Motor function development estimation among pre-school children Текст научной статьи по специальности «Фундаментальная медицина»

DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2019-14-2-103-109 Motor function development estimation among pre-school children

Rinat M. Gimazov*, Olesya A. Abdurakhmanova, Artem V. Rembeza, Lubov A.

Panko

Surgut State Pedagogical University Surgut, Russia ORCID: 0000-0001-5200-2321, [email protected]* ORCID: 0000-0002-4390-4881, [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-2900-8554, [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-9931-3642, [email protected]

Abstract: The questions of many-sided and harmonious development of pre-school children are still very urgent during their physical development achievement. One of the most important conditions for life capacity support for a person is necessary balance of motor actions (postural steadiness). A vertical position keeping becomes a global test of a person's motor function. The main method of body oscillations analysis in a vertical position is stabilometry. It can say how a person's motor system functions, how it is regulated, changes under the influence a purposeful organized pedagogical process. The aim of the research is to compare motor function development among healthy children and children with serious speech pathologies using the method of stabilometry. Research methods. Information sources analysis and summarizing, computer stabilometry, methods of mathematical parametric and non-parametric statistics. Results. Theoretical base of the held research is the concept of motor objectives gradual solution at the levels of nervous system during movements construction. The results of stabilometric study among pre-school children reveal the best values of kinesthetic sensitivity and muscle synergy among children with serious speech pathologies in comparison with healthy children's indices. The research revealed that healthy children, who have higher level of physical readiness, show lower level of movements regulation from subcortical level of nervous system in comparison with the level of movements regulation among children with serious speech pathologies. Conclusion. Differences revelation in kinesthetic sensitivity and muscle synergy values among the examined pre-school children seems to be paradoxical. The research helped to prove the value of new knowledge of mechanisms of movements creation for the pedagogical process and define some problems. The solution of these problems can lead to more controlled motor function development among the oncoming generation, especially among pre-schoolchildren.

Keywords: stabilometry, kinesthetic sensitivity, muscle synergy, 6-7 year-old children, motor function.

For citation: Rinat M. Gimazov, Olesya A. Abdurakhmanova, Artem V. Rembeza, Lubov A. Panko. Motor function development estimation among pre-school children. The Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2019; 14(2): 87-92. DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2019-14-2-103-109

Introduction method of body oscillations analysis in a vertical

Physical culture teacher's professional activity position is stabilometry. It can say how a person's at a pre-school establishment is regulated by motor system functions, how it is regulated, Federal state educational standard of pre-school changes under the influence a purposeful organized education [1]. The questions of many-sided and pedagogical process.

harmonious development of pre-school children are The aim of the research is to compare motor still very urgent during their physical development function development among healthy children and achievement [13,14,15]. One of the most important children with serious speech pathologies by means conditions for life capacity support for a person of stabilometry method. is necessary balance of motor actions (postural

steadiness). A person's postural steadiness study, Materials and methods held by Russian and foreign scientists, prove that Muscle regulation of voluntary movements a vertical position keeping becomes a global test of study among pre-school children with the help a person's motor function [2,9,10,11,12]. The main of stabilometric computerized «Stabilo-MBN»

complex (produced by LLC "Scientific-medical MBN company" in Moscow, Russia) for balance function, motor diseases diagnostics and active rehabilitation. For oscillations analysis of pressure center in a vertical stand of a person we used the method, which is discussed in patent on an invention [3,7,8]. For motor function changes estimation we used Romberg test in European stand with open and closed eye and also forward-rearward movements test with straight body and closed eyes in a European stand. Each test lasted 51 seconds. Then the respondent fulfilled 30 squattings within one minute and then stabilometric study of three tests was held again. Children from two pre-school establishments preparatory groups took part in the research: infant school "Malvina" (40 children-the 4th year of study) and infant school "Kosmos" (26 people). In infant school "Kosmos" there were children with speech disorders and who study only the 2nd year at the establishment.

