CC BY
4МУЗЫКА (MUSIC)
УДК 631
Annamammedov M.O.
Turkmen Agricultural University named after S. Niyazov (Ashgabat, Turkmenistan)
Annamedova Ay.
Special Art School named after Magtymguly Garlyev (Dashoguz, Turkmenistan)
Annaeva T.
Turkmen Agricultural University named after. S. Niyazova, (Ashgabat, Turkmenistan)
MUSICAL INSTRUMENT & DEFINITION & BASIC OPERATION
Abstract: a musical instrument is a device created or adapted to make musical sounds. In principle, any object that produces sound can be considered a musical instrument—it is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument. A person who plays a musical instrument is known as an instrumentalist. The history of musical instruments dates to the beginnings of human culture.
Keywords: musical instrument, definition, human culture.
Early musical instruments may have been used for rituals, such as a horn to signal success on the hunt, or a drum in a religious ceremony. Cultures eventually developed composition and performance of melodies for entertainment. Musical instruments evolved in step with changing applications and technologies.
The exact date and specific origin of the first device considered a musical instrument, is widely disputed. The oldest object identified by scholars as a musical instrument, is a simple flute, dated back 50,000-60,000 years. Many scholars
date early flutes to about 40,000 years ago. Many historians believe that determining the specific date of musical instrument invention is impossible, as the majority of early musical instruments were constructed of animal skins, bone, wood, and other nondurable, bio-degradable materials.
Musical instruments developed independently in many populated regions of the world. However, contact among civilizations caused rapid spread and adaptation of most instruments in places far from their origin. By the post-classical era, instruments from Mesopotamia were in maritime Southeast Asia, and Europeans played instruments originating from North Africa. Development in the Americas occurred at a slower pace, but cultures of North, Central, and South America shared musical instruments.
By 1400, musical instrument development slowed in many areas and was dominated by the Occident. During the Classical and Romantic periods of music, lasting from roughly 1750 to 1900, many new musical instruments were developed. While the evolution of traditional musical instruments slowed beginning in the 20th century, the proliferation of electricity led to the invention of new electric instruments, such as electric guitars, synthesizers and the theremin.
Musical instrument classification is a discipline in its own right, and many systems of classification have been used over the years. Instruments can be classified by their effective range, material composition, size, role, etc. However, the most common academic method, Hornbostel-Sachs, uses the means by which they produce sound. The academic study of musical instruments is called organology. A musical instrument is used to make musical sounds. Once humans moved from making sounds with their bodies — for example, by clapping—to using objects to create music from sounds, musical instruments were born.[1] Primitive instruments were probably designed to emulate natural sounds, and their purpose was ritual rather than entertainment.[2] The concept of melody and the artistic pursuit of musical composition were probably unknown to early players of musical instruments. A person sounding a bone flute to signal the start of a hunt does so without thought of the modern notion of "making music". [2]
Musical instruments are constructed in a broad array of styles and shapes, using many different materials. Early musical instruments were made from "found objects" such as shells and plant parts. [2] As instruments evolved, so did the selection and quality of materials. Virtually every material in nature has been used by at least one culture to make musical instruments. [2] One plays a musical instrument by interacting with it in some way — for example, by plucking the strings on a string instrument, striking the surface of a drum, or blowing into an animal horn.
REFERENCES:
1. Baines, Anthony (1993), Brass Instruments: Their History and Development, Dover Publications, ISBN 978-0-486-27574-1
2. Bicknell, Stephen (1999), The History of the English Organ, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-65409-8
3. Blades, James (1992), Percussion Instruments and Their History, Bold Strummer Ltd, ISBN 978-0-933224-61-2
4. Brown, Howard Mayer (2008), Sachs, Curt, Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, retrieved 5 June 2008
5. Campbell, Murray; Greated, Clive A.; Myers, Arnold (2004), Musical Instruments: History, Technology, and Performance of Instruments of Western Music, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780-19-816504-0
6. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (30 December 2004), Archeologists discover ice age dwellers' flute, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, archived from the original on 13 August 2010, retrieved 7 February 2009
7. Chase, Philip G.; Nowell, April (August-October 1998), "Taphonomy of a Suggested Middle Paleolithic Bone Flute from Slovenia", Current Anthropology, 39 (4): 549, doi:10.1086/204771, S2CID 144800210
8. Collinson, Francis M. (1975), The Bagpipe, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-7100-7913-8
9. de Schauensee, Maude (2002), Two Lyres from Ur, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, ISBN 978-0-924171-88-8
