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Section 3. Philology
Yagumova Nuriet Shumafovna, Adyghe State Universityy candidate, of philology, assistant professor, E-mail: [email protected] Bogus Zamira Aslanovna, candidate, of philology, assistant professor, Adyghe State University,
MOTIVATIONAL ATTRIBUTE AS A FACTOR IN THE NOMINATION OF PHYTONYMIC VOCABULARY
Abstract: Motivational properties of botanical terms are examined as a product of the ordinary cognitive nomination in the languages with different systems, the motivational and nominative signs of which in the English and Adyghe languages are various.
Keywords: Phytonyms, nomination, motivational properties, terminology, cognitive, ordinary.
In modern linguistics, the study of language is becoming increasingly important not only as a means of communication, but also as a factor determining the laws of the nomination of reality. The motivational attributes that underlie the names of the surrounding reality represent one of the most complex and interesting problems in the theory of the nomination of phytonymic vocabulary of different-system languages.
In this case, the languages to be compared belong to different groups of languages: English language - to Indo-European languages, Adyghe -to Ibero-Caucasian languages.
The need for such studies is determined by the urgency of the development of new directions in anthropological linguistics, the anthropocentric approach to language as a phenomenon of culture in the context of linguocultural problems, and the emergence of a cognitive approach to their analysis and description. This approach revises the traditional problems of terminology and forms an opposition
to the scientific and rational description of botanical terminology.
Modern linguistics always shows a special interest in the problems associated with the study of terms and individual terminology. The presence of such interest is determined by the special role that terminology plays in the system of modern knowledge, in all practical human activities.
Of great importance are the studies of termino-poles and nomenclatures, in which the questions of the structure of lexical units, the formation of their denotative and derivational meaning, are brought to the forefront. Similar work is carried out in the mainstream of cognitive linguistics and allows a new approach to understanding of private and common terminology.
The term "nomination", like many other linguistic terms, belongs to the number of many-valued terms. It can be used dynamically, denoting the process of naming, and in the static, denoting the result, the name itself. In this article the term "nomination" is used in
both meanings, both for designating the naming method, and for designating the name of plants. Thus, it can be stated that the term "nomination" traditionally combines two phenomena: the process of creating a nominative unit and the result of this process, i.e. the nominative unit itself, which implies the continuity of these phenomena and their interdependence.
Natural language is the main means of understanding the surrounding reality. A person, learning objects and phenomena, gives them names, at the same time new concepts are formed, certain relationships are established between them, feelings are expressed, estimates and various intentions are determined. Language, being multifunctional, giving names to things and phenomena, generalizes and differentiates their properties and relations, preserves and transmits social and historical experience, which is reflected in the meanings and denominations of language units.
The isolation of extralinguistic features is, to a certain extent, automated, dictated by the general laws of the reflection of the world by man.
So, in particular, if you take the phytonym, they are distinguished by a large number of names that fix the color and form of reality. This is due to the fact that it is impressions of color and form, as well as visual impressions, that appear when people perceive objects by the most informative signs that are easily noted by consciousness.
The phytonymic vocabulary of the language, like any other vocabulary, is a form of objectifying the linguistic consciousness of different generations of people. Consequently, the choice of linguistic sign for the name of an object is determined by the level of individual and public consciousness of a given language community, a unique way of life, national and cultural traditions, and the specific social and natural conditions of human life.
Every concrete object or phenomenon of the surrounding world has a whole system of properties and various connections that form in the human mind rather complex denotative associations
Here it is essential to determine how the perception of individual fragments of flora by a person is reflected in semantic and lexical categories. This is revealed in the nomination process, as a result of which the naming object, concept and linguistic sign interact logically.
The signs of the nomination are usually very specific, they are recognized by the native speakers and are perceived in relation to a certain plant as highly individual.
In the studied languages, the names of plants are determined by their characteristic features, both significant and accidental. It is known that the process of naming is carried out on the basis of the allocation of a certain feature of the subject. Here it is appropriate to recall once again the words of L. Feuerbach that "the name is a distinctive sign, some conspicuous sign, which I make the representative ofthe object, characterizing the object, to imagine it in its totality."
