CC BY
33
23. Westerterp KR. (2009). Assessment of physical activity: a critical appraisal. Eur J' Appl Physiol, 105, 823-828. doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1000-2
24. Zerf M. (2016). The impact of the lack of physical education and sports lesson on fitness health-case female students. EurJPhy Edu Sport Sci, 1, 6-19.
25. Kuznetsova Z.M., Simakov Yu.P. The development of physical culture and sports in the postsoviet period. Pedagogiko-psihologicheskie i mediko-biologicheskie problemy fizicheskoj kul'tury i sporta [Pedagogico-pshycological and medico-biological problems of physical culture and sports], 2008, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 88-95. Available at: http://www.journal-science.org/ru/article/479.html.
26. Kuznetsova Z.M., Mugallimova N.N. Training of specialists to conduct prevention work against the abuse of psycologically active substances by children and adolescents. Pedagogiko-psihologicheskie i mediko-biologicheskie problemy fizicheskoj kul'tury i sporta [Pedagogico-pshycological and medico-biological problems of physical culture and sports],
Submitted: 24.04.2017 Received: 27.04.2017
2008, No. 4(9), pp. 46-50. Available at: http://www.journal-science.org/ru/article/497.html.
27. Martijn van Hasselt Ph.D., Nancy McCall Sc.D., Vince Keyes M.A., Suzanne G. Wensky Ph.D., Kevin W. Smith M.A. Total Cost of Care Lower among Medicare Fee-for-Service Beneficiaries Receiving Care from Patient-Centered Medical Homes. Nauchnye issledovaniya v oblasti zdravohraneniya [Health services Research]. 30 July 2014, DOI: 10.1111/14756773.12217 (Scopus)
28. Esther Ubago-Guisado, Jorge García-Unanue, Jorge López-Fernández, Javier Sánchez-Sánchez & Leonor Gallardo. Association of different types of playing surfaces with bone mass in growing girls. Zhurnal sportivnyh nauk [Journal of Sports Sciences]. 2017, Vol. 35, No. 15, pp. 1484-1892. (Scopus)
Abdelouhab A. — Laboratory of physical and sports activities evaluation Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Mostaganem University, Route de Belahcel, BP 188, Mostaganem, 27000Mostaganem, Algeria, [email protected]
Zabchi N. — Laboratory ofphysical and sports activities evaluation Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Mostaganem University, Route de Belahcel, BP 188, Mostaganem, 27000 Mostaganem, Algeria
Zerf M. — Laboratory of physical and sports activities evaluation Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Mostaganem University, Route de Belahcel, BP 188, Mostaganem, 27000 Mostaganem, Algeria
For citations: Abdelouhab A., Zabchi N., Zerf M. Lifestyle and its relationship with the increase in weight and the prevalence of obesity among high school students, The Russian journal ofphysical education and sport (pedagogico-psychological and medico-biological problems of physical culture and sports), 2017, Vol. 12, No.2, pp. 146-155.
DOI 10.14526/01_2017_223
MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION IN PROFESSIONAL HOCKEY
Vladislav E. Zankovets - master of pedagogics, individual development trainer of "Barys" (Astana) hockey club players and the National team of the Republic of Kazakhstan 7, str. Kazhymukan, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
E-mail: [email protected]
Annotation. Most sportsmen direct their efforts to different groups of muscles development and don't pay much attention to muscles of respiration. In this case muscles of respiration become limitative factor for further results improvement. Nowadays many specialists in sport pay attention to muscles of respiration training. It is conditioned by the phenomenon, which was called "metaboreflex of respiration muscles". Its essence is in the fact that muscles of respiration in the state of tiredness cause oxygen decrease in an extremity, brain and heart. Material. Experimental check of an additional inhalation resistance methodology application at the training process of highly-qualified hockey players. Research methods: scientific literature analysis and summarizing, experiment, testing, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The methodology of respiration muscles purposeful training is created and experimentally checked. The article considers the notion "metaboreflex", describes the importance of respiration muscles for sports activity and gives the results of their purposeful training. Conclusion. The experiment clearly proves a positive influence of purposeful training loads on strength, power and volume of sportsmen's inhalation. Keywords: function of breathing, training, functional state, hockey.
