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A. A. Evdokimova
NEW BYZANTINE GRAFFITI FROM CAPPADOCIA (KILICLAR VADISI, GOMEDA VALLEY, AKTEPE HILL)
В данной статье вводятся в научный оборот 13 новых византийских граффити из Каппадокии из Ортахисара в Актепе хилл, а также палеографический, ономастический и лингвистический анализы граффити и дипинти, найденных в церквях из долины Гомеда, Ортахисара в Актепе хилл и Киличлар Вадиси.
Ключевые слова: Каппадокия, греческие граффити, Византия, греческая эпиграфика, греческая палеография.
I'd like to present the most interesting of approximately 115 Byzantine Greek graffiti and dipinti found by my colleagues from Kiev in the following monuments: 1) the church with frescos in the cone in Kiliclar Vadisi (Swords Valley) near Goreme (Dr Timur Bobrovsky and Ekaterina Chueva in 2013-2015); 2) the church without frescos in the Gomeda valley near Mustafapa^a; 3) the church with frescos in the same place (by Igor Grek in 2015); 4) the cave church on the southeast side of the Aktepe Hill near Ortahisar, found by Dr Bobrovsky Т. А. and Chueva Е. Е. in 2014. Also, near 150 graffiti found by me and my colleagues Dr Bobrovsky Т. А. and Chueva Е. Е. in other parts of Cappadocia in 2010 are being prepared for publication.
Carte de la region des etablissements rupestres de Cappadoce.
In the monument called 'church with frescos in the cone' in the Kiliclar Vadisi (Swords Valley) near Goreme there are fresco fragments with red-sienna colors in rectangular frames; dipinti written in the same color as the frames were found under some of them. The most intact inscription, a funerary graffito of a God's slave Sophia, uses two classical formulas with the verbs: ^aKapios and avanays. The inscription is made in two lines and written in majuscule with lunar s and a with only one orthographic error, traditional for itacism process: Tiv Sou^iv instead of the classic x^v Sou^qv.
In the church without frescos in the Gomeda valley near Mustafapa§a, in the altar part near the christcross in the circle (nestorian type), there is a dipinto written in gray color. In the first three lines we can read the name Lazar and the beginning of a surname. In the fourth line we can see carelessly written letters in the graffito technique. Judging by its paleographic features, the inscription can probably be dated as late as XIV century. In the same monument in the other part (right) of the altar niche there are two
graffiti: BA FO; here we can also see some parts of two badly preserved dipinti.
In the third church there are three minuscule graffiti on the brick-red field: 1) two lines in the frame with losses in the left part of the inscription. In the first line we can read [^sonl^Ppivoq 2) near also in two lines some letters, not making any sense, in the second line the word pi^a.
The other group of graffiti in the sienna field has inscriptions of two types: majuscule with big letters and brief text and paleographically later minuscule with big text. Four majuscule fragments are in the corners of the two minuscule inscriptions. In the left part in the first line the name HAa[o^], others have only some letters. In the left minuscule graffito there are three lines, and in the last we can read sxoq 18/9.., that's why the nearest inscription similar in paleography is dated by the same time. The next graffito, also of three lines, begins with the word npo§po^o^.
The cave church on the southeast side of the Aktepe Hill near Ortahisa has been found by Dr Bobrovsky T. A. and Chueva E. E. in 2014. It is a small church with parts of a fresco on the left side of the altar niche, figure of Saint Arseniy (inscription in white color O AriOC APCENIOC under the nimbus). Other walls were whitened and have some patterns and dipinti, in brick-red color (elements of the solar and lunar cults). Graffiti there are in the blue field near the
nimbus under the inscriptions made in the fresco (two lines vertical in the left side - O ANAHNOCK[ov] || EYXOY YnEP1, and four lines vertical in the right side: YnEP AOEC[E^C] || [A]MAPTION AOY[AOY] || TOY [®EO]Y MIXA[HA] || TPIBAKIOY2), written in white color. On this fresco in the clothes of the saint and nearby about 80 graffiti were found.
The most inscriptions are the traditional prayer-formula: KE Po^08i tov SouXov oou. Some of them are very brief and end after Po^08i or after SouXov. The graffiti are written in majuscule, with lunar 8 and o. We can see minuscule v and t. An almost classical way of writing the verb Po^08i in this time; with itacism variations in the ending Po^B^/i, there are variants with u and i instead of
> > A A
Some of the inscriptions have abbreviations ( X , t ) of the endings ov and ov in the words tov and SouXov. KE (R6pi8) is written with titlo. In the word SouXov the last v, as well as the article before it, are omitted.
Paleographic features are similar with the materials presented in the article «Paleography of the Greek graffiti in the Sofia of Constantinople, in the Sofia of Kiev and in the Novgorod Sofia: comparative analysis» (cf. Evdokimova 2013: 132-180). According to all features, not only paleographical, the graffiti were made in XI-XII centuries.
In this graffiti we can see such names as: presbyter Leon, presbyter Ioann, Constantine, Leon, Grigory, Louka, Andrew, Ioann, Isaak, Basiliy and others. Beside the word «presbyter» in some inscriptions we can see abbreviation of the words nm'qp and nano^. This list of names permits to suggest that the church was monastic. This fresco was ordered by Michail Tribakij mentioned in the inscription.
1. One of the upper graffiti. Paleography: 8 and o lunar. Orthography: n instead of 8i in the verb Po^08i, o instead of ro and omission v in the name KrovoTavTivou.
