into account that these relations may take fairly different forms: the form of cooperation, the form of mutual profits, the form of parasitism and the form of absorption or amalgamation, if the complete extermination or displacement of one ethnos by another, which depends, of course, first of all upon the capacity of ethnos.». [52]
It proves that ethnic communities (like civilizations and states) are characterized by fairly different forms of system capture. These forms of capture also correlate with forms of system capture in human behavior and in the character of a human being. Peculiarities of human psychology and socio-cultural portrait of civilizations have a tendency to balance and mutually pre-condition one another. Erich Fromm, for example, singles out two types of relation of the human to the surrounding world: assimilation (of everyday life objects) and socialization (incorporation into society). Thereby E. Fromm singles out two types of orientation in human behavior: non-fruitful orientation and fruitful orientation.
«There is no human being, whose orientation is completely fruitful and there is no human being, who is completely devoid of fruitfulness. However, specific weight of fruitful and non-fruitful orientation is different in the character of each particular person». [12]
Similar forms of capture of resources described in Table 3, are characteristic of social systems and of individual persons, in particular.
In the Stone Age, probably, there were also inventors and a kind of creative personalities, but they obviously did not dominate in that society. The general tendency of development of socio-cultural systems consists gradual transfer of emphasis (in the society) from negative types of capture to positive (market-based and creative). In keeping with this tendency, the system of values and evaluations should also develop. Values consisting in loving, creative interrelations should dominate in the society over the values, which are associated with exploitation, money-grabbing and authoritarian.
Table 3. Types of capture and their characteristics for socio-cultural systems and for types of character of persons
Groups of types of capture Socio-cultural systems Personal characteristics (type of character)
Negative capture (one of the systems loses something or acquires nothing) 1. Capture with absorption or adjoining the object of capture. 2. Capture through displacement (substitution) based on struggle for limiting development factor. 3. Capture through decomposition (internal capture, subdivision of system into separate parts) 1. Exploiting, possessive, taking 2 and 3. Money-grabbing, preserving. Authoritative, faithful.
Positive capture (both systems get something useful for their development) 4. Reaction of capture with exchange. 5. Fruitful capture, synthesis of a new system from its elements. 4. Market-based, indifferent type of personality. 5. Active, reasonable, loving, creative
In the society (ethnic community, state, civilization), in which domination of negative types of capture, conflicts with creative personalities will inevitably take place because of the difference in their systems of values.
4.2. Management of values and evaluations system as an inventive problem. On features of the fields of socio-psychological forming of values
Any systems of values and evaluations, like any other system, consist of separate elements and bonds between them. It is possible to single out channels of perception of information for a sys-
tem of values as the key elements of values system values. With different objects these channels may be different, however, principles of their organization and functioning are the same.
For example, the following channels of perception and factors of external influence: preliminary information and evaluation of analyzed object, visual image (environment, gestures), acoustic image (intonations, timbre), smells, tactility, information flow, internal goals of the human, evaluation of consequences (forecasting).
For a social and industrial object these factors and channels could be different. For example, history of supply of goods and services in the past (including the references of other companies), financial flows, logistics, legal bonds, personal contacts of the employees, branch forecasts, general information flows and marketing.
Socio-cultural systems and, in particular, personality, possess a universal feature to evaluate the channels proper, through which the information comes, the degree of importance and trustworthiness of the channels, the very information received. [53] Let us enumerate some of these features of system values and evaluations:
• The subject of socio-cultural interaction possesses the feature of evaluation of information, which is received from each of the available channels. Conventionally it could be positive, negative or neutral evaluation (+, 0, - ).
• Several kinds of interaction could be consciously or unconsciously integrateed into one channel, which also can have its evaluation concerning the quality of interaction (+, 0, - ).
• All channels of communication have different value for the subject: some of them are more important, others are of secondary importance. Some of them are more trustworthy, others are less trustworthy. Thus, it is possible to single out important (leading) and secondary channels of communication.
• The evaluations can be formed either based on creating logical cause-and-effect chains, or based on emotions and evaluation of authoritative, influential subjects (people, mass media, etc.). It means that there is an induction of evaluations, which varies from one subject to another.
• The evaluations are characterized by the feature of induction.
• If the information comes through different channels both with positive and negative evaluation, it could lead to conflicts.
• Information with positive evaluation, which comes from the channel with negative evaluation (and vice versa) could be a reason for conflicts.
• Inertia of evaluations could also be a source of conflicts.
It is possible to single out two classes of conflicts:
0 External, when the internal wishes (evaluations) are in conflict with the external situation -social-socio-technical and interpersonal contradictions;
0 Internal, when the conflict occurs between the wishes and evaluations of one person (intrapersonal conflicts).
There are three variants of reaction to such conflicts:
0 - Change of external situation, which causes contradictory groups of evaluation (thinking over a problem - solution - action);
0 - change of internal system of evaluation (emotions - change of internal evaluations - resolution of the conflict);
0 - creating a barrier in the chain of contradictory evaluations (escaping from the conflict instead of resolving it - drinking, drugs, psychic disorders).
