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ОСНОВНОЙ РАЗДЕЛ
UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Abdazimov Sh.Kh.
Associate Professor Roziqov R.S.
Associate Professor Tashkent Institute of Railway Engineers Department of Life Safety
NATURAL DISASTERS AFFECTING THE CONSTRUCTION OF TEXTILE ENTERPRISES IN RAILWAY TRANSPORT, METHODS OF
PROTECTION FROM THEM
Annotation: This article deals with the railways passing through the mountainous and foothill areas of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the natural phenomena affecting them. At the same time, information is provided on textile enterprises in all regions of the country. These enterprises are given the notion that vehicles are needed to reach consumers. At present, ensuring the safety of railway transport is one of the most pressing issues. Especially in mountainous and foothill areas, their movement is often threatened by natural disasters of all kinds. Ensuring the safety of the railways means that at the same time, the people want to work without interruption in the construction of economic facilities.
Keywords: Mountainous areas, textiles, population, protective structures, railways, protection, delivery, floods, landslides, security, precautionary measures.
Today, we cannot imagine our way of life without textiles and light industry products. Take, for example, a room in our ordinary home. Many items in the room are textiles and light industry products, such as carpets, curtains, tablecloths, clothes on our sleeves, blankets on the floor, partitions and so on. many similar examples can be cited. They are based on cotton fiber, animal wool, man-made fibers. These products are not developed in one regional center of the Republic. This means that if raw materials are produced in one region, they are processed in another region to create a finished product. Delivery of these products to enterprises is inconceivable without vehicles.
One of the important tasks of transport enterprises is the timely delivery of finished products to consumers.
Road and rail transport play an important role in the transportation of textile and light industry products (raw materials and finished products) to the enterprises of the Republic and neighboring countries. It is the railway transport that can carry the most cargo and deliver it safely among the means of transport. For example, if we place 60 tons of cargo in each of the closed wagons, and the number of our
wagons is 60, modern electric locomotives will pull the wagons and deliver them to the desired destinations [1].
At the same time, most of the Republic's railways are now electrified. This reduces the cost of delivery. For example, if KAMAZ or MERCEDES, MAN trucks with a capacity of up to 20 tons need to be loaded with products made at a shoe factory in Kokand and delivered to Navoi, or if they need to deliver cotton fiber from Kumkurgan district of Surkhandarya region. If delivery to a joint venture in Tashkent. The following disadvantages occur during the transportation of goods by road trains: - safety of road trains in motion;
- non-stop driving;
- cost of fuel products (especially diesel fuel);
- can carry up to 20 tons of cargo per flight and similar cases. True, when businesses need a small amount of product, the company is far from the railway station, the companies that receive the product are a short distance from it, the product needs to be delivered quickly It is preferable to use freight trains.
What natural disasters can affect the mountainous and foothill areas of the Republic during the transportation of goods to the vehicles listed above. These are natural manifestations of emergencies - floods, landslides and in some cases earthquakes [13].
It should also be noted that railways and highways passed through the mountainous and foothill areas of the Republic. These roads are heavily affected by various floods and landslides in spring and late autumn.
Tashkent From Tashkent to Termez, the railway line passes through the Boysun Mountains and mountainous areas of Surkhandarya on the Tashguzar-Boysun-Kumkurgan railway (Figure 1).
The wagons transported fabrics, fabric dyes, finished products and other goods to joint ventures producing textile and light industry products there, while the passenger carrier delivered the goods to the population. delivers.
1- picture. Content passing through the mountains. Any risk can be affected.
Strong floods during the movement of the structure can cause landslides or landslides can temporarily stop the movement of the railway.
Or the Tashkent-Andijan train will cross the Kamchik Pass on mountain roads. [1].
Natural emergencies always pose a threat to the railways. Earthquakes, landslides and strong floods are natural disasters that pose a serious threat to the transport routes of the population and economic entities living in the mountainous, foothill and river areas of the Republic. The main cause of landslides in the country is related to hydrometeorological conditions.
Therefore, this process is seasonal, ie the higher the atmospheric precipitation, the higher the risk of landslides. Landslide is the movement of a piece of land along a slope under the influence of gravity. The main reasons for landslides are the complication of hydrometeorological conditions, the increased vulnerability of slopes due to excessive atmospheric precipitation, the expansion of economic activity in the foothills, which have long been considered spring lands. That is, as a result of cross-sectional treatment in the foothills, the stability of the slope decreases, which leads first to local, small and then large landslides. Such places pose a great danger, especially if they are close to populated villages.
