CC BY
8
Section 2. Literature
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/EJLL-17-1-31-33
Laureta Misiri, Msc.
Qendra e Studimeve Albanologjike, Albania E-mail: [email protected]
Multidimensionally modern poetry of Sefulla Maleshova
Abstract: Sefulla Maleshova (nicknamed Lame Kodra), despite his influence on the political life in Albania, was an original poet too. The communist regime of Enver Hoxha made him live alone for the rest of his life, become him a rebel poet, as he liked to call himself. Besides his translations, he was good at poetry, journalism and politics, and an extraordinary intellectual figure ofAlbanian culture.
Keywords: Sefulla Maleshova, modern poetry, creativity, patriot...
Introduction als of his poetry which require sacrifices, he is a master
Sefulla Maleshova published the magazine "The Al- the rhythm rhyme associations. The permeability of his
banian Student", where he published his first verses. Later, he published his first poem in an activity which provided him the leading position in politics, in Albania, after the war. He was the translator of the International, Goethe and Necrasov (from Russian language), or the rebel poet as he liked to call himself. It is observed the sharpness and depth of thought of Lame Kodra through his verses, even though there is only a short volume mainly patriotic ones [1, 11-127]. His creativity is still an undiscovered treasure that primarily serves as a ground to consider that all this knowledge was confined, isolated within prison walls being such a horrible fact. Maleshova should be an example for all young Albanians because of his decisions of telling the truth, believing in good relations with the west nations, but his political views, his concepts were the worst thoughts for dictature, so he suffered the most part of his life.
In the writings of L. Kodra are best distinguished fluent verses like the river flows, we encounter the various phraseological units, and dialect words and the borrowings from different languages, because L. Kodra did have good knowledge of foreign languages so does not lack words with emotional coloration that give even more value to his verses: the ddep love for Albania being a place of dreams, of happy people, of an Albanian state truly democratic development.
His figure was overshadowed and his work was also underestimated by dictatorship as a disident. His poetry with national features, it is so realistic and as simple and moreover as powerful. The symbolism of national ide-
poetry as national life with unique value which has its place of the time when he wrote needs its place in the historiography of Albanian poetry. Appearing classic on the one hand, a democrat in ideas and thoughts on the other hand, Sefulla Maleshova pursued the worst the worst life he could imagine.
He participated in anti Zogist popular movement, known as the "Revolution ofJune 1924". After the triumph of "Fan Noli" Sejfulla Maleshova for about six months worked in the Cabinet, as a secretary of the Prime Minister Fan Noli. When Ahmet Zogu returned to rule with the help of Serbian help, in December 1924, Maleshova, left with Fan Noli abroad. At first he moved to Italy and then to Vienna, Austria, being actively involved in revolutionary movements of the time. In 1926, he joined with other revolutionars, as Ali Kelmendi, Tashko Ko$o, Tajar Zavalani benefited scholarship from the Soviet Government and attending studies for five years.
His poetry is poetry was engaged with the political revolutionary theme, addressed the Albanians in the first place. His first book it was a poetry one, that has left an memory "Stanin e Trebeshines", the poem "Si e dua Shq-iperine?" in the first volume and the only book of poetry in Albania, published by him in 1945 with 21 poems. There are some other poems, published in emigration to "Dielli", "LiriaKombetare", etc. as a sporadic poetry.
He translated poem "Poet and Citizen" from Nekra-sov, Goethe, Gorky, introduced by Nasho Jorgaqi in his Anthology. His first known work of fiction is a poem
published in Italian entitled "Constantine" published in Rome in 1923. Being student in Italy, with Odise Paskali, published the journal "Albanian Student", where poems and first translations of Maleshova are published.
He translated and published a known revolutionary poem of Hajnes, which meant to be one of the few favorite poems of Karl Marx. One the best translations of him it was "Internacionale" of Eugene Potje, the anthem of the international communist movement. In a block of boxes of forgotten secret archives of former "State Security" and no doubt there are dozens of other extinct carelessly, or perhaps hidden, hoping that one may find in the future. However, those poems that have been published, together with the others there are no more than 50 ones.
In the absence of data sources, it is thought that the poet Sejfulla Maleshova during the persecution had abandoned poetry. This was justified by the severe political and spiritual conditions, but also on the grounds that he would never be distinguished as a systematic poet. As Fan Noli and Sejfulla Maleshova created poetry, mainly at times, dictated by socio-political circumstances, but this practice was related to arts and who had high demands on his poetry dealing with a modest balance, a phenomenon known in the history of poetry, which is not determinative in assessing the poet.
What he created is enough to give him a name of honor in Albanian poetry between the two wars. It is known that the poetry of Lame Kodra, became revolutionary ideals in Albanian society, echoing for nearly two decades and widespread in Albania, especially in the young people. Indeed, we have to consider Sejfulla Maleshova as "National Poet" remembering this fact of happening this during years '45 [3, 207].