• Internal conflicts could create external ones and vice versa.
• Groups of people create socio-cultural fields of interaction based on interaction of their systems of values and evaluations.
In the evolution of system of values and evaluations it is necessary to set the following goals:
- try to attain high level of moveability, changeability and controllability of available evaluations;
- trying to think over and to analyze the components of integral evaluations;
- trying not to avoid the occurring conflicts within the system evaluation, but to remain calm in evaluating them as objects of analysis, identifying contradictions and resolving them due to changing priorities in local channels of perception, precision and revaluation of information coming through these channels and general integral evaluation.
Formation and evolution of general socio-cultural fields of interaction takes place through comparison of evaluations, occurrence and elimination of contradictions contained in these evaluations at different levels: from local to integral level and from individual to group level.
TRIZ and evolutionary systemology operates with general laws and regularities of system evolution, as well as tools for analysis and resolving of the contradictions. All these tools can be used for forecasting the development of systems of values and evaluations (dynamization of systems, transitions to supersystems, trimming, increase of controllability, formation of programs for development of systems of values, etc.), as well as for solving contradictions inside these systems (in time, space, transition from one system to another, in interpersonal relations, etc.)
4.3. The concept of TRIZ-civilization as supersystem of TECP
Above we came to the following preliminary conclusion: in the society, where the negative types of capture will dominate, conflicts with creative personalities will inevitably occur due to difference in their systems of values. The object of research of TECP is a creative personality and its interaction with the environment.
6 basic features of a creative personality are singled out in TECP:
1. Presence of Dignified goal and a strong intention to attain it;
2. Presence of a set of realistic working plans for attainment of a Dignified goal;
3. High workability;
4. Good problem-solving skills;
5. «Ability to bite the bullet»;
6. Good results.
This set of qualities to a certain extent corresponds to a certain system of values, characterizing a creative personality. In TRIZ-civilization the system of values of a creative personality should also dominate in the society as a whole. First of all, it concerns the presence of a Dignified goal, which in many respects defines the social character of the personality and his or her system of values. In TECP one can single out a complex of criteria of a dignified goal: novelty, social usefulness, specificity, significance, heretical character, independence, ambitiousness. Criteria of a dignified goal, proposed by G.S. Altshuller, in the fullest sense reflect what every mature creative personality desire - a tendency to improve the quality of their life and the lives of the people, who live on the planet Earth. Let us single out such criteria, which first of all form system-based connections between a personality and the society as a whole.
Dignified goal of creative personality should necessarily be socially useful, positive and directed at the development of life. Or: positive results of the attainment of the goal should be global, while negative - if they are still inescapable - local. All structure of the society and its system of of values should correspond to this criterion. Complexes of cognitive distortions in our time make most popular such ideas and values, which are directed against personality, against the evolution of life on Earth.
Selected Dignified goal of Creative personality could be called an equivalent of proper human life and its values. Therefore, the scale and significance of tentative results characterizes the "price", which is the evaluation of the human of himself: it has to be noted that the time of the human life is wasted on it. Hence the importance of this quality - scale of the goal - for the human: the duration of our life is restricted, it means that the number of goals, which we shall be able to attain, is also restricted. We have to choose and we need a reliable criterion for that, so that the life should not be squandered on attaining some smaller goals. Let it be necessary smaller goals, but still, they are small. For the society these are the goals and values, which are planned for hundreds of years.
A new dignified goal is, as a rule, to such an extent ahead of its time that it is often perceived by other people as heretic. At a glance this criterion seems strange and not enough substantiated. However, the degree of «heresy», (if we may use this word) determines the distance from the universally accepted level of opinions, culture of knowledge to attained goal, to the level of obtained results. If the goal or obtained results are not perceived as today's «heresy», this is an indicator that something is wrong with the selection of a Dignified goal, that a small or insufficiently new goal has been selected and that the attained results will not be revolutionary. «Heresy quality», however, though constituting a feature of dignified goal, characterizes not the goal itself, but a typical attitude of the contemporaries to the revolutionary idea. Time will pass and the perception will change. But until the goal becomes popular and the results are universally accepted, both the goal and the results shall be considered to be a heresy. In TRIZ-civilization the problem might take the form of masking obvious lie or an anti-human goal as a purported heretical goal. One needs special mechanisms enabling to distinguish and to protect one from another.
A dignified goal is a personal goal of the human or of a small team, a group of fellow-fighters. Large teams appear later, when the main directions of search are already identified, when the very promotion is no longer connected with the former mortal risk. TRIZ-civilization should presuppose the existence of professional creative teams, for which formation, design and development of Dignified goals from different fields of knowledge is a work obligation, while the time of attaining this goal is not restricted by the frames of life of one man.
While choosing a dignified creative goal it is necessary to strive that the goal should be unattainable, that it should surpass the potentiality of one human or of a team, which sets this goal. It does not mean that the goal remains unattainable: the humans can everything. The attainment of such "unattainable" goals is a contribution to the collection of orienting points: it is difficult to say, what is more valuable - the results, which are received directly or the very fact that the person or the team were not afraid and did not make a single step back. TRIZ-civilization should presuppose the formation of such socio-economic mechanisms, which support such reality.
