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Phthalocyanines http://macroheterocycles .isuct.ru IÏIIUUICVICW
^-Nitrido Bridged Diiron Phthalocyanines: Old Complexes for New Catalytic Applications
Evgeny V. Kudrik,ab and Alexander B. Sorokina@
Dedicated to Professor Claudio Ercolani on the occasion of his 75th birthday
aInstitut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), UMR 5256, CNRS-Université Lyon 1, 2 av. A. Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
bIvanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia @Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]
Binuclear N-bridged M-N-M (M=transition metal) complexes on phthalocyanine platform constitute an emerging class of oxidation catalysts. Their unusual structure provides unprecedented catalytic properties and reactivity. The most significant so far example is the mild oxidation of methane. In addition to oxidation of strong C-H bonds in alkanes, aromatic and alkylaromatic compounds ¡-nitrido diiron phthalocyanines catalyze the formation of C-C bonds exemplified by hydroacylation of olefins with aldehydes. A clean and practical character of this system coupled with real availability of the phthalocyanines suggests a high application potential of this approach. This system has a great potential for further development by modification of the structure.
Keywords: Iron phthalocyanine, ^-nitrido dimer, methane, catalysis, oxidation.
Introduction
The first ^-nitrido diiron phthalocyanine was prepared and characterized by C. Ercolani and co-workers in 1984.[1] This complex was prepared from unsubstituted FePc and sodium azide by heating at high temperature in 1-chloronaphthalene. Together with synthesis of ^-nitrido diiron tetraphenylporphyrin[2] this study has initiated a novel research direction devoted to these interesting complexes with -N=M (M = Fe, Mn, Ru) structural motif in macrocyclic ligand environment. Since then, this area has been largely developed due to the works by Ercolani's group.[3-9] Porphyrin and phthalocyanine macrocyclic ligands in homoleptic and heteroleptic arrangements have been used to accommodate M-N=M structural unit with the same and different transition metals in a variety of combinations.[10-14] ^-Nitrido dimers based on non-macrocyclic ligands have been also described. [15] A progress in the synthesis and characterization of these systems has nicely been reviewed by Ercolani et al.[16]
An important property of these complexes is the very high stability of dimeric construction provided by bridging
nitrogen atom which is strongly bonded as indicated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data. The 1s N XPS spectrum of (FePcfBu4)2N along with strong signal at 398.7 eV from nitrogen atoms of phthalocyanine moieties exhibits a small signal at 402.4 eV which can be assigned to strongly bonded ^-bridging nitrogen atom.[17] This strong bonding explains the high stability of ^-nitrido bridged species. Electrospray ionization mass-spectrometry (ESI-MS) data also indicate the high stability of dimeric structure. ESI-MS spectrum of (FePcfBu4)2N exhibits a strong molecular peak at m/z=1599.8 with no fragmentation due to monomerization. (FePc)2N complex can be considered as bimetallic mixed valence FeIII-N-FeIV system with one delocalized unpaired electron as evidenced from Mossbauer and EPR data.[3] Mossbauer spectrum contains only one single doublet with 8 = 0.06 mm-s-1 and AEQ = 1.76-1.78 mm-s-1 indicative of two equivalent iron sites with intermediate +3.5 oxidation state. Selected Mossbauer data for ^-nitrido bridged complexes are listed in Table 1.
The room temperature magnetic moment for this dimer (2.13 ^B) also shows the presence of one unpaired electron
Table 1. Selected Mossbauer data for u-nitrido bridged complexes.
Complex S, mm-s-1 AEQ, mm-s-1 r, mm-s-1 Ref.
