CC BY
20BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
NEW DATA ABOUT THE DISTRIBUTION OF CANADIAN GOLDENROD (SOLIDAGO CANADENSISL.) FROM ACHARA (GEORGIA) FLORISTIC REGION
Mikeladze I.,
Institute of Phytopathology and Biodiversity, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University (BSU), Kobuleti, Georgia.
PhD Biology, Senior Scientist Bolkvadze G.
Institute of Phytopathology and Biodiversity, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University (BSU), Kobuleti, Georgia.
PhD Biology, Main Scientist
Abstract
In the modern world including Georgia foreign origin plants are main danger for natural cenozis and agroce-nozis. One of them is Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.), which was firs collected in 1920s, in Georgia - Abkhazia (Ochamchire district). After that it became wide spread all over Abkhazia, especially on the territory of Ochamchire and Gulripshi. From there massive spread began on the Colkheti lowland. There is not reference material about its spread in Adjara floristic district (region).
According to conducted field research and description the first samples of Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) were describes by us in 2008-2011, on the territory of Adjara floristic district (near Kobuleti-Akhalsopheli-Ockhamuri railway). Then it massive spread on roadways, canals, ruderal ways, tea plantation and former maize crops. The plant is characterized with vegetative and generative propagation, which provides its fast spread in agro, natural and secondary cenozes.
Keywords: Alien plant, Canadian goldenrod, Invasion, Achara, Agrocenosis, Second cenosis.
Introduction
Plant invasion plays an important role in destruction on ecosystems and landscapes all over the world and has a great influence of economics. (Simberloff et al., 2013, Pimentel, 2011). In the epoch of globalization and global warming plant propagation and spread gives unpredictable different results. The clear specimen of it is Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis) spread in most parts of the world including Georgia. It is considered as "black list" invasive species in most of temperate Europe (Priede, 2008). The species is present and abundant in many North, Central and West European countries. In many European countries the species is considered as common and invasive. Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis) is listed in the EPPO List of invasive alien plants which lists the plants that have been identified to pose an important threat to plant health, environment and biodiversity in the EPPO region. Countries invaded by these species are recommended to take measures to prevent their further introduction and spread. S. canadensis is listed in so called black lists of several European countries as highly invasive plant, e.g. in Switzerland (CPS/SKEW), Belgium (AlterIAS), Estonia (List of invasive alien species), Denmark (List of invasive alien species) and numerous other countries. S. canadensis is widespread in Poland, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia, Lietuva, Belarus, in the European part of Russia and many others (Kabuce at al., 2010). We meet a lot of information about new locations of its spread (Terzioglu at al., 2002; Priede, 2008; Birnbaum at al., 2017)
S. canadensis is native to Mexico, eastern and southern USA and Canada, between the latitudes 26°N and 65°N. In the USA, Weber (2003) and other sources indicate that it is non-native in western USA, though
now present in many of the western states. It has been introduced to Europe and parts of Asia, especially China and Australasia (Webber, 2003). S. canadensis was introduced into Europe as an ornamental in 1645. The species, being attractive and easy to grow was widely used by gardeners (Kabuce, Priede, 2010). The first observations of wild populations in Europe date back to about 1850 by Wagenitz (1964). Weber (1998) investigated, from herbarium specimens and literature records, the pattern of its spread after introduction to Europe (https://www.cabi.org.)
Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis) is a represetantive of compositae family and solidago genus. According to references, there are different date about solidago species and their synonyms. Based on Georgia plant key publishes in 1969 there are 10 species in Georgia. 3 native Solidago turfosa Woron., S. virgaurea L., S. caucasica Kem.-Nat. (Solidago al-pestris auct fl.caauc.) and 7 foreign - Solidago odora Ait., S. ruprestis Raf., Solidago juncea Ait., S. Canadensis L., S. neglecta Torr.et Gray., S. arguta Ait., S. armena Kem.-Nat. (Guide of ...,1969).
According to R. Gagnidze checklist in Georgian Flora there are 9 species Solidago virgaurea L. (Solidago armena Kem.-Nat.,), S. turfosa Woronow ex Grossh., S. caucasica Kem.-Nat.,(S. alpestris auct fl.caauc.), S. Canadensis L., S. ruprestis Raf., S. neglecta Torr.et Gray., S. arguta Ait., Solidago juncea Ait., Solidago odora Ait., (Gagnidze, 2005). In 1969 issue of Georgian plants key Solidago armena Kem.-Nat is represented as a separate species but in R. Gagni-dze checklists it is synonyms of Solidago virgaurea.