Professional formation, design and development of dignified goals could be backed up by a concept of maximum upward movement, which was developed as part of TECP. The essence of the concept consists in the fact that Dignified goals are set and developed until they are transformed into conceptual and verified concepts first at the level of a narrow field (technical, scientific, artis-
tic),and then a transition to the branch level without any implementation expenditures takes place, and after that (also without any implementation expenditures) a transition to a still higher level takes place -socio-technical or socio-scientific or social-artistic level takes place starting from this, higher social level. Complexes of new problems, which are socially and economically important are formed thereby as well as their solutions, which were invisible at lower levels of development. An example of such an approach is the developments of Konstantin E. Tsiolkowsky, who, as it is known, did not manufacture rockets themselves, but on the whole developed the field of space travelling in a system-based way.
The concept of maximum upward movement in the Strategy of Creative Personality is an opportunity to attain the pan-social level of civilization development as quickly as possible. Civilization and state should support strategies and developments, which are directed at solving the key problems of civilization development.
There is a tool, which is developed as part of TECP, which describes the regularities of interaction of Creative personality and society - life strategy of creative personality (LSCP). LSCP, presented in the form of a chess game between a creative personality and external circumstances, describes complexes of contradictions between a Creative Personality and external circumstances (state, society, teams, other persons). All this life game is subdivided into 4 parts: opening phase, midgame, end game and post-end-game (continuation of the Activity after the death of a creative personality). Each of these parts of LSCP is characterized by its level of goals and it's set of contradictions between a creative personality and external circumstances. One of the paradoxes of LSCP consists in the fact that the activity of a creative personality, which is directed at the development of humanity and society, meets with a powerful resistance directly from this very society.
Ideal TRIZ-civilization should make the steps, which are useful for a CP stronger and should weaken (till complete extermination) such steps, which are harmful for. Thus, it is possible to formulate the requirements to TRIZ-civilization, in which creative activity and system values of a creative personality are an important dominating trend in the development of society.
5. TASKS AND STRUCTURE OF TRIZ-CUVILIZATION
The main goal for forming TRIZ-civilization is the creation of conditions for socially stable existence and evolution of human society due to TRIZ tools of strong thinking and formation of the system of values of a creative personality, which are worded in TECP.
It is possible to formulate three basic complexes of problems in forming TRIZ-civilization:
- creation of system for increase of efficiency of solving complexes of global socio-technical and socio-cultural problems aimed at increase of stability and attainment of homeostasis of civil-sphere due to wide dissemination in the society of strong, system-based and efficient thinking devoid of cognitive distortions of mentality and based on TRIZ;
- creation and support of a system of values (characterizing the system of values of the civil-sphere society) as internally non-contradictory and directed at fruitful (creative, mutually profitable for participants) interrelations based on values of creative personality, formulated in TECP;
- development of TRIZ and TECP as theories, practical methodologies and system of educating personalities for the sake of efficient solving of problems, which are quoted above.
These three interconnected complexes of problems contain a large number of dignified goals for a creative personality, for example [54]:
• It is necessary to plan such a TRIZ civilization, which will be sustainable in socio-technical sense and which will stay in relative balance with environment;
• It is necessary to plan such power industry, which minimally depends upon natural conditions and minimally influences it;
• It is necessary to solve a complex of problems on design of sustainable TRIZ-civilization with a high degree of excessiveness, excluding or minimizing possible cataclysms;
• TRIZ-civilization should necessarily be characterized by beauty, aesthetics and inexhaustibility of cognition, which should not be surpassed by the beauty and inexhaustibility of natural world;
• It is necessary to provide for TRIZ-based high level of thinking in TRIZ-civilization, enabling to solve a large number of complicated super-problems without significant errors, to which the method of trials and errors often leads;
• In TRIZ-civilization it is necessary to form a system of values, which would eliminate aggression and consumerism as the main life value. Creative philosophy of life should become a main value in the system of upbringing;
• TRIZ, as a tool for correcting cognitive distortions should itself resist the tendency to convert TRIZ into a method for generation of cognitive distortions.
It is necessary for humanity thereby to reject the ideas, which constrain the development of civil-sphere:
- ideas of depopulation and decrease of the Earth population number should be considered as crimes against mankind;
- there should be no global constraint of the most important needs of the people, which provide for sufficient comfort and reliability, but not a minimum, necessary for survival;
- inefficient are ideas for creating constraints in the development of economy, production sector and power industry, which exactly serve as tools for adaptation to complicated or even catastrophic changes of the environment;
- wealth of some people should not be provided for on the account of disasters and poverty of other people, which are proclaimed to be «less successful».