(TPPFe)2N 0.148 1.07 0.44 2
(PcFe)2N 0.06 1.76 0.19 3
(TPPMn)N(FePc) 0.19 1.21 0.13 8
(TPPFe)N(FePc) 0.11 1.47 0.19 6
(TPPFe)N(RuPc) 0.03 0.90 0.22 7
(TPPFe)N(RuPc)^ -0.01 1.85 0.23 7
per molecule.[4] These data together with EPR parameters of (PcFe)2N with typical axial symmetric structure (g = 2.03 and g± = 2.13) can be assigned to low-spin ground state of iron sites. In contrast to corresponding monomeric and |-oxo-dimeric iron phthalocyanines, (PcFe)2N doesn't form stable adducts with strong nitrogen bases, like pyridine and is not reduced to Fe11 monomeric species, PcFe(Py)2. (PcFe)2N can be easily oxidized by ferrocenium cation to give (PcFeIV)2N+. Its Mossbauer spectrum shows a clean doublet with a negative isomer shift of -0.10 mm-s-1.[4]
The similar approach was used for the synthesis of (PcRu)2N complex. Heating of PcRuPy2 with an excess of sodium azide in boiling 1-chloronaphthalene gave |-nitrido bridged diruthenium complex.[5] EPR and magnetic measurements indicated that this complex contained one unpaired electron per dimer molecule. X-ray powder pattern showed that this complex was isomorphic with the diiron analogue and could be identified as mixed-valence RuIII-N-
RuIV dimer.
Ercolani's group has also prepared and investigated different types of ^-nitrido bridged complexes including the systems with same metal but different ligands, (TPP) FeNFe(Pc),[6] and with different ligands and metals, (TPP) FeNRu(Pc)[7] and (TPP)MnNFe(Pc).[89] These compounds were synthesised using corresponding metalloporphyrin azido complex and iron phthalocyanine in the controlled conditions. From Mossbauer and EPR data it was concluded that the (TPP)FeNFe(Pc) complex underwent a rapid electronic exchange across the bridging nitrogen atom and both metal centres have intermediate oxidation state +3.5 in spite of asymmetric ligand environment. This is in contrast with behaviour observed for Fe-Ru and Fe-Mn analogues in which the two metal centers showed distinct oxidation states and the complexes were formulated as (TPP)FeIVNRuIII(Pc) and (Pc)FeIIINMnIV(TPP), respectively. In the latter complex, the Mossbauer spectrum contained one doublet with isomeric shift of +0.19 mm-s-1. This value was significantly higher than those observed for the symmerical ^-nitrido diiron species and was compatible with +3 iron oxidation state rather than with +3.5 one. EPR data were in agreement with this conclusion.
As can be seen from the short historical survey, the ^-nitrido bimetallic macrocyclic complexes exhibit very interesting physico-chemical properties. However, before our work, they have never been evoked as the catalysts for the oxidation or other reactions. It is quite surprising because we[18-23] and others[23-27] demonstrated promising catalytic properties of ^-oxo diiron phthalocyanines in oxidation. It should be noted that | -nitrido dimers with unsubstituted phthalocyanine ligands are practically insoluble in most organic solvents and only poorly soluble in 1-chloronaphthalene or pyridine. To access to the complexes soluble in common solvents in order to readily purify, to study and to apply them in catalysis we have synthesized the ^-nitrido diiron phthalocyanine 1 with eight bulky tert-butyl groups (Figure 1).
The synthesis of 1 was realised according to the protocol described for (FePc)2N.[28] This compound can be easily purified by column chromatography on basic alumina. In order to enlarge the choice of the soluble ^-nitrido diiron phthalocyanines we have prepared the complexes 2a-2f
1: X = 'Bu, Y = H 2: X = S02R, Y=H R = Me (a), Et (b), n-C6H13 (c), •Bu (d), cyclohexyl (e), adamantyl (f) 3: X,Y = OCjH^
Figure 1. Structures of substituted ^-nitrido diiron phthalocyanines. For tetrasubstituted derivatives only one position isomer is depicted.