In the 2007 issue of Georgian flora there are 9 species of goldenrod (solidago): Solidago virgaurea L., S. Caucasica Kem.-Nath. S. turfosa Woronow ex
Grossh., S. odora Ait., S. ruprestrisRafin. Ann. Nat., S. Canadensis L., S. arguta Ait.Hort.Kew., S. neglecta Torr. et Gray., S, Juncea Ait.
In the 2007 issue of Georgian nonnative flora, which based mainly on reference material, three alien species are mentioned: Solidago arguta Ait., S. Canadensis L., S. juncea Ait. In the 2018 issue of Georgian flora there are 13 species: Solidago alpestris Wadst. et Kit. ex Willd., S. altissima L., S. arguta Aiton., S. Canadensis L., S. caucasica Kem.-Nath., S. graminifolia (L.) Salisb. (Chrysocoma graminifolia L.), S. juncea Aiton., S. laevenworthii Torr. et A. Gray., S. neglecta Torr. et A. Gray., S. odora Aiton., S. ruprestris Raf., S. turfosa Woronow ex Grossh., S. Vir-gaurea L. (S. armena Kem. -Nath. ex Grossh.) (Davlianidze et al., 2018). In this work Solidago caucasica and S. Alpestris are represented as separate species, which are synonyms. Also added 2 new species: S. graminifolia (L.) Salisb. (Chrysocoma graminifolia L.) & S. laevenworthii Torr. et A. Gray.
According to world plant list (POW), there are very different date about solidago species names and synonyms of plants spread of Georgia (http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/). In the future, it will be important to conduct genetic research of goldenrods (Solidago) spread in Georgia and modern systemize.
Materials and methods
Botanic expeditions, researches and descriptions were conducted on the Colkheti lowland-Adjara, Guria
and Samegrelo floristic districts (regions) in terms of modern studying of foreign origin species spread. As a result of plant identification which we have finally estimated new foreign origin Canadian goldenrod (Soli-dago canadensis L.) for Adjarian flora, describes in earlies (2008-2011) years.
According to references it was described decades ago in different parts of Georgia. The first samples were collected in Ochkhamuri surroundings in 1920s. It must be introduced in Georgia because of its decorative and rubber qualities (characters features) (Kolakovski, 1982). After that, it widely spread in the other floristic districts of western Georgia. There is no information about its spread in Adjara floristic district in such main works "The plant key of Adjara" (Dmitrieva, 1990) and "The Adventive plants of Adjara" (Davitadze, 2001).
Results
We described the first samples of Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) in Adjara floristic district in 2008-2011 in Kobuleti, on the surround of railway line - Akhalsopheli- Ochkhamuri territory between coordinates 410049.478'N/41047.996E and 41CI05L928'N/41°050.125'E. In the 2012-2013 there were few samples in Akhalsopheli on the roadside (41°48.806'N/41°47.035E). In 2014 the plant especially large numbers propagated and spread on the territory of Shekvetili - Kobuleti motorway. In 2018-2019 the area of spread increased in agro-landscapes in the former maize crops. In the 2019 some samples were described in Chakvi and on the territory of Batumi landfill and former firing range. Fig. 1.
wsmmm
Fig.1. Solidago canadensis L. in the agro-landscapes
Solidago canadensis L., - Botanical description. There are 120 species in solidago genus, most of which are of American origin. Several Euro-Asian species are concentrated in the Mediterranean region. Some species are widely spread in the boreal districts.
The scientific name of Canadian okrockepla is Solidago canadensis, the general name is Canadian goldenrod. The preferred Georgian name is Canadian okhrockepla/Canadian okhrocvrila. In the literary sources, there are its several names (synonyms): Aster canadensis (L.) Kuntze., Doria canadensis (L.) Lunell.,
Solidago altissima var. gilvocanescens (Rydb.) Sem-ple., Solidago canadensis f. canadensis., Solidago canadensis subsp. altissima (L.) O.Bolos & Vigo., Solidago canadensis subsp. canadensis., Solidago canadensis var. canadensis., Solidago canadensis var. lep-
ida (DC.) Cronquist, Solidago elongata Nutt., Solidago hirsutissima var. hirsutissima., Solidago canadensis var. lepida (DC.) Cronquist.
Canadian goldenrod (Solidago Canadensis) is erect, 20-250sm tall, perennial - hemicryptophyte (annual above ground stems), rhizomatous, pubescent herbaceous plant (Fig. 1).