of lactic acid accumulation and increase
Introduction
Nowadays many specialists in sport pay attention to muscles of respiration training. It is conditioned by the phenomenon, which was called "metaboreflex of respiration muscles" [18]. Its essence is in the fact that muscles of respiration in the state of tiredness cause oxygen decrease in an extremity, brain and heart [4, 5]. According to the research works of Mishchenko V.S. and Andersson P. with other authors, there is some inverse relation between respiratory lungs capacity and the volume of oxygen delivery into functioning muscles [3, 9]. It means that unsufficiently trained respiration muscles can be a stimulating factor for muscles blood supply and as a result make working capacity worse [5].
The mass of breathing muscles is on the average 10-12% from a sportsman's weight and it is a considerable index [4]. At the same time, the research works of McConnell A.K. and Sheel W. together with other authors, during physical load of maximum intensity, revealed oxygen consumption by inspiratory breathing muscles at the level of 16% from the general available volume of oxygen [16,18]. It shows metabolic cost of an organism concerning breathing muscles functioning.
Taking into consideration the information we have, we can suppose that purposeful muscles of respiration training will help to prevent blood supply decrease of working muscles, substratum removal slowing-down will help to decrease the speed
working capacity of a person.
Validity of such kind of hypothesis is proved by several scientific research works in sport.
Great amount of experimental material concerning additional inhalation resistance was accumulated by native [1, 3, 6, 8] and foreign specialists [10, 11, 13, 14, 19].
McConnell A.K. and Kurashvili V.A. showed that muscles of respiration training leads to their functioning effectiveness increase and as a result, helps to increase working time with a standard power to more than 30% [2, 15].
Romer L.M. and Volianitis S. together with other authors stated the increase of sports working capacity among high-class rowers [20] and cyclists [17] to 4.6% owing to systematic inspiratory muscles training.
In the experimental research with the control group of highly-qualified sportsmen McConnell A.K. showed similar effect of everyday 5-minute training of respiration muscles during 5 weeks and an interval training, directed at aerobic endurance development, which was fulfilled also during 5 weeks [16].
Shamardin A.A. stated valid increase of physical readiness and functional abilities of football players (15-16 years-old) from the experimental group to 12,5% in comparison with the control group, where respiratory training wasn't used [7]. More impressive results were received by Suslina I.V. with the group of 13-14-year-old football players,
where the increase of inspiratory muscles power to 28,2% was stated, maximum oxygen consumption (MOC) to 10,5% and the results of Cooper's test to 15,9%, in comparison with the results in the control group of sportsmen, where there were no additional respiratory loads [5].
Taking into consideration all mentioned above, it is obvious that a purposeful strength, power and endurance of respiration muscles development in hockey is prospective as a reserve of sportsmen's working capacity increase [11-13].
The aim of the research: experimental check of an additional inhalation resistance methodology application at the training process of highly-qualified hockey players.
Research methods and research organization
The research works were held since January, 7, 2017 till February, 20, 2017 on the basis of hockey club KHL "Barys" Astana (6 weeks). 29 highly-qualified hockey players took part in the experiment. 17 players had the position of a forward, 9 players had the position of a defender and 3 players had the position of a goalkeeper.
Training lessons were held every day (except 6 rest days) with the help of individual training simulators Power Breathe Fitness Plus Medium. The training effect was achieved by means of inhalation resistance progressive increase. A training simulator helps to vary the load within the range of 23-186 cmH^O • l • sec. -1, which corresponds to 11 levels of difficulty (table 1.1):
Table ^ 1.1 - Comparative table of the load level
Inhalation resistance, cmH2O • l • sec. -1
Level 0 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6 Level 7 Level 8 Level 9 Level 10
23 39 55 72 88 104 121 137 153 170 186
During the experiment three tests of respiration muscles were held: 7.01.2017, 20.01.2017 and 20.02.2017. The control was fulfilled with the help of special respiratory equipment Power Breathe K5. The essence of test was in one maximum powerful and at the same time maximum deep inhalation. The
apparatus stated the following indices: index of strength, power (l/sec.), volume of inhalation (l).