But what was happening with the poet during the time of persecution [4, 151-153]? This was found to be observed by the writer Nasho Jorgaqi, who argues that the poet in terms of strictness of totalirian dictature, drama and disappointment passing bitterly, the nature of his close life there were almost inaccessible opportunities contacts and information, as an inexhaustible source of creativity.
One thing is correctly known, that he translated for "Naim Frasheri" publishing house, says his friend Nasho Jorgaqi, who found a total of six poems from the original creativity of him. The first poem titled "Our Way" (1946), is the beginning of a poem that had begun to write, but due to suffering from political attack, it was apparently left in the middle. It is a poem written in the spirit of the time, the current political theme, which brings the atmosphere of Albanian life first years after liberation, enthusiasm and work to build the war-torn
Albania. People are involved in voluntary work brigades, who shoveled again and again. The poet feels entirely among themselves and the fully emotional heart sings. The poem is in the wake of political poetry, so the creativity of the poet treated before release. Maleshova will remain faithful to the specialized literature, even after the war would give the example of a militant poetry in the service of their revolutionary ideals. He began writing the poem that is one example of that time.
After three years, although he had changed his political position, as shown by the second manuscript of poetry, the poet participates in the national competition for the "Hymn of the Republic" (1953), where he was presented and won first prize. It is a political poem, faithful to his communist ideal, moreover with rhetorical tone and pathos, he sings republic, aspiration and dream ofhis life. Finally Maleshova poet finds himsel confident in his own right. In 1969 was celebrated the 25th anniversary of Albania's liberation from fascist invaders, and in this occasion the poet wrote two poems, almost the same name "Monument" and "Monuments", and the theme is that of the Anti-fascist National Liberation War, which he sees concrete embedded in an image, such as lapidars raised in memory of the freedom fighters. The last three poems have reached us, explains Professor Nasho Jorgaqi, although they are not written at the same with others.
The most interesting poems "From an unfinished drama", a work that was launched, but was not carried out by the author. It's about the human spirit, a topic treated by poetry through ages, being a meditative poem.
In his concept, the human soul appears as a mik-rouniverse, Himalayan peaks, where the hell and paradise attack each-other. Against this background the man stands as real as the mythical monster and as the same time as a god! Maybe in his first five verses of the poem seems to be the credo of drama, in which the author will reveal his ideas, his philosophy for this universal phenomenon of life, this phenomenon presented by the poet's pen, will convey and experience expounded by the cavalcade of his life.
Another dimension of the poet appears in two other poems, such as the humor. For example "Yes harmonica and drum ..." are humorous verses, the only ones in all his creativity, moments when he tries to laugh and mock the reality of time, stigmatized and whipped him. A great potentially intellectual, he was a polyglot and a talented poet, without excluding excesses and hobbies of his temperament hasty, unrestrained, somewhat biased and rebel.
In the first the poet speaks indirectly by metaphors, the second is direct, on a particular aspect of the life of
the Albanian life. In one the poems is the focus of leaders figure, surrounded by servile followers and servants. He is given like a sultan, an absolute ruler, bound firmly to the desired power and glory and flattery. Spirit makes mocking and stigmatizing poem so much and sarcastic humor. Reminiscent in some ways of Noli's poem "The Sultan and the cabinet", a random coincidence, that has nothing to do with any impact, as the poet, in conditions of isolation where he was, it is unlikely to have known him.
Moreover other poems "Yes harmonica and drum ..." has the same humorous-satirical, but a real reference, because its satire is directed for its servile literature of the time, of which only heard harmonica and drums. In these situations, the poet, breaks harmonica and mandolin but in vain, harmonica and drums voice are roaring, as a monologue with himself, that the author himself would sing and hearing himself at the same time, paradoxically. His poetic verses was and remains a unique voice in poetry, a name as the authentic expression ofthe revolutionary ideals of that generation who fought for national and social freedom, against fascism, dictature and social regression.
And as such, being a true poet, in the decades to come, though that was political asphyxia, noway the system could not hide and lose his poetry. Just recently, accidentally found in the basement of the Interior Ministry a file with the poet's manuscripts, and although it truncated, for which we should be grateful to the director of the archive of the institution Kastriot Dervishi, as a significant discovery. The only evidence so far indicates that the poet continued creating in complete secrecy telling us his phylosophy of life for the readers and admirers of his poetry.
But the attention of the interested critics was attracted especially a notebook thick, with white cover, which
was written separately, in the first half time of writing his original poems, but in the second half, he spen time for the translation of Omar Khayyam's rubaish or rubajatesh. It seems that they were thrown into the notebook in the form of a volume, the poet probably was not ready yet to publish them, leave them as an inheritance or as a souvenir. In fact, inside the notebook there was the original creativity of the six poems, mainly created after liberation in the years 1946-1969. In (1955) Maleshova appears clearly his thought in the poem "Poet", which expresses quite different emotions, thinks from previous creations. After all that has happened, for the first time that keeps frustration inside for a long time it explodes. It is likely to have influenced the liberal climate in Russia after Stalin's death. He declared through his verses that he was not poisoned, or underestimated as a poet, but as a politician, for his ideas, causing him the "wounds of the soul".