The experience of development of science as a social institution could be an example of an analog in forming the concept of TRIZ-civilization. This process lasted for several centuries: from the ideas of Francis Bacon (end of the 16th century) till the formation of classical science in the 18-19th centuries (it was about this time when the term «science» was introduced, in contrast to the term «philosophia»). It is possible to propose that the temporal scale of inclusion of TRIZ into state scientific structures, into industry and system of education with regard to acceleration of society evolution processes could occupy 100-150 years. The population number of the Earth by that time (2100-2150) could attain 18 billion people, the number of scientists in the world by this time could be 27-30 million people. In this case it could be that production sector, research institutes and the sphere of services will need 1.5-2 million TRIZ specialists (in the whole world) for performance of TRIZ projects, directed at the enhancement of effectiveness of the companies' activities and their quick adaptation to the changing external conditions. Such evaluation could be made based on modern experience for creating TRIZ structure at big industrial companies.
The level of dissemination of TRIZ in the society should be similar to spreading scientific knowledge in modern society. In order to train TRIZ specialists and simply in order to disseminate TRIZ knowledge one needs trainers and pedagogues. With primary school it could be approximately 0.5 million pedagogues, approximately the same number of teachers are needed for secondary and high school. The number of scientists dealing with the development of TRIZ as a science might be needed in the number of 5 thousand. And they should be high-quality TRIZ specialists.
On the analogy with the historical experience of development of scientific and educational infrastructure and of the experience for implementing TRIZ at the industrial enterprises it is possible to form the concept of TRIZ-civilization structure: what roles should be played, what competences are needed for that and how to prepare employees for the process of formation (based on their competences) of necessary knowledge, skills and values.
Fig. 5 shows a possible infrastructure of TRIZ in TRIZ-civilization in the middle of 22nd century (after a lapse of 100-150 years). By this time the population number of the planet Earth could constitute 15-18 billion persons.
TRIZ infrastructure might include:
- educational unit (primary, secondary, higher and special education);
- TRIZ specialists at the enterprises, in organizations and in consulting structures;
- TRIZ researchers in scientific institutions.
Main tasks of TRIZ-civilization were already listed above:
- solving socio-technical and socio-cultural problems of civilization;
- creation and support of system of values of society.
These tasks are fulfilled exclusively by TRIZ infrastructure and only by it. Many social structures take part in solving them, while TRIZ plays the role of a catalyst of the process for forming necessary tools for this creative work.
The presence of the described structure of TRIZ is in itself insufficient for solving all key problems of TRIZ-civilization. About 1 billion people should possess the knowledge of inventive thinking and share the values of fruitful, creative, loving type of mutual relations. It is clear that it should be the citizens of different countries, which represent the majority of states of the world. The background for that already exists in our time. Now TRIZ is popular approximately in 60 countries of the world, which totally account for more than 70% of the entire population of the Earth and about 70% of the area of all countries of the world.
TRIZ scientific specialists. ~5 thousand
TRIZ application in scientific work and in new fields of knowledge. Development of TRIZ as a science. Developing methodologies for project activity and for teaching TRIZ.
TRIZ consultants. ~800 thousand.
Solving production and organizational problems In different spheres, forecasting, preparing strategies for development, consulting in the field of application of TRIZ tools, training specialists
TRIZ specialists in enterprises and organizations. "1000 thousand.
Special TRIZ sections in enterprises and organizations. Projects aimed at decreasing investment volume, enhancement of productivity, elimination of restrictions, quality improvement. Preparation of strategies for development, forecasting.
Primary education. "550 thousand TRIZ teachers.
TRIZ classes and development of creative thinking.
Secondary education. ~460 thousand TRIZ teachers.
Special subject of TRIZ and integration with other subjects. Olympiads and contests.
Higher education. ~250 thousand of TRIZ teachers.
Courses, course papers and diploma papers and projects.
TRIZ in primary education. ~8 million trainees.
Value orientation at creativity. The notion of requirements contradictions and possibility of ^resolving such contradictions.
TRIZ in secondary education. ~7 million trainees.
Tools for solving Inventive problems. Components of Inventive thinking: analysis, synthesis, critical attitude and ^yyevaluation
iVTRIZ in higher education. million students.
TRIZ-based design activity. Forecasting. Dignified goals.
yv_
Fig. 5. Pssible infrastructure of TRIZ in TRIZ-civilization in the middle of 21st century and in the middle of 22nd century, based on which it is possible to develop strategy of evolution
of different parts of TRIZ
It is possible to draw an analogy with science. Now there are totally 9 million scientists out of 8 billion people living on Earth. However, the basic of science are known to billions of people. Engineers, doctors, artists, poets and even politicians cannot be surprised by key ideas connected with scientific knowledge. The same situation is going to occur in the 22nd century with the main knowledge and values of TRIZ. The main TRIZ tools and components of inventive thinking should be accessible to the majority of population of the world countries.
Without claiming to offer a global forecast of the evolution of civilization and formation of civil-sphere we shall try to offer a list of certain possible tasks the humans of the 22nd century is going to set.
Since the primary source of global problems in the evolution of civilization are first of all the problems of socio-cultural character, key inventions should relate to the sphere of politics and social systems on the whole, to the field of science methodology, to education, art, religion, law, in information technologies and communications. Let us quote only one example of such a complex of inventive problems of 22nd century: global information system of automatic indexation of information units, as well as subjects of socio-cultural interrelations from the standpoint of correctness of information and correspondence to the values of fruitful, loving relations. Let us offer a short explanation of this idea.