The everyday cognitive nomination of phyt-onyms of the English and Adyghe languages is determined by the specific features of the ordinary consciousness of the nominator, in which one can single out a practical relation to reality, including the aesthetic approach.
One of the most common methods of nomination in both English and Adyghe languages is the way to express the motivational attribute with a word in its direct meaning.
Under the primary nomination we mean the primitive nomination, realized in modern language as non-derivative; under the secondary nomination - a derivative nomination, formed due to the rethinking of ready-made language units acting in the secondary functions.
The phytonymic space of the English and Adyghe languages is a representative nominative field consisting of root, simple and derivatives, as well as composites and word combinations that make up complex structures.
The group under discussion consists of simple names, most of which have lost feature markers of
nomination, representing the oldest fund for naming plants.
The object of our research in this case is the motivational justification of the nominative attributes "color" and "aletic" in the English and Adyghe complex structure names of phytonyms, both nominal composites and nominal word combinations that can be interpreted directly nominally, with a clearer nomination and implicitly, with a darkened nomination, when it is impossible to identify the motivational-nominative attribute of the plant.
Motivational sign "color" in the studied languages refers to the sphere of assessments-affections or parametric features, which is intended to determine the spectral-color coloration of phytonyms. Structural features of phytonymic names with this motivational attribute refer to both endo- and exocen-tric complex-structural names. In both endocentric formations, both the modifier and the supporting component are not metaphorized, or only the modifier that can have a portable metaphorized meaning expressed by names with different denotative orientation is metaphorized.
Motivational characteristic is usually denoted by a modifier that has a transparent motivation and, as a rule, being an expressed adjective, performs the function of determination. The reference component is transferred by the name of the plant.
These examples of endocentric formations with a definition show that the motivation of phytonyms in endocentric formations is predominantly determined by colors. We give a number of examples: scarlet pimpernel "polevoy ochny tsvet" - field fulltime color - a common and wide-spread creeping annual which has long been known as a combined sundial and weather-glass, opening its red petals at about 8 a.m. and shutting them out at two in the afternoon or if the weather becomes dull or wet Flora Britannica [5, 173]; blackthorn "tern" - a thorn of the plum Flora Britannica [5, 197]; yellow wort "zelenka" -a Eurasian clover with reddish-purple flowers (Webster, 1996: 2971); white-beam "ryabina
ariya" - the opening leaves of white-beam -conical and white-coated are like magnolia buds just before they bloom Flora Britannica [5, 207], etc.
Below are examples of exocentric formations of the motivational attribute "color" in which the modifier can have a direct or metaphorized value, and a list of examples: silver birch "bereza belaya " -an exquisite tree, white-trunked, airily leaved, rich in bide-life Flora Britannica [5, 84]; blue-bell "kolo-kolchik"- the sight of sheets of blue-bell's 'wash wet like lakes' under opening woodland leaves is one of our great wild-flower spectacles Flora Britannica [5, 412]; beef wood "kazuarina"- a tree so called from its red color (Webster, 1996: 2444); golden larch "listvennitsa lozhnaya"- a Chinese coniferous tree with golden -yellow deciduous leaves (Webster, 1996: 1075); red-necked-nightjar "krasnosheiny ko-zodoy"; white-lotus-of-Egypt "yegipetsky lotos"
(lit.: "white lotus of Egypt"); blue-winged locust
"pustynnitsa obiknovennaya" (lit.: "blue-winged robinia"); black foxtail "lisokhvost mishekhvos-tikovydny " (lit.: "black foxtail^j; purple foxglove "naperstyanka purpurnaya"; green foxtail "schetin-nik zeleny"; satin oak "atlasny dub" etc.
In the Adyghe language, the semantic model of the motivational attribute "color-name" is also a fairly common sign. Color is one of the ancient representative features underlying the name of plants, the distinctive features of which were their coloration. This is due to the role of color-based phytonyms in human life.