containing electron-withdrawing alkylsulfonyl groups.[29-30] An electron-rich ^-nitrido diiron 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octa (w-pentoxy)phthalocyanine complex 3 has also been repared. [31] These complexes have been investigated using different spectroscopic techniques (UV-Vis, IR, EPR, Mossbauer, EXAFS, XANES). The introduction of substitients on the periphery of phthalocyanine ring influences on the spectroscopic properties and geometry of these compounds. Nevertheless, the most interesting feature of ^-nitrido diiron phthalocyanines is their remarkable catalytic properties. Although traditional iron phthalocyanine complexes are known to be the versatile catalysts for the selective oxidation and bleaching reactions[32] ^-nitrido diiron counterparts exhibit unprecedented activity in the oxidation of difficult-to-oxidize substrates. Below we summarize our recent results on the new applications of these old complexes in catalysis.
Catalytic Applications
Activation of H2O2 and Formation of Active Species
Activation of the oxidant to form oxidizing species is a prerequisite of the oxidative catalytic activity. Addition of hydrogen peroxide to the solution of 1 resulted in small but distinctive changes in the UV-Vis spectra.[33] Kinetics of the reaction was investigated under pseudo-first order conditions. The dependence of kobs vs. [H2O2] exhibited saturation behaviour and can be linearized in Lineweaver-Burk coordinates. The saturation kinetics suggests a two-step process involving fast reversible binding of H2O2 to iron followed by slow formation of hydroperoxo diiron complex which was detected using EPR spectroscopy. The formation of 1-H2O2 adduct in the presence of the Et3N base was evidenced by cryospray mass-spectrometry.[33] Along with signals of 1+ and (1-H2O2)+ at m/z =1599.7268 and m/z = 1633.7322, respectively, a new signal at m/z = 1615.7239 corresponding to (1+O)+ formulation was observed. On the basis of the spectroscopic data we have proposed the formation of (Pc)FeIV-N-FeIV=O(Pc+) phthalocyanine
Ultra high-valent diiron oxo species
Figure 2. Proposed mechanism of the formation of diiron oxo species.
cation-radical active species via heterolytic cleavage of O-O bond of hydroperoxo (Pc)FeIV=N-FeIII-OOH(Pc) complex (Figure 2).
Such an oxo species having two FeIV atoms tightly connected by ^-nitrido link and situated in electron-deficient ligand environment should be a very strong short-living oxidant. Indeed, all our efforts to prepare and to characterize it at very low temperature (-80°C) were unsuccessful. However, we were able to obtain the product of its one electron reduction in solid state with ca. 70 % yield which was assigned as (Pc)FeIV=N-FeIV-OH(Pc) on the basis of Mossbauer, EPR, XANES and EXAFS spectroscopic data. Another distinctive feature of ^-nitrido diiron phthalocyanine construction is a rather high stability to monomerization and to oxidative destruction in the strong oxidative conditions which is an important requirement for the development of an oxidation catalyst. For example, the half life times of the complex 1 in the presence of 1000 equiv. of hydrogen peroxide were t1/2 = 3470 min at 25°C and t1/2 = 560 min at 60°C.