Fig.1. Solidago canadensis inflorescence and fruiting
The leaf is lanceolate, wide lanceolate or linear lancet-shaped, pointed, different sizes 1-14 X 0.5-3.5sm. The size of the leaves in the upper parts of the plant become smaller. In the below part of a plants leaves are toothed but in the upper part they are entire. Leaves are described as being 3-nerved, meaning the midrib and two parallel lateral veins, the middle (midrib) is very prominent of the leaf, but the others two are
not prominent. The head (capitulum) baskets on the branches are numerous, usually, with elongated, pyramid-shaped clusters. The ray flowers on the sides of the baskets are golden-yellow with pistil, inside flowers are bisexual, tubular. Achenes is brown, hairy, with a pappus of fine white hairs (Fig. 2).
Fig.2. Solidago canadensis stem and leaves
This is a honey plant, which indicates the great amount of insects during flowering period. It is also proved by references (Gross at al., 1983; Ingebrigtsen, 2019., Stefanic et al., 2003).
Canadian goldenrod (Solidago Canadensis) has a medical qualities witch is clearly seen in etymology. -Etymologically, the scientific name of Solidago comes from latin words that mean "I make whole" or "I reinforce", a reference to its wound-healing properties (https://www.nature-and-garden.com). Moreover it is characterizes with anti-microbe features (Devendra at al., 2011).
Duscussion
As our long observation showed Canadian goldenrod (Solidago Canadensis) blooms in the VII-XI
month, massive flowering are in September and October. Blossoming of some sample continued until the beginning of December. From the second half of November begins fruiting and seeds scattering process which goes on till the end of December and sometimes even January. Simultaneously the drying of leaves on the plant take place. Stems stead dry till early spring, then it gradually breaks and vanishes. The plant propagates by vegetative and generative ways. The plant produce great amount of seeds, which spread by wind. Vegetative or clonal propagation takes place by means of underground shoots-rhizomes growth and buds grown of them (Fig. 3).
Fig.3. Solidagi canadensis with rizomes from which vegetative propagation takes place
The appearance of the plant on the ground goes on at the same time as seed scattering and leaves drying. Finally around the central part small group of stems are created, which grow annually in size. Therefore, the size of clones and the length of their life increases. According to our observation, it ranges between 10-15 years. In foreign references, there are even higher date of their clone size and length of life. (Gross at all, 1980; Ingebrigtsen, 2016). According to some dater they reach even 100 (Kabuce at al. 2010).
Locally the population increase is mainly a result of clonal growth. Also in intensively propagates by seeds. They produce a large number of flower heads (Capitula). The number of flower heads per shoots ranges from 41 - 4600 (mean 1443). Disc florets are usually fewer than ray florets, the corolla is 2.4-2.8 mm long. Fruit is an achene 0.9-1.2 mm, shortly pubescent, with a pappus of 2-2.5 mm. In Europe, an individual shoot may produce more than 10 000 seeds (Kabuce at al., 2010).
Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) is a typical invasive species. It spreads on the roadways, abandoned building site, former maize crops, ruderral places, the edges of canals, secondary cenozis, and degraded cut forests. It spread widely with vegetative and generative way, forms stable developed population and occupies territories. Therefore hampers the development of others local and non-native plants. In intensively spread and occupies deserted field which ar not used for agricultural purposes. Then it becomes a dom-
inant species not only agro, but also in biotopes transformed by humans and degraded semi natural cenozes. In natural cenozes some samples appear randomly.
As references prove in addition to its prolific vegetative propagation, Solidago canadensis chemicals releases that inhibit the growth, germination and survival of native plants, and change the soil composition by diverting nutrients and minerals (Fenesi et al., 2015).
In order to eradicate Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis) herbicides must be used at an early stage of its developments, to cut before blossoming and digging out (ROSEF L <5 №35).
Conclusion.
Finally it should be noted that Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis) like other European countries spread in great quantities in western part of Georgia, especially on the Colkheti lowland occupies agricultural and semi-natural degraded cenoze. By vegetative and generative propagation formed stable population and becomes weed and invasive species.
References
1. Birnbaum C., Sammul M., Kull T. Distribution and growth dynamics of invasive goldenrod (Soli-dago canadensis) in its introduced range in Estonia, and some Australian comparisons. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 2017. 100 (1): 18-25.
2. Davitadze M. Adventive flora of Adjara. "Print. Batumi State University". Batumi, 2001.199 pp.
3. Davlianidze M., Gviniashvili T., Mukbaniani M., Jinjolia-Imnadze L., Jugheli T. Nomenclatural Cheklist of Flora of Georgia. Tbilisi, 2018. 296 pp.