A total persecution of a great patriot, the most prominent figure of the Albanian history and culture of Century, Sejfulla Maleshova. It is absurd but true, no cultural activity did not take place for him, no writing paper, no words of gratitude for the honor of this great man, who gave so much for our culture and our country.
Conclusions
During this short observation of the poetic work of Lame Kodra we noted that he wrote closer to the Albanian literary language, simply, but full of strong patriotic verses. We noticed an important place of his literary work especially in patriotic verses, democratic ones, we may consider even though his creativity still uninterpreted, that serves as ground for the further literary studies, moreover as a unique example.
References:
1. Kodra Lame. "Vepra letrare", vellimi I, Argenta LMG, - Tirane, - 1998.
2. Qpi Luan. Sejfulla Maleshova, Intelektuali, poligoti, poeti i talentuar... nje jete ne rrokullime (1/08/2015).
3. Dado Floresha, Letersi e painterpretuar, Bota Shqiptare, - Tirane, - 2010.
4. Yzeiri Ilir, Semiopragmatika e realizmit socialist, (1944-1949), Onufri - 2013.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/EJLL-17-1-34-38
Tahirova Vafa Aghali, Azerbaijan University of Languages (AUL) E-mail: [email protected]
Analysis of Afro-American literature from the View of Multiculturalism (on the works of Sula, Morrion, Tar baby, Mercy written by Tony Morrison)
Abstract: In the early decades of the 20th century, racial injustice and widespread lynching and other types of violence against the Afro-Americans continued to take place. In the context of the colonial era, slavery and immigration are to be regarded as the essential factors of American multiculturalism. In a growing multicultural world, the connections and interactions between individuals become more and more complex. This idea is present throughout Toni Morrison's novels, and especially in Sula, Tar baby and Mercy. In the search ofAfrican American identity, the author comes to conclusion that the survival ofblack people in a white society depends upon their emphasis on loving their own race, their own culture and loving themselves and not to get trapped in white superiority or white standards of beauty.
The article devoted to the study of above-mentioned problems consists of an abstract, an introduction, and subtitles, with the names of the three works subjected to the analysis, each of which is analyzed in details as to the view points of the author of the article. In the "conclusion" the main ideas put forth in the article is represented in the generalized form.
Keywords: multiculturalism, afro-American literature, search of identity, self cognition, cultural identity.
1. Introduction
In the midst of the XX century, increase ofnational traditions turned to the actual problems and as a result of this the term "multiculturalism" entered literature. This term, having entered the political sphere in the widest sense of meaning began to serve the protection of distinctive cultures and principles of their development, including the recognition of the rights of different races, ethnic and cultural groups. The idea of "Multiculturalism" contradicted to the idea of "melting pot", namely, to the conception of puncturing of all the cultures. Differentiation in the composition of American population has always been one of the factors seriously influencing on American literature. The fact that American literature is different from other national literatures is as to the ethnic and racial differentiation which American literature composes. United States is a multi-cultural society in which reside the people of European, African, Latin American origin. At the last decade of the XX century literature of local residents-literature of American Indians written in the English language, literature of American minorities, literature of Chicanos, including Asian-American literature began to be formulated and spread widely. We may say the richest layer of American literature consists of Afro-American literature. Just for this reason it is necessary to study the American literature from the aspect of Multiculturalism prism. Mul-
ticultural literature is a piece of literature where the main character and story revolves around a person who is one of the members of major minority groups such as African American, Latino, Native American, Asian Americans and also women, handicapped individuals, and individuals with different sexual preferences.
If we take this determination as the main one, the works of Tony Morrison, are the novels, reflecting multiculturalism in the modern society of USA in the real sense of meaning. In all his novels the ancient past of American people, their traditions and myths take place in a certain degree. Racial theme is nearer to Tony Morrison's creative activity, though in the course ofhis creative activity, his attitude to this problem changes. Tony Morrison gradually passes from the racial problem, to the problems, created in the own atmosphere of Afro Americans.
Despite the fact that Afro-American literature possesses distinctive, mixed, class varieties, the author managed protecting its roots, genre and stylistic features and developed its original prosaic paradigm. Consequently, Afro-American literature today is distinguished by its unique aesthetics value. The status of Afro-American literature found its affirmation. Resulting at last by the fact that Tony Morrison was considered worth of Nobel Prize in 1993. In Tony Morrison's works the idea of ethnic self-cognition found its reflection. He addressed to this theme for the