Oxidation of Methane
We investigated the catalytic properties of 1 in the oxidation of different substrates including benzene and methane whose oxidation at mild conditions is considered as one of the most difficult reactions in catalysis. Indeed, the first results indicated very powerful oxidizing ability of 1 - H2O2 system.[28] The initial experiments on homogeneous methane oxidation were performed in CH3CN at 40°C:
H
I
\ H
H
h2o2
32 bars, 40'C, 20 h
is much higher than that of methane. Since the products of the oxidation of MeCN or other organic solvents might be the same as products of oxidation of methane they can be claimed as the products of CH4 oxidation. This problem has not been discussed in many papers devoted to the oxidation of CH4 in organic solvents. However, a careful control of the experiments is necessary in order to determine the origin of oxidation products and to confirm the occurrence of methane oxidation. The control experiment can be performed by using a deuterated solvent. For example, if the oxidation of CH4 is performed in CD3CN, the products issued from CH4 will contain H atoms and the products of solvent oxidation will be deuterated. By performing the reaction in CD3CN we found that 68 % of products derived from oxidation of CH4 and 32 % of products were originated from the oxidation of acetonitrile (ratio 2:1). A kinetic analysis indicated that this ratio was not compatible with involvement of OH' radicals. In the latter case this ratio should be 1:2880.[28]
In order to avoid uncertainty owing to the oxidation of organic solvent the most simple and efficient way is to use water as the inert medium. Since (FePctBu4)2N is insoluble in water, it was supported onto amorphous silica and heterogeneous oxidation of methane was successfully carried out in pure water. The further unambiguous evidence for the oxidation of methane was obtained using labeled 13CH4 in about 1:1 mixture with CH4. 13C NMR analysis of the reaction mixture showed the presence of signals at 81.6 and 165.5 ppm attributed to hydrated formaldehyde 13CH2(OH)2 and formic acid H13COOH, respectively (Figure 3).
No signal at 49 ppm due to 13CH3OH was found in the 13C NMR spectrum but a small amount of methanol was detected by more sensitive GC-MS method. Importantly, the isotopic compositions of methanol and formic acid reflected the isotopic composition of methane. However, acetic acid and acetone didn't contain 13C label indicating that these products were not produced from CH4 oxidation. Most likely, they originated from the partial degradation of the catalyst. This example illustrates the importance of control experiments, in particular, using labelling method.
On the basis of spectroscopic, reactivity and labelling data one can conclude that H2O2 reacts with the complex 1 with formation of a high valent diiron oxo-complex and oxidation of methane takes place via oxo-chemistry rather than radical pathway. The tentative reaction mechanism is proposed Figure 4.
The study of temperature dependence of the heterogeneous oxidation of methane showed that catalytic reaction took place even at 25°C in pure water though with a moderate turnover number of 13. The catalytic system was more active at 40-80°C providing TON ~ 26-29.[2834]
HCOOH +CH20 + CHjOH
GC-MS analyses of the final reaction mixture showed the presence of formic acid as the principal product and traces of methanol, acetic acid and acetone. CH2O was also determined by Nash method. One general important point should be addressed as for the origin of the products of methane oxidation when organic solvents (acetonitrile, acetone, ethanol etc.) are used. The catalytic system could be capable of oxidizing the organic solvent which concentration
Improvement of Methane Oxidation and Oxidation of Ethylene and Propane
According to the proposed mechanism (Figure 4), the active oxo species is formed from hydroperoxo complex FeIV=N-Fein-OOH via heterolytic cleavage of O-O bond. A protonation of peroxide oxygen should favour the O-O cleavage because water is a better leaving group than hydroxide anion. Consequently, we have performed the oxidation of methane in very diluted H2SO4 solutions. Indeed,
13
HCOOH
13CH2(OH)2
50
ppm(t1)
Figure 3. 13C NMR spectrum of the crude aqueous solution from the oxidation of the 13CH4 and CH4 in D2O at 60°C.
CH.OH
-H,0
OH-
y^hetorolytic cleavage
? homolytic ____S—^
Cleavage
Figure 4. Proposed mechanism of the generation of the active species and the oxidation of methane.
S 150 -
| 100
0.065 0.075 O.O
0.1 0.2
[H2SO4], M
Figure 5. Dependence of the turnover numbers of methane oxidation on the H2SO4 concentration. Conditions: 2 ml of water, methane - 32 bars, 0.925 ^mol of supported catalyst (18.5 ^mol/g), 678 ^mol of H2O2, reaction time - 20 h.
Table 2. Oxidation of methane and ethylene by H2O2 catalyzed by supported (FePc'Bu4)2N complex.