Since January, 1 till January, 20 11 training lessons were held, which were directed at respiration muscles development (table 1.2):
Date 07.01 08.01 09.01 10.01 11.01 12.01
Inhalations 10 10 10 10 10 10
Series 1 2 2 2 3 3
Load 0 0 0 0 0 0
Date 13.01 14.01 15.01 16.01 17.01 18.01
Inhalations 15 15 30 30 30
Series 2 Rest day 2 1 1 1
Load 0 0 0 0 0 0
Rest day - January, 19, 2017.
Since January, 20 till February, 20 27 training lessons were held, which were directed at muscles of respiration development (table 1.3):
Table 1.3 - Training lessons since January, 20, 2017 till February, 20, 2017
Date 20.01 21.01 22.01 23.01 24.01 25.01 26.01 27.01
Inhalations 10 10 10 10 15 15 15 15
Series 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Load 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Date 28.01 29.01 30.01 31.01 1.02 2.02 3.02 4.02
Inhalations 15 30 30 30 10 10 10 10
Series 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
Load 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
Date 5.02 6.02 7.02 8.02 9.02 10.02 11.02 12.02
Inhalations 10 15 15 15 30
Series 2 Rest day Rest day 2 2 Rest day 2 1
Load 2 2 2 2 2
Date 13.02 14.02 15.02 16.02 17.02 18.02 19.02
Inhalations 30 30 20 20 20 10
Series 1 1 2 2 2 1 Rest day
Load 2 2 2 2 2 3
Research results
The following results were received during the test among KHL hockey players (table 1.4):
Table 1.4 - Resu ts of tests
Indices 7.01.2017 20.01.2017 20.02.2017
Index of strength 129,59 (± 28,59) 147,93 (± 26,09) 153,62 (± 30,25)
Power (l/sec.) 7,15 (± 1,40) 8,04 (± 1,28) 8,21 (± 1,51)
Volume (l) 4,10 (± 0,78) 4,29 (± 0,57) 4,30 (± 0,59)
The results in table 1.4 show the effectiveness of the created program of respiration muscles training. Purposeful training during 2 weeks with two rest days at the load 0 level helped to achieve on the average 13,84% of progress in the index of strength, 11,73% in power and 6,03% in the volume of inhalation. Further 27 trainings during a month with three rest days provided increase of strength index on the average to 10,35%, power to 9,31%, volume of inhalation to 1,28%.
According to the theory of adaptation an intensive increase of indices was after the first two weeks. Then the results progress became slower, however, during 6 weeks of the training lessons a positive dynamics of indices preserves.
Direction of further research works
Positive influence of purposeful training loads on strength, power and volume of inhalation is shown by the described above experiment. Further it is interesting to study the influence of respiration muscles on hockey players' working capacity and on the speed of an urgent and delayed rehabilitation.
References
1. Vinogradov V. E. Rabotosposobnost' i vosstanovitel'nye process stimulyacii v trenirovochnoj i sorevnovatel'noj deyatel'nosti kvalificirovannyh sportsmenov [Working capacity and rehabilitation processes stimulation in training and competitive activity of qualified sportsmen]. Kiev, "Slavutich-Delfin", 2009, 367 p.
2. Kurashvili V. A. Respiratory training simulator POWERbreathe. Vestnik sportivnyh innovacij [Sports innovations bulletin], 2011, No. 30, pp. 18. (in Russian).
3. Mishchenko V. S., Lysenko E.N., Vinogradov V.E. Reaktivnye svojstva kardiorespiratornoj sistemy
kak otrazhenie adaptacii k napryazhennoj fizicheskoj trenirovke v sporte [Reactive characteristics of cardiorespiratory system as the reflection of adaptation to an intensive training load in sport]. Kiev, Naukovyi svit, 2007, 351 p.
4. http://www.eaglesports.ru/blogs/novosti/k-voprosu-o-zabytyh-myshtsah. - Access date: 21.02.2017.