Global information systems are currently able to trace the chains of information units: from their appearance to the stage of numerous changes, specifications and copying. These opportunities will be only broadened. If the source of information and the subjects of its copying have a low level of trust, the rating of information authenticity will be automatically lowered. If there are contradictory data on the information unit itself, the authenticity rating becomes lower. The violation of system bonds, resistance to laws of nature, signs of typical cognitive distortions - these and many other signs could offer the basis for calculating the authenticity rating. Of course, one cannot expect an opportunity to create an ideal, absolutely precise system for forming the information authenticity rating. Moreover, in terms of laws of society evolution these systems of compiling rating tables could have a tendency to perform a capture in the interests of the narrow groups of people. Most probably several different global ratings of authenticity will be created. The people will be able to select such tables, which seem to be more trustworthy or even use them for creating their own indices of authenticity based on the existing ones depending on their own ideas and with regard to their own system-based and critical mentality. It is possible to create landscapes of authenticity correctness as applied to this or that information, for example, on the map of the world. Libraries and scientific institutions could become centers of dissemination of authentic information. Systems of authenticity rating should have a law support, the information should not be copied without its rating, the very rating tables should correspond to generally accepted structural principles. It is important that ratings should be calculated instantaneously, so that any possibility of inclusion of distortions into information fields of socio-cultural systems should be avoided.
Another axis of evaluation of information and subjects is their correspondence to this or that type of relations (type of system capture, human character). They single out different types of personality: exploiting, possessive, money-grabbing, taking, saving, authoritative, devoted, indifferent, market-oriented, active, loving, reasonable, creative. Each of these types can be distinguished by words, gestures, voice intonation, deeds and actions. Based on certain specific features it is possible to draw a conclusion as to what type of interrelations (type of personality) relates this or that text, publication, web-site, journal, information channel, person, information agency, institution, city and country. Of course, each of these objects should correspond to a certain type of interrelations, but
some of them will dominate over the others. As a rule, such subjects come through something like a specialization in terms of types of relations. Global information system, collecting information on a multitude of subjects, including separate publications, could give a characteristic to the dominating type of their direction: negative or positive type of capture. From simple measurement and information, it will be necessary to pass over to management and restriction of negative type of information materials, formation of the system of values, corresponding to fruitful, creative and loving relations. The process should be supported by all socio-cultural systems (art, education, religion, law), creating systems of value management. Having a common vector and principles, these systems can and even must be different one from another, interact one with another, excluding fundamental contradictions between different systems of values. Thus, portraits and landscapes of systems of values can be formed for different subjects of different scale: from an individual person or publication to a state or a union of states.
It is obvious that creation of such a global system for evaluation of authenticity and value coloring of information units and different subjects is important. It is also important to know that a huge number of non-trivial inventive problems will be encountered on the way to forming this global system. The vital character of these ratings will only grow with the development and dissemination of technologies of artificial intellect, which have a huge potential for unnoticed manipulation of huge social groups.
There are many socio-cultural and socio-economic problems and contradictions on the way to sustainable civil-sphere. For example, «clip-like», fragmentary, simplified thinking should be combined with long-time strategies of society evolution. Rather a short period of action of power structures (president, government, local power, etc.) should be combined with long-time (hundreds of years) strategies for development of states and civilizations. In future not the system of values will follow economy, but the economy should correspond to the system of values of the society. Money should not be the definitive factor of development of civil-sphere. System of upbringing of children should be based on the family, ethnic community and state and thereby avoid coming into conflict with the culture of other ethnic communities and civilizations. A system of upbringing and training in civil-sphere on the whole, not only in separate states.
No doubt, beside socio-cultural problems, it is also necessary to solve complexes of socio-technical problems, which support stability of existence and development of civilizations. For example, civilizations should be less and less dependent upon particular earth conditions. [55] This will not only contribute to resistance to possible changes in the conditions of the life on Earth, but also will create e a potential for life in the near space, in the seas and oceans. Development of power industry should also develop in the direction of independence from natural conditions of the Earth, application of energy sources with the highest possible density of energy and providing for the highest level of safety. The 3-fold growth of power industry implies the setting of a huge number of non-trivial problems connected both with energy sources, with the method for energy transportation and energy storage. One can speak, for example, about the use of helium-3 on the Moon as an energy source [56, 57], about the placement of automated production lines in space and in the oceans. There are many problems. How will the life of 30 billion people on Earth be arranged in 2300? What will the world look like, when the amount of civilized substance in it will be 3 times greater than now? Will this material and energy suffice for the life of 30 billion people? Due to what technologies would it be possible to attain the homeostasis of substance and energy of civil-sphere?
It is necessary to provide for reduction of transport services due to information technologies, automation of production lines and optimization of manufacturing, electricity-generating and social infrastructures. The volume of inside-the-city transportation should be reduced due to organization of remote work, pneumatic post instead of couriers, merging of individual and social city transport.