Substrate Solvent [CH2O], mmol [HCOOH], mmol TON Yield on H2O2, %
CH4 H2O 1.5 10.5 26a ~ 5
CH4 0.075 M H2SO4 1.8 107 223a 92
ch2=ch2 H2O 2 4 14.3 86.3 115b 51
CH2=CH2 0.1 M H2SO4 17.9 107.6 143.5" 69
Experimental conditions: 2 ml of solvent 32 bars of substrate, 0.925 ^mol supp. cat (18.5 ^mol/g), 678 ^mol H2O2, 60 °C, reaction time 20 h.
aTON calculated as [(mol CH2O)x2 + (mol HCOOH)x3]/mol catalyst. "TON calculated as [(mol CH2O)/2 + (mol HCOOH)/2]/mol catalyst.
a strong increase of the catalytic activity was observed (Figure 5).
The maximal catalytic activity was attained in 0.075 M H2SO4. Under these conditions catalyst showed a remarkable performance: 223 CH4 molecules were oxidized by each catalytic site. The yield of HCOOH on H2O2 was also high - 92 % (Table 2). Oxidation of ethylene furnished the same oxidation products with high turnover numbers.
Evidently, the 1 - H2O2 system can be used for the oxidation of other alkanes exemplified by the catalytic oxidation of propane in pure water. It should be noted, that solubility and concentration of propane in H2O is lower than those of methane and a lower propane pressure (20 bars) can be applied. Even under these conditions oxidation of propane was quite efficient. The GC-MS analysis of the final reaction mixture indicated the presence of propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol,
propionaldehyde, acetone and propionic, acetic and formic acids:
CH,CH,CH,OH
CH3CH2CS
CH3CH2CH2 s,
CHjCHCHj OH
CHJCCHJ
II
o
CH,CH2COOH
CH.COOH +
HCOOH
The formation of several products was expected since alcohols, the primary reaction products, are more easily oxidized than propane. This was confirmed using acetone as a substrate. The acetone was oxidized under these conditions with 84 % conversion to form formic and acetic acids as major products.
Oxidation of Benzene
The scope of ^-nitrido bridged diiron phthalocyanine was further investigated in the oxidation of benzene.[35] This study has provided a valuable mechanistic information on the mechanism of the activation of H2O2 and properties of the active species involved in the oxidation. The main oxidation product was phenol obtained with TON of 66 at 60°C (Table 3).
Table 3. Oxidation of benzene catalyzed by (FePctBu4)2N.
[PhH], M T, °C Time, h Conversion, % TONPhOH
0.1 20 48 14 11
0.1 40 20 20 12
1 40 20 n.d. 28
5.57 60 24 n.d. 66
11.14 a 60 4 n.d. 32
Conditions: [(FePctBu4)2N]=2.4-10-4 M, [H202]=0.22 M in 2ml MeCN;
n.d. - not determined; a neat PhH.
In addition, other products were identified by GC-MS method. Small amount of p-benzoquinone was obtained from further oxidation of phenol. Most importantly, benzene oxide was initially identified by analysis of mass spectra of products obtained from C6H6 and C6D6.[35] To confirm this conclusion, benzene oxide was prepared independently according to literature protocol.[36,37] The retention time and the mass spectrum of the authentic benzene oxide were
the same as those of the product of benzene oxidation by (FePctBu4)2N - H2O2 system. The formation of benzene oxide is especially important from mechanistic point of view. The initial formation of benzene oxide during oxidation of benzene to phenol was previously observed for cytochromes P-450 and toluene monooxygenases. The catalytic activity of these enzymes is associated with involvement of high-valent iron oxo species. Consequently, the formation of benzene oxide in the 1 - H2O2 system is also compatible with our mechanistic proposal. The formation of benzene oxide in biological oxidation is usually accompanied by NIH shft which is a migration of the substituent from the site of hydroxylation to adjacent carbon atom. To check the occurrence of this phenomenon in our catalytic system we have introduced 1,3,5-trideuterobenzene as novel mechanistic probe for the detection of NIH shift. The use of this probe is based on the analysis of isotopic composition ofp-benzoquinone as shown in ref. 35. When no NIH shift occurs only p-benzoquinone-d2 should be formed. The product obtained in the oxidation of 1,3,5-trideuterobenzene by (FePc*Bu4)2N - H2O2 contained 75 % of p-benzoquinone-d2, 19 % of p-benzoquinone-d^ and 6 % of p-benzoquinone-d; thus indicating NIH shift which is compatible with the involvement of high-valent diiron oxo-species.