4. Dmitrieva A. Field guide to the flora of Adjara. v.2. «Mecniereba". Tbilisi, 1990. 278pp.
5. Fenesi A., Vagasi I., Beldean M., Foldesi R., Kolcsar L., Shapiro J,. Torok E, Kovacs-Hostyanszki A. Solidago canadensis impacts on native plant and pollinator communities in different-aged old fields. Basic and Applied Ecology 16. 2015. 335-346.
6. Field guide to the flora of Georgia. v.2. «Mecniereba". Tbilisi, 1969. 102-104.
7. Gagnidze R. Vascular Plants of Georgia a No-menclatural Checklist. "Unrversali",Tbilisi, 2005. 165167.
8. Ingebrigtsen H. Vegetative propagation of Solidago canadensis from populations in Eastern Norway. Norwegian University of Life Sciences. 2016.
9. Invasive Species Compendium. Available at: https://www.cabi.org/isc/overview . (Accessed 2000).
10. Kabuce N. and Priede N. Nobanis - Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet - Solidago canadensis., USA: NOBANIS, 2010. 10 pp.
11. Kolakovskii AA. Flora Abkhazii. «Mecniereba". Tbilisi, 1982. v.2. 108-11.
12. Mishra D., Joshi S., Pilkhwal Sah S. and Bisht G. Chemical composition, analgesic and antimicrobial activity of Solidago canadensis essential oil from India/Journal of Pharmacy Research,4 (1),63-66. 2011. ISSN: 0974-6943.
13. Pinmentel, D. Biological invasions: economic and environmental costs of alien plant, animal, and microbe species, 2011. CRC Press.
14. Priede A. Invasive non-native solidago species in Latvia. Expansion history and current distribution. Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Science. 2008. Section B, Vol. 62 No. 1/2 (654/655), 78-83. DOI: 10.2478/v10046-008-0003-4.
15. Ronald S. Gross, Patricia A. Werner. Relationships among Flowering Phenology, Insect Visitors, and Seed-Set of Individuals: Experimental Studies on Four Co-occurring Species of Goldenrod (Solidago: Com-positae). Ecological Monographs, 53, 1983. 95-117. https://doi.org/10.2307/1942589.
16. Simberloff D, Martin, J., Genovesi P., Maris V., Wardle D. A., Aronson J., Courchamp F., Galil B., Garcia-Berthou E., Pascal M., Pyshek P., Sousa R., Tabacchi E. & Vila M. Impacts of biological invasions: what's what and the way forward. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 28. 2013. 58-66.
17. Stefanic E., Puskadija Z., Stefanic I., Bubalo D. Goldenrod: a valuable plant for beekeeping in northeastern Croatia. Bee World, 2003. 84: 86-90.
18. Terzioglu S., Anshin R. and Kanoglu E. A New Record for Turkey: Solidago canadensis L. Turk J Bot 27 155-157. 2003.Tubitak.
19. The nature and garden. Available at: https://www.nature-and-garden.com.
20. Plants of the world online. Available at: http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ (Accessed 2013).
21. Weber E, 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: a reference guide to environmental weeds. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing. 548 pp.
ИСКУССТВЕННАЯ ЭКОСИСТЕМА В ДОМАШНИХ УСЛОВИЯХ
Бирюкова Н.В.,
научный руководитель Лучкина А.Д.
Студент
Ресурсного центра «Медицинский Сеченовский Предуниверсарий» AN ARTIFICIAL ECOSYSTEM AT HOME
Biryukova N.,
Scientific advisor Luchkina A.
Student of the Resource Center «Medical Sechenov Preuniversary»
Аннотация
Актуальной проблемой экологии является безответственное отношение людей к природе. Авторы стремятся показать на примере аквафермы, что создание и поддержание жизнедеятельности экосистемы является сложным процессом, требующим много усилий.
Abstract
The current problem of ecology is the irresponsible attitude of people to nature. The author aims to show by the example of an aquafarm that the creation and maintenance of an ecosystem is a complex process that requires a lot of effort.
Ключевые слова: экология, экологические проблемы, искусственная экосистема, аквариум, аква-ферма, растения, рыбы.
Keywords: ecology, environmental problems, artificial ecosystem, aquarium, aquafarm, plants, fish.
Введение
Человек давно отдалился от природы, но не перестал быть её частью. Природа по-прежнему снабжает нас всем необходимых для жизни. Растения
вырабатывают кислород; пищей служат окультуренные растения и животные; из полезных ископаемых производятся материалы для постройки жи-