To state and to solve a huge number of socio-cultural and socio-technical problems one cannot be based on the trials-and-errors method, waiting, that we shall be lucky and necessary solutions will be found before the irrevocable catastrophes take place. TRIZ tools are destined to make the process of problem statement and problem solving effective and controllable (we are talking about the problems of planetary scale). This is a huge challenge also for the very system of evolution, dissemination and application of TRIZ. Strategy of TRIZ evolution as of a part of science and society as a whole should be worded and realized with regard to key problems of forming the civil-sphere. The ideas of forming strong thinking and system of creative values are able to magically transform the view of our planet. Disorder should not concern either WC, or our heads, or our hearts.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS
The following conclusions can be drawn based on the above analysis:
1. Civil-sphere as a system merger of civilizations is at the stage of dramatic changes and is transformed into a new geosphere of the Earth together with abiogenic spheres and biosphere. Civil-sphere is a geosphere of the new type and shall not be treated as a stage in the evolution of biosphere.
2. The beginning of formation of civil-sphere should be related to the origination of the first civilizations 6 thousand years ago. This time is immeasurably short as compared with the periods of formation of other geospheres, which account for more than one billion years.
3. Rates of growth of weight and energy of civil-sphere are so high, that it makes its development dangerous from the standpoint of its resistance to catastrophic changes.
4. System-based phylogenesis as a method for system evolution appears as a result of emergence of information objects in biosphere, while in civil-sphere it attains a fundamentally new level of evolution, which provides for unbelievably high growth rates of information.
5. The main factor of powerful growth of civil-sphere are culture and information processes associated with it. The reasons of global processes in civil-sphere are hidden in the imagination and mentality of the human, systems of values, religion, art, science, technologies, economy, politics and other socio-cultural and socio-technical constituents of the society. Ecological problems and catastrophes occurring on Earth should be corrected and prevented due to global adaptation potentiality of technologies, developed by civilizations.
6. Culture, being the main source of development of civil-sphere, at the same time takes the form of the main source of conflicts and problems of this evolution because of the growth of cognitive distortions, aggression, disadvantages of scientific method, imperfect system of values, targeted at the negative forms of capture (absorption, displacement and decomposition).
7. Civil-sphere should be formed as a self-organized system similar to other geospheres, in particular, biosphere. Civil-sphere as a function-and-targeted system would be submitted to the possibility of monopoly management by a restricted group of persons and irrevocable catastrophic consequences of such management.
8. One of the methods for compensation and elimination of problems characterizing the development of civil-sphere are transition to domination of fruitful (creative) type of capture, in par-
ticular, based on methods on which TRIZ and evolutionary systemology is based and in formation thereby of TRIZ-civilization.
9. System of values of TRIZ-civilization should be formed in keeping with the values of a creative personality, in particular, in TECP and directed to domination of fruitful creative capture. Domination of fruitful capture in civil-sphere, in particular, should lead to formation of fruitful economy: economic profits should not be private and local, but global and just in time and in space and embrace a broad number of subjects of economic activity.
10. In the middle of 22n century the infrastructure of TRIZ in civil-sphere can include more than 20 million person and excise influence upon 2 billion people working in different fields: education, industry, business, in management of organizations, in scientific sphere.
11. Mission of TRIZ should be directed at solving key problems of civil-sphere in the field of politics and social systems on the whole, in the field of methodology of science, in education, art, religion, law, in information technologies and communication systems, in global socio-technical processes. Problem statement and solving these problems should be directed not only at getting profits, but also at solving global problems of sustainable development of the society and civil-sphere on the whole for dozens of years henceforth.
12. Strategy of development of different spheres of TRIZ should be developed based on formulated problems and the image of infrastructure of TRIZ in TRIZ-civilization. TRIZ should become an active tool for forming strong thinking, compensation of cognitive distortions and domination of creative interrelations within the society.
REFERENCE
1. M.S.Rubin, I.L.Misiuchenko, N.A.Schedrin. Laws of evolution: from technical to function-and-targeted systems, 2022.
2. G.S.Altshuller. Find the idea. Introduction to the theory of solving inventive problems. - Novosibirsk: Science, 1986.
3. Abridged glossary of main notions and terms of TRIZ. TRIZ Developers summit, 2021. https://triz-summit.ru/onto_triz/100/
4. M.S.Rubin. Studies in evolutionary systemology. https://triz-summit.ru/confer/tds-2015/paper/science/300497/
5. R.M.Granovskaya. Elements of practical psychology. 6th edition. - SPb.: Retch publishers, 2010. - 656 p.
6. N.V.Rubina. Inventive thinking: formation and diagnostics // Scientific-and-methodological electronic journal «Concept». - 2015. - No. 2 (February). - P. 86-90. - URL: http://e-koncept.ru/2015/15042.htm
7. Big economic dictionary. / Edited by A.N.Azrilian. - 5th edition, augmented and revised.- M.: Institute of modern economics, 2002. - 469 p.