5. Suslina I. V. Dynamics of functional opportunities of sportsmen's respiratory muscles under the influence of the increased loads on breathing. Fizicheskoe vospitanie i sportivnaya trenirovka [Physical upbringing and sports training], 2012, No. 1, pp. 147-154. (in Russian).
6. Chemov V. V., Gritsenko S.L. Functional readiness improvement among athletes- throwers on the basis of resistive-respiratory loads and hypoventilation regimens of breathing use. Uchenye zapiski P.F. Lesgafta [Scientific notes of P.F. Lesgaft University], 2011, No. 10, pp. 187-191. (in Russian).
7. Shamardin A. A. Functional training optimization among young football players in the training cycle on the basis of regulated regimens of breathing use. Uchenye zapiski P.F. Lesgafta [Scientific notes of P.F. Lesgaft University], 2008, No. 11, pp. 101108. (in Russian).
8. Vinogradov V. Комплексне використання мобшзацшних впливiв для стимулювання працездатносп й корекцп стомлення в серп занять, спрямованих на зб№шення аеробних можливостей спортсмешв (на приклащ академiчного веслування). Teoriya i metodika fizicheskoj kul'tury i sporta [Theory and methodology of physical culture and sport], 2007, No. 4, pp. 73-79. (in Russian).
9. Andersson J. P. Diving response and arterial oxygen saturation during apnea and exercise in breath-hold divers. Evropejskij zhurnal prikladnoh fiziologii [Eur. J. Appl. Physiol]. 2002, No. 93, pp. 882-886.
10. Brown P. I., Sharpe G.R., Johnson M.A. Loading of trained inspiratory muscles speeds lactate recovery kinetics. Medicinskie nauchnye sportivnye uprazhneniya [Med. Sci. Sports Exerc]. 2010, No. 6, pp. 1103-1112.
11. Chiappa G. R., Ribeiro J.P., Alves C.N. Inspiratory resistive loading after all-out exercise improves subsequent performance. Evropejskij zhurnal prikladnoh fiziologii [Eur. J. Appl. Physiol]. 2009, No. 2, pp. 297-303.
12. Forbes S., Game A., Syrotuik D. The effect of inspiratory and expiratory respiratory muscle training in rowers. Issledovaniya sportivnoj mediciny [Res. Sports Med]. 2011, No. 4, pp. 217-230.
13. Griffiths L.A., McConnell A.K. The influence of inspiratory and expiratory muscle training upon rowing performance. Evropejskij zhurnal
Submitted: 25.04.2017
prikladnoh fiziologii [Eur. J. Appl. Physiol]. 2007, No. 5, pp. 457-466.
14. Johnson M. A., Sharpe G.R., Brown P.I. Inspiratory muscle training improves cycling time trial performance and anaerobic work capacity but not critical power. Evropejskij zhurnal prikladnoh fiziologii [Eur. J. Appl. Physiol]. 2007, No. 101, pp. 761-770.
15. McConnell A.K. Dyshat' sil'nee, rabotat' luchshe [Breathe strong, perform better]. Champaign, Human kinetics, 2011, 275 p.
16. McConnell A. K. Respiratory Muscle Training. Teoriya i praktika [Theory and Practice]. 2013, pp. 233.
17. Romer L. M., Polkev M.I. Exercise-induced respiratory muscle fatigue: implications for performances. Evropejskij zhurnal prikladnoh fiziologii [J. Appl. Phisiol]. - 2008, No. 104, pp. 879-888.
18. Sheel A. W. Fatiguing inspiratory muscle work causes reflex reduction in resting leg blood flow in humans. Zhurnal fiziologii [J. Physiol]. 2002, No. 537, pp. 277-280.
19. Steinacker J. M., Both M., Whipp B.J. Pulmonary mechanics and entrainment of respiration and stroke rate during rowing. Mezhdunarodnyj zhurnal sportivnoj mediciny [Int. J. Sports Med]. 1993, No. 14, pp. 15-19.
20. Volianitis S. Inspiratory muscle training improves rowing performance. Medicinskie nauchnye sportivnye uprazhneniya [Med. Sci. Sports Exerc]. 2001, No. 33, pp. 803-809.