[3].
Landslides endanger the livelihoods of the population, causing significant economic losses, especially in areas of agricultural consumption (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Avalanche caused by strong floods. One of the measures to
prevent landslides.
In Surkhandarya region, as in other regions, landslides occurred for two reasons and were widespread on the slopes of the mountains. Around the largest South Surkhan reservoir in the region, landslides are also associated with
landslides. On the northwest side of the reservoir, we can observe that most of these phenomena occur more frequently [3].
Among the regions, Surkhandarya is characterized by a relatively high incidence of washing and landslides along the banks of the major river (Amudarya) in the Aral Sea basin. The type of landslides that occur as a result of land reclamation is more common in the central and northern parts of the Sherabad Basin. Currently, landslides have also increased slightly as a result of road construction and widening of existing roads in the oasis. Landslides are widespread in the south-western part of Kairaksay (the Toshguzar-Boysun-Kumkurgan railway on the Tashkent-Termez route passes in the same direction). As the lyoss layers in these areas are relatively large on the right bank of the river (Surkhandarya), landslides develop rapidly under the influence of moisture. (Figure 3)
Figure 3. Lyoss layers found in the foothills
Fergana Valley. Forming the eastern part of the republic, its natural structure, engineering and geological conditions are radically different from other regions.
All sides of the Fergana Valley are surrounded by mountains: Qurama in the north-northwest, Talass-Fergana in the east, and the Turkestan mountain range in the south. One of the most active zones of the republic is the Fergana Valley. It is known that the valley consists of three regions: Namangan, Andijan and Fergana, and landslides are more common in Namangan and Fergana regions [3].
In the northern part of the valley, in the Namangan region, landslides may occur due to relatively man-made causes as a result of recent road construction (Kamchik Pass). (Figure 4).
Of course, today JSC Uzbekistan Railways has built tunnels and bridges with the help of modern machines based on the technology of developed foreign countries.
Figure 4 Consequences of landslides.
These facilities were designed and built jointly with foreign partners. For example, the tunnel at the Kamchik Pass (19.2 km of rock and other layers were carved inside the mountain) was built by specialists from the People's Republic of China. (The Tashkent-Andijan-Angren-Pop road passes through these places) (Figure 5) [3].
Figure 5 Content moving in danger zones. These facilities can always be
endangered by natural disasters.
(The services of workers and employees of JSC "UTY" in the construction of electrified railways Tashguzar-Boysun-Kumkurgan and Angren-Pop are very large. Many of them have received state awards for their hard work).
Flood is a complex process caused by the mechanical activity of water, which occurs as a result of the interaction of various factors (climatic, hydrological, geomorphological, geological, etc.). Local conditions play a special role in its spread. [13] (Figure 6). Areas where floods occur or are likely to occur are referred to as floodplains. The main indicator of the occurrence of floods is the hydrometeorological conditions. Prolonged rains and short-term strong melting of glaciers will dramatically increase the amount of water in riverbeds.
Figure 6. Consequences of severe floods.
As a result, a stream mixed with water (sand, gravel, coarse-grained rocks) is formed, and many demolition works take place. For this reason, floods are divided into two groups: gdyasial - occurs as a result of rapid melting of glaciers and snow and heavy rainfall. The geomorphological structure of the place and the amount of sedimentary rocks also play a special role in their formation. Floods caused by heavy rains are widespread in the foothills and adjacent plains of the country. The glacial type is more common in mountainous areas with large snow and glaciers. The torrential type of floods pose a great threat to the population and the regions, to the roads, causing a lot of economic damage. [3].
Flood currents are divided into turbulent and structural types according to the nature of the movement. Turbulent floods occur along the valley, in the direction of the valley as a result of the increase in the amount of water in rivers and streams, according to the law of flow movement.
Structural floods occur as a result of massive infiltration of various rock fragments across the area, along the entire slope. Floods, which have both characteristics, disrupt riverbeds and slopes, causing large amounts of runoff to large crop areas. The mountains and foothills surrounding our country are flood-prone.
Floods are especially common in Kashkadarya, Namangan, Jizzakh, Fergana, Surkhandarya and Tashkent regions. Employees of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, Uzhydromet and the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources, as well as regional railway junctions of JSC "UTY" to evacuate the
population from flood-prone areas to safe places. Specialists in the field carry out practical work with local authorities on security on the basis of special programs.