8. S.F.Anisimov. Introduction to axiology. Manual for students of philosophy. - M.: Sovremen-nye tetradi, 2001. - 128 p.
9. Origin and resources of hydrosphere and atmosphere. Electronic resource. https://studfile.net/preview/1726490/
10. Biosphere. Electronic resource. https://studfile.net/preview/5678888/page:3/
11. Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky. SOME WORDS ON NOOSPHERE. "Achievements of modern biology" (1944, No. 18, issue. 2, p. 113-120). http://vernadsky.lib.ru/e-texts/archive/noos.html#tthFtNtAAB
12. Erich Fromm. The human for itself. Research of psychological problems of ethics. Translatd from English by L.A.Chernysheva. Minsk, Collegium, 1992.
13. M.S.Rubin. Civilization as a form of substance evolution. 2000. http://temm.ru/ru/section.php?docId=3604
14. M.S. Rubin. Principle of capture and variety in the evolution of systems. Introduction to the theory of capture. Saint-Petersburg, 2006. http://www.temm.ru/ru/section.php?docId=3433
15. M.S.Rubin. Phylogenesis of socio-cultural systems. Secrets of evolution of civilizations, 2010. http://temm.ru/file.php/id/f4473/name/filogenez-grupp14.pdf
17. G.V. Woitkewitch. Origination and evolution of life on Earth. Ed. By Doctor of geology and mineralogy A.I.Perelman. Moscow, ''Science''. 1988.
18. Eva Stueken. Biosphere was saturated with atmospheric nitrogen 3.2 billion years ago, 27.02.2015 https://postnauka.ru/faq/43363
19. S.A.Jastrebov. Oxygen revolution and te Earth as a snowball, journal «Chemistry and Life», 2016, No. 9. https://hij.ru/read/6165/
20. S.A.Jastrebov. Cambrian explosion, (journal «Chemistry and Life», 2016, №10). https://hij.ru/read/6205/
21. Yu.Odum. The basics of ecology. Translated from the third British edition under the editorship of and with the introduction by Doctor of B iology N.P.Naumov. Moscow, «MIR» publishers, 1975.
22. Sergey Kolenov. The weight of objects created by the people has exceeded the weight of all living organisms. 2020 https://nplus1.ru/news/2020/12/10/human-made-materials-vs-biomass Global human-made mass exceeds all living biomass. Emily Elhacham, Liad Ben-Uri, Jonathan Grozovski, Yinon M. Bar-On & Ron Milo https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-3010-5
23. What is the weight of all living organisms? November 5, 2017. https://geoecograph.blogspot.com/2017/11/blog-post.html
24. Biosphere. Dictionaries and encyclopedias in Academia. https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/6533#cite_ref-2
25. O.Z.Yeremchenko. The Theory of Biosphere. Second edition, augmented. Ministry of education of the Russian Federation. State educational institution VPO «Perm State university». Perm, 2004.
26. Bjorn's Corner: Sustainable Air Transport. Part 57. Summary. June 21, 2023 https://leehamnews.com/2023/02/10/bjorns-corner-sustainable-air-transport-part-57-summary/
27. World energy demand will increase 50% by 2050: EIA. 07.10.2021 https://www.aa.com.tr/en/energy/oil/world-energy-demand-will-increase-50-by-2050-eia/33749
28. K.S.Degtyaryov. «Dynamocs of world energy consumption in the 20th - 21st centuries and the forecast till 2100», Geographical faculty of Lomonossov Moscow State University, Moscow. 05.05.2021 https://istina.fnkcrr.ru/publications/article/308037828/
29. Primary energy sources for biosphere. 17.02.2023 https://topogis.ru/pervichnyye-istochniki-energii-dlya-biosfery.php
30. Z.S.Ganiev, KH. B. Nazirov, R.S.Ishan-Khodjaev. Resources of Tadjikistan biological power industry and potentiality of using them. Collection of materials of international scientific-and-practical conference «Power industry: current state and resources of development», section 2, December 20, 2022, Dushanbe.
31. L.N.Goumilyov. Ethnogenesis and biosphere of the Earth. X. Algorythm of Ethnogenesis. Ethnic relicts. https://sv-scena.ru/Buki/Etnogyenyez-i-biosfyera-Zyemli.63.html
32. Alexander Alentjew. «Myth of the ozone hole» https://topwar.ru/69020-mif-ob-ozonovoy-dyre.html
33. Anastasia Kouskova and Vladimir Goloubiatnikov. «B oundary carbon tax of EC: how much Russia will pay» https://trends.rbc.ru/trends/green/60e2cbb79a79471e5f514818
34. Aleksey Kochetov. Russia will have to pay for European future... https://sponsr.ru/dbka/32726/Za_evropeiskoe_budushchee_doljna_byla_zaplatit_Rossiya_kotor uu_obyazali_doplachivat_za_sam_fakt_postavki_nashei_produkcii_v_strany_ES/
35. What are the chances of humanity to survive after the nuclear war? August 25, 2021. https://dzen.ru/a/YSTroVij6GYIOqWb
36. V.D.Gilyazoutdinova. Radioactive contamination as one of the global problems of modern age / V.D.Gilyazoutdinova, A.S.Mousioukova, O.Yu.Rouzavina. - Text: direct // Mologoy ouchy-ony. - 2021. - No. 50 (392). - P. 96-98. - URL: https://moluch.ru/archive/392/86505/ (date of address: 18.05.2023).