1 Orthography is saved as in the inscription
2 Most likely it is a nickname.
K E BO^Bn TOu 58^0 COY KOCTavTINo nPECBYTs pOY
Kupis Po^Bst xou 5ouAou gou KrovaxavTivou npsaPuxspou Lord help Your slave, Constantine, presbyter
2. The small graffito near the first.
3. This two-lines graffito is situated below the second inscription. Paleography: s and g lunar. Orthography: n instead of si in the verb Po^Bsi, n instead of i, o instead of © and omission v in the name I©dvvn.
K E BOH0H TON AOYAON COY nPECBYTEPON ... HOaNH
Kupis Po^Bsi xov 5ouAov gou npSG^UTSpov I©dvvn Lord help your slave presbyter Ioann
4. Paleography: s and g lunar.
KE BOH9 Kupis Po^Bsi Lord help
KEBOHBCO
Kupis Po^Bsi G0U
Lord help your
5. Paleography: 8 and a lunar. Orthography: twice i instead of n in the name rpnyopn and n instead of 8i in the verb Po^08i. And omission of v before y.
K E ponOn tov Sou^o rPirOPI K6pl8 Po^08l TOV Sou^ov rpnyopn Lord help the slave Grygory
r,
6. Paleography: 8 and a lunar. Orthography: w instead of o and n instead of 8i in the verb Po^08i.
t -
E B^HBHTON AOTAON KH nP KG K T? K6pi8 po^08i tov _ Sou^ov [Ni]K^T[a] rc(aTs)p(a) ... Lord help your slave father Nikita
7. Paleography: 8 lunar. Orthography: u instead of n in the verb Po^08i.
K E BOY Tov
K6pl8 Po^08l Lord help
8. Paleography: 8 and o lunar. Orthography: n instead of 8i in the verb Po^08i. n instead of i in the word A80vxapi[ov].
K G PoHGH Tov SouXoN oou AGONTA PH apxi
Kupi8 Po^08i xov SouXov oou A8ovxapi[ov] apxi[§8Kavo^ ?]. Lord help your slave Leontarius
9. Paleography: 8 and o lunar. Orthography: n instead of 8i in the verb Po^08i.
* . | ' V^B^ YAO SOY
\ mfc ' " Ki)pic (3of|0si xov 5oi)Xov l ^ ^ ^ * t^k ^ord y°ur s'avc Leon
10. Paleography: s and o lunar. Orthography: i instead of n and i instead of si in the verb po^9si.
K G BOIOI TON
5ouXo COY npGC BYTGYPO AGONTA
Kupis po^9si tov SouXov oou rcpsoputspou AsovTa Lord help the slave presbyter Leon
> \ A A
11. Paleography: s and o lunar, abbreviations t and X . Orthography: n instead of si in the verb po^9si, u instead of n in the name
Aposvis po^9si tov SouXov oou Mixa^X 'Ioa&K Lord help Your slave Mikhail Isaak
12. Paleography: 8 and a lunar, abbreviations t and A. Orthography: u instead of n in the verb poq08i, i instead of n in the NiK^Ta.
KGpoYO t ôouA Kupic po^Gci xov ôou^ov
NIKIT PE. nP NiK^xa rc(axép)a
Lord help the slave father Nikita
13 Paleography: 8 and a lunar, abbreviations t . Orthography: n instead of 8i in the verb po^08i. In this graffito the genitive and accusative cases are mixed.
— \ \ K E PonQn t a8a8
c8 ..Ap8aN
K(upi)8 po^G8i tov Sou^ou AvSp8avou Lord help your slave Andrian
Paléographie analysis
Letters: a
a majuscule is rare in Cappadocia. As in the others parts of the Cappadocia, in this church the authors prefer minuscule type of letters.
B
B with the triangle and the upper rectangular.
A
Y and 5 are majuscule type. In other monuments from Cappadocia very often we can see minuscule y and the triangle type 5.
E
8 as in other parts of Cappadocia is lunar except last two. Third letter in this table has decorative hasta probably, the author of the graffito copied some variant from an icon.
n is majuscule type.
0
9 is majuscule, narrow and wide with practically equal parts
I
i is a traditional majuscule type
К
k of the three types: 1) narrow, 2) wide, 3) without connection
Л
X is majuscule and minuscule.
N
v is only majuscule
O n
o is minuscule and n is majuscule
P X
p is minuscule, a as in other parts of Cappadocia is lunar
t, u, 9 are majuscule, œ is minuscule
Bibliography
Evdokimova, A. A. [Paleography of Greek graffiti from the Hagia Sophia of Constantinople, St. Sofia Cathedrals in Kiev and in Veliky Novgorod: a comparative analisysl. Aristeas 7, 132-180. Евдокимова, А. А. 2013: Палеография греческих граффити Софии Константинопольской, Софии Киевской и Софии Новгородской: сравнительный анализ. Aristeas 7, 132-180.
A. A. Evdokimova. New Byzantine graffiti from Cappadocia (Kiliclar Vadisi, Gomeda valley, Aktepe Hill)
In this article for the first time are published the 13 new Byzantine graffiti from the cave church on the southeast side of the Aktepe Hill near Ortahisar and paleographic, onomastic and linguistic analysis of the graffiti and dipinti, found in the churches Kiliclar Vadisi, Gomeda valley, Aktepe Hill.
Keywords: Cappadocia, Greek graffiti, Byzantine studies, Greek epigraphy, Greek paleography.