Oxidation of Alkylaromatic Compounds
In order to enlarge the choice of ^-nitrido diiron phthalocyanine complexes and to check the influence of the structure on the catalytic properties we have prepared a series of complexes 2a-2f with electron-withdrawing SO2R (R = alkyl, Figure 1).[29-30] The catalytic potential of these complexes was evaluated in aromatic oxidation using BuOOH as oxidant. BuOOH is widely used as the oxidant in combination with different transition metal catalysts.[38,39] Alkyl aromatic compounds can be oxidized either at benzylic positions or in the aromatic ring. Catalytic systems capable of selectively oxidizing either only benzylic or only aromatic sites are highly desirable. However, this task is difficult to achieve. For example, toluene was oxidized by iron(II) complexes bearing hexa-, penta- or tetra-azadentate ligands - H2O2 system to mixture of isomeric cresols, benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde.[40] Oxidation of toluene performed by metalloporphyrin systems has often resulted in the mixture of products of benzylic and aromatic oxidation.[41]
In order to evaluate the reactivity of ^-nitrido bridged diiron complexes toward oxidation of aliphatic C-H vs.
Table 4. Oxidation of toluene by tBuOOH catalyzed by 1, 2c, 2d.
Catalyst T, °C TON PhCH2OH, % PhCHO, % PhCOOH, %
20 73 12 51 37
1 40 99 12 49 39
60 137 16 47 37
20 92 6 21 73
2c 40 197 5 12 83
60 167 6 13 81
20 59 7 20 73
2d 40 86 7 16 77
60 115 7 16 77
Reaction conditions: [catalyst] =1 mM, [tBuOOH]=206 mM in 1 ml of toluene, reaction time 24h.
aromatic oxidation we have studied the oxidation of toluene and /»-xylene by iBuOOH.[29] The oxidations were carried out without solvent, in 1 ml of neat substrate. Avoiding the use of solvent is important advantage from the environmental and industrial points of view. The concentrations of catalyst and oxidant were 1 mM and 206 mM, respectively. Benzylic alcohol, benzaldehyde and benzoic acid were the main products of oxidation of toluene. Table 4 shows the comparison of the results obtained in the presence of the complexes 1, 2c, 2d.