In most cases, this motivational attribute is realized on a material of complex structural names consisting of a supporting component and a modifier. The modifier of this motivational attribute usually stands in the postposition. The analysis shows that the supporting components are represented by the following species and generic plant names: pshes-sen "nettle", lantche "maple", dgench "beans", khaby "pumpkin" etc., and the modifiers are expressed mainly in the following colors: pshessenkolen "nettle" (pshessen "nettle" + kolen "motley"); dgench fizhy
"white beans" (dgench "beans" + fyzhy "white"); saney plyzh 'red currants"; natrif plyzh "corn red"; gubgeutsshkhegozh "tansy" (gubgeuts "field grass"+ + shkhegozh "yellow head"); shybzhy shoots "black pepper" (shybzhy "pepper" + shoots "black").
Speaking of the motivational sign "aletic" in English, it should be noted that at all times, living in contact with nature, English-speaking people had to be able to distinguish between true plants and their false similarities. Plants that belonged to prototypical plants had undeveloped useful qualities, which later were cultivated and successfully used in everyday life. The markers of true / cultivated plants were adjectives common / true and false / uncultivated -false. We give a number of examples: common comfrey "okopnic" - "comfrey" - a bushy perennial with bristly leaves and spear-shaped, reticulated leaves Flora Britannica [5, p. 307]; false-acacia "robinia lzheacasia" - has been much planted as an ornamental tree in town parks and streets, and to a lesser extent in large gardens and village greens in the countryside Flora Britannica [5, p. 218]; common vetch "goroshek posevnoy" -"peas"; false vetch "hosakia americanskaya " (lit.: "false peas"); common flax "len obyknovenny" - "flax ordinary"; false flax "ryzhic" (lit.: "false flax"); common banana "banan desertny" - "dessert banana"; false banana "azimina trekhlopastnaya" (lit.: "false banana"); common elm "vyaz polevoy" - "elm field"; false John's wort "zveroboy pronzenny" (lit.: "false St. John's wort"); common wheat "pshenitsa myag-kaya" - "soft wheat".
As supporting components are the generic-species phytonyms acacia, vetch, flax, wheat, etc.
In the Adyghe language there are also phyt-onyms, which in appearance and in the place of their growth resemble other plants, which are called false plants and have exactly the opposite qualities. Actually, the true names of plants that form opposition to the names of false plants are very few. It can be assumed that in this case the true plants act as fact-fixing names and do not contain clear estimated values.
In the Adyghe language, information about the false nature of plants is transmitted directly to the nominative lexicon of "false". Indirect nomination is seen in a number of individual names ofphytonyms with modifiers expressing the names of animals, for example, khe "dog", which, in all probability, carries a sometimes negative connotation and is a marker of the motivational trait of a wild plant. Here we also include the names of plants with the modifier shef "shady", which, from our point of view, due to their latent features, tend more to false plants. We give a number of examples: dgench nepts "convolvulus" (dgench "string beans" + nepts "false"); khakuzh "dogrose" (kha "dog" +kuzh "pear"); psayesheff "yew yew" (psaye "fir" + shef "shady"); bzhynyfsheff "goose onion" (bzhynyf "garlic" + sheff "shady"); pkhysheff "carrot" (pkhy "carrot" + sheff "shady"); khakeler "lily of the valley" (kha "dog " + keler "leek"); khad-gench "horse beans" (kha "dog" + dgench "string beans"); khodezhy "acorn" (kho "pig" + dezhy "hazelnut"); khoghin "thistle" (kho "pig" + ghin "grass").
As the supporting components are the generic-species phytonyms: kuzh "pear", dgench "bean", pkhy "carrot" and others.
A comparative analysis of motivational signs "color" and "aletic" in the English and Adyghe languages revealed certain similarities and differences in the motivational and nominative aspect.
Plant names in the context of motivational characteristics are complex structures that differ in similar nominative features.
The revealed fragments of the phytonymic field, represented by phytonymic formations in the matched languages, on the whole confirm the universality of these motivational characteristics and their common cultural and historical place in the phytonymic space.
The nominative-semantic space in each language is built prototypically. The main majority of these names refer to the botanical nomenclature as a product of the ordinary nomination, which is an integral part of the naive language picture of the world.
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