37. D.Kim, L.A.Geraschenko. Radiation ecology: manual. - Bratsk: GOU VPO «B rGU», 2010. -213 p.
38. 10 forms of life, which will survive in case of a nuclear war https://www.infoniac.ru/news/10-form-zhizni-kotorye-vyzhivut-v-sluchae-yadernoi-voiny.html
39. Singling out the genus of Homo. Lectures in anthropology. https://bstudy.net/811620/istoriya/vydelenie_roda_homo?ysclid=li4jyb12n621461776
40. Vasily Mackarov. What lead to «sixth extinction» and why only we survived out of all species of the human https://www.techinsider.ru/science/527424-pochemu-iz-vseh-podvidov-cheloveka-vyzhil-tolko-odin-massovoe-istreblenie/
41. Evolution of criminality https://studref.com/622929/pravo/evolyutsiya_prestupnosti
42. Culture and its forms. Electronic resource. https://foxford.ru/wiki/obschestvoznanie/kultura-i-ee-formy
43. M.S. Rubin. «Traffic lights od smart-civilization», Conference of TRIZ Developers' summit, 2021. https://triz-summit.ru/confer/tds2021/triz-education/
44. «Windows of Overton. Technology for annihilation of society», https://adambalase.livejournal.com/144698.html
45. E.Noel-Neumann. Theory of public opinion: concept of spiral of silence. 1991. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Theory-of-Public-Opinion%3A-The-Concept-of-the-of-Noelle-Neumann/425ac60eaafe1b1e24af461ff77b49aff4d4fb3f
46. Irina Berg. Self-synchronization: law of 5% or Herd feeling https://irinaberg.com/avtosinxronizaciya-zakon-5-procentov-ili-stadnoe-chuvstvo/
47. L.A.Bobrova.* Cognitive distortions. (Review). DOI: 10.31249/rphil/2021.02.04 Source: https://loft-cafe.ru/articles/zagadka-razuma-the-enigma-of-reason-kognitivnye-uchenye-ugo-merse-i-den-sperber.html
48. Social foundation of fascism. Identity crisis as the basis of problems of Humanity. 11.02.2016. https://aurora.network/articles/136-chelovek-i-obshhestvo/20433-sotsial-naja-baza-fashizma
49. S.I.Zamogilny, M.A.Virich. Social roots of fascism and the foundations of its symbolic programs. Moscow University Messenger. Series 18. Sociology and politology. 2005. No.2
50. G.S.Altshuller, I.M.Vertkin. How to become a genius: Life strategy of creative personality. -Minsk: Belarus, 1994. - 479 p. ISBN 985-01-0075-3. https://djvu.online/file/3h3cYMh40bFWQ
51. Francis Bacon. Collected works, v.1-2, 1977. New Organon or Truthful Instructions for Interpreting Nature.
52. Nobel and Novice: Author Prominence Affects Peer Review 41 Pages Posted: 9 Sep 2022
53. Juergen Huber, University of Innsbruck, Sabiou Inoua, Economic Science Institute, Chapman University, Rudolf Kerschbamer University of Innsbruck; Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), Christian König-Kersting University of Innsbruck, Stefan Palan University of Graz, Vernon L. Smith Chapman University - Economic Science Institute; Chapman University School of Law
54. S.M.Shirokogorov. Ethnos: Research of main principles for evolution of ethnic and geographic phenomena //Bulletin of the Oriental studies faculty of Far East University (Shanghai). 1923. XVIII. V. I. Preface. P. 4-6. www.temm.ru/ru/section.php?docId=4408 http://www.shirokogorov.ru/s-m-shirokogorov/publications/ethnos/
55. M.S.Rubin. TRIZ and business in an insurance company. Epitome of the seminar. 1994. http://temm .ru/ru/section.php?docId=3620
56. G. S.Altshuller, M. S. Rubin. "What will happen after the final victory. Eight idas concerning nature and technology". Chapter in the book "Chance for an adventure"/ Compiled by A.B.Seliutsky. - Petrozavodsk, "Karelia publishers", 1991. http://temm.ru/ru/section.php?docId=3470
57. M.S.Rubin. On the influence of Earth conditions upon the evolution of technology, 1980.
58. A.G.Sizentsev, V.V.Shevchenko, V.F.Semyonov, G.M.Baidal. Conception of Moon productive base, 2050. In the journal «We and Universe», No. 3 og Eurasian astronomic and Astronomy -and-geodesia societies. Moscow,1997 http://crydee.sai.msu.ru/Universe_and_us/3num/V3pap13.htm .
59. V.V.Shevchenko. conomic aspects of exploring extraterrestrial natural resources: Moon and asteroids, report of GAISh, Moscow State University, Skolkovo, September 25, 2012. https://kcooss.livejournal.com/440065.html
60. Lectures in biology. In 2 volumes. Parts II and III. / Ed.by T.V.Viktorova. - Ufa, Publishing house of GOU VPO «B GMU of ROSZDRAV», 2012. - 252 p., ill.