Only traces of products of aromatic oxidation, p-cresol and 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone, were detected by GC-MS. Thus, the catalytic system demonstrates a strong preference for the oxidation of aliphatic C-H bonds compared with aromatic oxidation. Notably, the selectivity of the oxidation of the methyl group depends on the catalyst structure. The catalysts 2c and 2d provided mainly benzoic acid with selectivity up to 83 %. In turn, 1 favours the formation of benzaldehyde. These catalysts showed TON up to 590 in the oxidation of /-xylene, p-toluic being the principal product.[29]
Hydroacylation of Olefins as an Example of the Efficient C-C Bond Formation
Recently we have discovered a novel reactivity of |-nitrido-bis[tetra(tert-butyl)phthalocyaninatoiron] which can also be used as an efficient catalyst for C-C forming reactions.[42] This finding significantly increases the scope of application of these emerging binuclear catalysts. The complex 1 catalyzed the addition of acetaldehyde to unactivated cyclic or linear alkenes under inert atmosphere using low catalyst loading (0.01 mol %) in the absence of organic solvent. In contrast to traditional oxidations involving BuOOH in the presence of iron complexes to form
Table 5. Hydroacylation of different olefins catalyzed by (FePctBu4)2N.a
the products of allylic oxidation, the 1 - 'BuOOH system was very efficient in the hydroacylation of olefins:
diiron catalyst 1 (0.01 mol %) CMC 'BuOOH (0.15 equiv.) > x
H
60X;, Ar, 24 h
CH,
Importantly, the presence of (FePctBu4)2N is essential for the hydroacylation reactivity. When FeSO4-7H2O or mononuclear iron tetra-tert-butylphthalocyanine were used instead of (FePctBu4)2N a product composition typical for usual radical oxidation with no formation of addition products was obtained. Optimization of the reaction conditions allowed achieving a high selectivity to hydroacylation products. The scope of (FePctBu4)2N - 'BuOOH system was evaluated in the functionalization of various olefins including linear substrates and substrates bearing functional groups (Table 5).[42]
The catalytic system was competent for hydroacylation of both cyclic and linear alkenes. In the case of octene-1 and 2-cyclohexen-1-one only the formation of the anti-Markovnikov product was observed. Using allylbenzene and 2-propen-1-ol, anti-Markovnikov and Markovnikov products were obtained in 95/5 and 83/17 ratios, respectively. This method can also be used with olefins containing easily oxidizable positions like in allylbenzene, 2-allylphenol and 2-cyclohexen-1-one. In all cases neither benzylic nor allylic oxidation products were detected. No oxidation of allylphenol to corresponding quinone was observed. Olefins containing a readily oxidizable hydroxyl group can also be hydroacylated without the need of any protecting group as was evidenced in the case of allyl alcohol. Very high turnover numbers for formation of methyl ketones have been achieved (3600 -
Entry
Substrate
Product
Conversion (%)
Selectivity (%)b
2d
O—¡r
OH
69
86
71
71
92
52
80
51
61
90
6
HO
62
76
a Reaction conditions: olefin (10 mmol), acetaldehyde (100 mmol), catalyst (1 ^mol, 0.01 mol %), 60°C, 24 h. b Yields were determined by GC. c 0.1 mol % catalyst loading. d Isolated mixture consisting of a 95/5 mixture of anti-Markovnikov and Markoknikov isomers. e Isolated mixture consisting of a 83/17 mixture the isomers.
1
3
4
5
5700). Unreacted CH3CHO left in the reaction mixture after reaction can easily be recycled and reused.
Conclusion
In summary, we have discovered remarkable catalytic properties of ^-nitrido bridged diiron phthalocyanines. Available to date spectroscopic and mechanistic data indicate a very rich chemistry of this new type of oxidation catalysts. In particular, the PcFe-N=FePc scaffold is able to stabilize high-valent iron oxidation states.[43] This complex activates H2O2 via heterolytic cleavage of O-O bond to form a high-valent diiron oxo species with unusual reactivity. This species is able to oxidize methane and benzene under very mild conditions. Nevertheless, many further efforts are necessary to get a deep mechanistic insights in order to understand the origin of these remarkable catalytic properties. Both experimental advanced spectroscopic[44] and theoretical[45] approaches will contribute to achieving this goal.
Cleanness of this system coupled with availability of the phthalocyanines suggests a possible application potential of this approach. In addition, this system has a great potential for further development by the modification of the structure (various metals and ligands can be used) that would lead to the improvement of the catalytic performance and to the tailored catalysts for the oxidation of compounds of different nature and many applications can be envisaged.
Acknowledgements. We thank our co-workers for their valuable contributions to the development of this project. Their names are given in the references. Our special thanks go to Dr. Pavel Afanasiev for collaboration and many fruitful discussions. This research was supported by Agence National de Recherche (ANR, France, grant ANR-08-BLANC-0183-01).
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Received 23.08.2011 Accepted 27.08.2011