Results and Discussion

Theoretical basis of the held research is the concept of motor objectives gradual solution at the levels of nervous system during movements construction [4,5,6]. The main notions in the mentioned conception are the following: "motor abilities", "motor abilities characteristics", "motor objectives", "cortical and sub-cortical levels of nervous system". The notion "ability" is understood as the conditions for some order start or the set of actions. They are necessary for some motor task

Table 1 - Kinesthetic sensitivity threshold values (the average cross- AFC (amplitude-frequency characteristic) 3 max vertical (kg x Hz)A1/2) among healthy children and children with serious speech pathologies

realization. A person's motor abilities form the set of organismic (body and psychic) conditions for movements construction. In terms of it the order of motor tasks realization is provided. The features of motor abilities should be considered as the result of motor objectives during movements construction at nervous system levels [5]. The values of muscle synergy and kinesthetic sensitivity were analyzed. They belong to the features of a person's nervous system- thalamo-pallidum sub-cortical level motor abilities. Muscle synergies are understood like the result of the demanded tensions and relaxations of skeletal muscles coordination with the appearing inner and outer powers. Kinesthetic sensitivity is the result of skeletal muscles tensions and /or relaxations economy achievement during movement production. During the process of body movements and movements in the formed motor actions construction nervous system of a person would use sub-cortical level of construction. It means that the level of muscle synergy and kinesthetic sensitivity functioning influences directly the quality of motor actions mastering. Thus, the level of muscle synergy and kinesthetic sensitivity revelation by means of stabilometry method can demonstrate the differences in motor tasks realization during movements construction among healthy children and children with serious speech pathologies.

Table 1 and picture 1 present the results of the revealed values of kinesthetic sensitivity threshold.

Data Romberg test before the load Romberg test after a standard load of 30 squattings within 1 minute

EO, Xav±o EC, Xav±o OEC, Xav±o EO, Xav±o EC, Xav±o OEC, Xav±o

Healthy children (n=40) 0,21± 0,06 0,23± 0,06 0,26± 0,08 0,24± 0,04 0,23± 0,06 0,29± 0,09

Children with serious speech pathologies (n=26) 0,18± 0,07 0,17± 0,07 0,19± 0,08 0,19± 0,05 0,22± 0,06 0,21± 0,08

W, Wilcoxon, P<0,05 696 660 626 614 - 599

Van der Waerden, P<0,05 8,632 11,16 12,07 13,31 - 12,89

T, Student test, P<0,05 2,012 2,909 3,285 3,796 - 3,378

Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion, р<0,05 - 0,3712 0,4538 0,3923 - 0,4231

Notes: EO - eyes open, EC - eyes closed, OEC - oscillating body straight back and forth eyes closed

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Picture 1 - Comparative data of kinesthetic sensitivity values according to median of samplings among healthy children (infant school Malvina, n=40) and children with serious speech

pathologies (infant school Kosmos, n=26) Глаза открыты-eyes open Глаза закрыты-eyes closed Статический баланс-static balance Динамический баланс-dynamic balance До нагрузки-before the load После нагрузки-after the load Мальвина, д/с 81 - Malvina, infant school 81 Космос, д/с 24-Kosmos, infant school 24 Среднее кросс-АЧХ 3max vertical (кгхГц) )л1/2 characteristic) 3 max vertical (kgxHz)Ai/2

The less kinesthetic sensitivity threshold is, the higher is the economy of tensions and/or relaxations of skeletal muscles during movements production. It means that nervous system better solves motor objective "efficiently" during the process of motor actions formation. The results of stabilometric study

the average cross- AFC (amplitude-frequency

and reveal the best values of kinesthetic sensitivity among children with serious speech pathologies in comparison with kinesthetic sensitivity indices among healthy children.

The results of the revealed muscle synergy values are presented by table 2 and picture 2. among pre-school children are statistically valid

Table 2 -Muscle synergy values (PFD, c.u./ the average cross- AFC 3 max vertical, (kgxHz)Ai/2) among healthy children and children with serious speech pathologies

Data Romberg test before the load Romberg test after a standard load of 30 squattings within 1 minute

EO, Xav±o ЕС, Xav±o ОЕС, Xav±o ЕО, Xav±o ЕС, Xav±o ОЕС Xav±o

Healthy children (n=40) 172,2±88,80 123,1±117,04 70,6±32,33 120,6±42,87 108,1±62,45 70,5±29,13

Children with serious speech pathologies (n=26) 195,5±133,95 184,6±174,95 106,4±52,6I 151,1±96,41 102,3±52,33 105,8±49,70

W, Wilcoxon, P<0,05 - 1005 1088 - - 1088

Van der Waerden, P<0,05 - 7,234 11,55 - - 11,97

T, Student test, p<0,05 - - 3,105 - - 3,257

F, Fisher's test, p<0,05 - 2,234 2,649 5,057 - 2,909

Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion, P<0,05 - - 0,4019 - - 0,4231