21. Kuznetsova Z.M., Sergejchev V.N., Glazistov A.V. Patterns of learning, training young hockey players 7-10 years. Pedagogiko-psihologicheskie i mediko-biologicheskie problemy fizicheskoj kul'tury i sporta [Pedagogico-pshycological and medico-biological problems of physical culture and sports], 2007, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 37-51. Available at: http ://www. j ournal-science.org/ru/article/5 3 8.html.
22. Kuznetsov A.S. The question of trainer's and teaching personnel specializing in "Hockey" training. Pedagogiko-psihologicheskie i mediko-biologicheskie problemy fizicheskoj kul'tury i sporta [Pedagogico-pshycological and medico-biological problems of physical culture and sports], 2007, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 17. Available at: http ://www. j ournal-science.org/ru/magazine/48.html.
23. Lisa Forman, Claudia Beiersmann, Claire E. Brolan, Martin McKee, Rachel Hammonds, and Gorik Ooms. What Do Core Obligations under the Right to Health Bring to Universal Health Coverage? Zdorov'e i prava cheloveka /Health and Human Rights]. 2016, Vol. 18, No. 2. (SCOPUS)
24. Lauren Pinault, Tracey Bushnik, Vitali Fioletov, Cheryl E. Peters, Will D. King and Michael Tjepkema. The risk of melanoma associated with ambient summer ultraviolet radiation. Otchety o rabotosposobnosti [Health Reports]. 2017. (SCOPUS)
Received: 30.04.2017
Vladislav E. Zankovets - master ofpedagogics, individual development trainer of "Barys" (Astana) hockey club players and the National team of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 7, str. Kazhymukan, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan, E-mail: [email protected]
For citation: Zankovets V.E. Muscles of respiration in professional hockey, The Russian journal of physical education and sport (pedagogico-psychological and medico-biological problems of physical culture and sports), 2017, Vol. 12, No.2, pp. 155-160.
DOI 10.14526/01_2017_224
PEDAGOGICAL AND MEDICAL-BIOLOGICAL METHODS OF HEALTH CORRECTION AMONG STUDENTS IN TERMS OF COMPLEX INFLUENCE OF
MENTAL AND PHYSICAL LOADS
Alexsandr N. Kovalenko - leading research scientist Eugene V. Bykov - doctor of medical sciences, professor Olga A. Makunina - candidate of biological sciences, associate professor Olga I. Kolomiets - candidate of biological sciences associate professor Ural State University of Physical Culture, 1, str. Ordzhonikidze, Chelyabinsk, 454091, Russia E-mail: [email protected], kolomiec [email protected], [email protected]
Annotation. Students are considered a population resource, which is not only the factor of well-being, but also the factor of country and its regions safety. In terms of ecological situation worsening, when the principles of healthy life style are not followed, the reserves of nervous, endocrine, immune systems are exhausted there is sickness rate (with temporary disability) increase among students of higher educational establishments. Considerable difference between the information about students' health state and their sickness rate is the result, why there are no integrated unified approaches to the received information gathering, analysis and interpretation. Taking into account the peculiarities of studying at physical culture higher educational establishment, the influence of complex mental and physical loads and also the fact, that students are not only professional sportsmen, but also people, who don't go in for sport and physical culture and even young disabled people, it is necessary to create a special health monitoring program, which is based on a system approach to the following characteristics estimation: educational environment conditions, students' life style and social status, individual morphofunctional characteristics of students' organism development, typological peculiarities of nervous system, mental working capacity, physical qualities and it gives an opportunity to realize in practice individual approach to educational process and students' behavior organization. Material. Students' sickness rate study (with temporary disability) at Ural State University of Physical Culture during the following period: 2014-2016 andpedagogical and medical-biological health-improving- correctional programs creation. Research methods: Sickness rate indices with temporary disability (TD) study, severity of diseases, the structure and main reasons of diseases study among students of the leading higher educational establishments in Chelyabinsk according to the rate of medical aid appealability during 2014-2016 on the basis of the state statistical observation form №12, an official form of account №16BH; comparative analysis of sickness rate among the students of three leading higher educational establishments of Chelyabinsk during three years, their dynamics and structure; different methods of correctional programs