In order to ensure safety in mountainous and foothill areas, in the event of landslides and floods, it is important to identify and record the risk factors in a timely manner and to inform the public and managers of transport enterprises and dispatchers. rin occupies.
Flood events are more difficult to predict, and people in flood-prone areas are usually warned ten minutes, at most 1-2 hours in advance.
Extreme levels of flood danger were announced in many parts of the country. Another problem is that hills are now being converted to irrigated land. [2]
The railway plays an important role in the transfer of products between the textile and light industry enterprises of the republic, the supply of spare parts for machinery, and the delivery of finished products to trade organizations. This vehicle is characterized by a large amount of cargo, safe delivery to the destination and low cost. One of the most important tasks of JSC "UTY" is the timely delivery of cargo to railway owners, the timely delivery of passengers to their destinations. In short, what should we pay attention to and strictly control in order to prevent the above-mentioned situations from occurring:
1. Specialists of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, Uzhydromet, hydrogeological organizations and railway specialists regularly visit the settlements in mountainous and foothill areas to improve the quality of road transport. to study the places where the railway passes, to take safety measures in landslide-prone areas. Immediate tightening of protective equipment, if necessary, these works should be under strict control. If the weather changes sharply and strong floods are expected, the population should be temporarily relocated to safer places, and traffic should be temporarily reduced if traffic is expected to be severely affected.
2. Revitalization of the flood risk information service. If hazards are expected, early floods or other natural disasters should be reported to the public and traffic controllers should be notified immediately.
3. Early provision of information on the occurrence of floods in the mountain valleys for the preservation of life and material wealth of the population and the population located in the path of the flood, various enterprises, holiday homes, textiles and light industry it is important to establish and actively operate a flood warning service for employees of small enterprises or other facilities of the national economy, as well as HPPs and other facilities.
4. To ensure the safety of railway traffic in mountainous and foothill areas, roads should be constantly monitored using modern drones to prevent the impact of floods, landslides or landslides on the road. (At all stations, road maintenance personnel check the railways belonging to them using special gauges to ensure that the required distance is between the rail tracks. to know that there is no natural
disaster effect on the line. If a situation occurs, to know in advance and take precautionary measures, to carry out emergency recovery work immediately).
5. Installation of modern devices that detect landslides in the mountainous and foothill areas where there is a risk of landslides and landslides. Installation of devices to inform station dispatchers about landslides on these facilities.
6. In the event of an emergency situation in the mountainous and foothill areas (landslides due to heavy flooding, washing away the railway, the collapse of wagons or landslides), an emergency - organizing special teams to carry out rescue operations. These groups will need to be provided with equipment for modern rescue and recovery operations, special clothing, and conditions for duty.
References:
1.Uzbekistanskaya jeleznaya doroga. Tekushaya version. Version, proven 3 September 2017 g. Internet materials.
2. Bakiev M., Kadyrova M. "Hydrogeological structures against floods". T.2018 y. TIMI.
3. Sapaev MS, Kadyrov FM The text of reports of the State Committee for Communications, Informatization and Telecommunications of the Republic of Uzbekistan Tashkent University of Information Technologies "Safety of life in emergencies." T.-2013 y. 40- 62 b.
4. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated August 20, 1999 "On protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies". T.1999 y.
5. Makkambaev PA, Razikov RS "Emergency situation and civil protection in railway transport" T. TashIIT 2018
6. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies". August 20, 1999
7. Texts of the Tashkent State Pedagogical University named after Nizami of the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Special Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan "Report on the subject of civil protection". Tashkent - 2006
8. Committee for Coordination of Science and Technology Development under the Cabinet of Ministers of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Uzbekistan. FVV ni "Civil Protection" Institute. Achievements of science and technology in the field of protection of the population and the territory from emergencies "Collection of scientific seminar-exhibition materials February 28, 2017.
9. "On measures to prevent and eliminate the consequences of emergencies related to floods, mudflows, avalanches and landslides" of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated February 19, 2007 Resolution No. 585.
10. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the state system of emergency situations, their prevention and response" (December 23, 1997, No. 558);
11. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 427 of October 7, 1998 "On the procedure for preparing the population of the Republic of Uzbekistan for protection from emergencies."
12. Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 455 of October 27, 1998 "On the classification of man-made, natural and environmental emergencies."