Notes: EO - eyes open, EC - eyes closed, OEC - oscillating body straight back and forth eyes closed

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Picture 2 - Comparative data of muscle synergy values according to median of samplings among healthy children (infant school Malvina, n=40) and children with serious speech pathologies (infant school

Kosmos, n=26)

Глаза открыты-eyes open Глаза закрыты-eyes closed Статический баланс-static balance Динамический баланс-dynamic balance До нагрузки-before the load После нагрузки-after the load Мальвина, д/с 81 - Malvina, infant school 81 Космос, д/с 24-Kosmos, infant school 24

ПФР, усл.ед./ cреднее кросс-АЧХ 3max vertical (кгхГц) )л1/2- PFD, c.u. /average cross- AFC (amplitude-frequency characteristic) 3 max vertical (kgxHz)Ai/2

The higher muscle synergy indices are, the more coordinated tensions and relaxations of skeletal muscles are and the better nervous system takes into consideration all possible appearing inner and outer powers during movements construction.

Maximum vivid character (statistically valid) of the best solution of motor objective "coordinated" have children with serious speech disorders during dynamically distinct motor actions formation in comparison with the actions among healthy

children.

The research revealed that healthy children, who go in for organized physical culture lessons at an infant school since 3-4 years-old, by the age of 6-7 show lower level of movements regulation, controlled by sub-cortical level of nervous system. 6-7 year-old children from "KOSMOS" infant school, who took part in the experiment and who have serious speech disorders, study the 2nd year at an infant school. They have a low level of physical readiness. For example, the results of standing long-jump among them is 116,87±13,48 cm (xav±o), in the group of healthy children from infant school "Malinka" the result was the following: 127,09±14,27 (xav±o) cm (Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion =0,4657, p=0,02055). The fact that children with serious speech disorders have lower physical readiness indices, is objectively seen in the published articles and scientific reviews [6, 7, 8]. In terms of such results new research questions appear. The question of testing conditions similarity for children is not urgent, as testing was held in accordance with necessary requirements for stabilometric study organization. The first question is the following: How do physical culture lessons or other activity influence on motor system formation and development among pre-school children during their pre-school education? It is a well-known fact that children with serious speech pathologies have additional lessons with speech therapists and speech pathologists. It means that they have additional brain and effectors training in mastering body abilities and healthy children don't have such lessons. The second question is the following: Is it possible to estimate the effectiveness of the organized physical culture lessons at an infant school according to functioning criteria of motor abilities of sub-cortical and cortical nervous system level? How should we continue orientation to children's physical readiness level development? Though it is known that the fact of maximum physical abilities demonstration in motor tests is not always valuable. It is more important to fulfill motor tasks at a maximum accurate constant level. It means that it is important to solve successfully the range of motor tasks in a mastered motor action. The third problem is the following: the problem of social demands

combination with children's physical qualities development and taking into account the objective regularities of motor function development [9].

CONCLUSION

Stabilometry as comparatively young method of a person's posturological function study becomes popular among scientists, who study motor function. The revealed differences in the studied values of kinesthetic sensitivity and muscle synergy among the examined pre-school children seem to be paradoxical. It was expected that healthy children would have higher level of motor abilities functioning. But the indices of children with serious speech pathologies turned out to be higher, which was proved statistically. The research helped to prove the value of new knowledge of mechanisms of movements creation for the pedagogical process and define some problems. The solution of these problems can lead to more controlled motor function development among the oncoming generation, especially among pre-schoolchildren.

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Submitted: 24.04.2019 Author's information:

Rinat M. Gimazov - Candidate of Pedagogics, Associate Professor, Surgut State Pedagogical University, 628400, Russia, Surgut, 50 let VLKSM str., House 10/2, e-mail: [email protected]

Olesya A. Abdurakhmanova - Post-graduate, Surgut State Pedagogical University, 628400, Russia, Surgut, 50 let VLKSM str., House 10/2, e-mail: [email protected]

Artem V. Rembeza - Master, Surgut State Pedagogical University, 628400, Russia, Surgut, 50 let VLKSM str., House 10/2, e-mail: [email protected]

Lubov A. Panko - Student, Surgut State Pedagogical University, 628400, Russia, Surgut, 50 let VLKSM str., House 10/2, e-mail: [email protected]