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MEDICAL SCIENCES
UDC: 611.316
Shadlinski Vagif Bilas, Abdullayev Anar Sardar
doctor in medicine, professor Azerbaijan Medical University, Department of Human anatomy, head of department, member of RAMS, associate professor, PhD in Medicine Azerbaijan Medical University,
Department of Human anatomy,
MORPHOLOGY OF THE FETAL LABIAL SALIVARY GLANDS
Abstract.
Currently, there is insufficient data emanating from a comprehensive study of the labial salivary glands throughout the prenatal period; if we take into account the involvement of the labial glands in many immune processes of the oral cavity, it would be interesting to trace the development of these glands in prenatal ontogenesis.
The aim of the investigation was to study the morphological features of the labial salivary glands in the early part of fetal period. For microscopic examination, preparations taken from the upper and lower lips of 18 fetuses were used. The material, for the purpose of a comprehensive study, was also divided into the following age categories: fetuses of 3-4 months (n=6), 5 months (n=5), 6 months (n=7). The rudiments of the glands of the mucous membrane of the upper lip are complex tubular-alveolar; their acini also in some cases have narrow lumens. In other cases, the lumens in them are not detected.
Key words: labial salivary glands, fetuses, prenatal period, number and area of the salivary glands, secretory parts, rudiments of the glands.
The study of the development of the labial salivary glands in the prenatal period, especially aspects relating to their topography and quantitative parameters are very important not only in theoretical but also in clinical terms. The obtained data on the earliest patterns of localization of these glands allows to clinicians to understand the features of their relationship with the blood vessels and nerves of a given area in the adult period [1, p.39-43; 2, p.328-336]. Studying the literature data on the structural features of the labial salivary glands in the prenatal period, first of all it should be noted that researches of this kind are rather small in number [3, p.23-32; 4, p.316-321]. Currently, there is insufficient data emanating from a comprehensive study of the labial salivary glands throughout the prenatal period; if we take into account the involvement of the labial glands in many immune processes of the oral cavity, it would be interesting to trace the development of these glands in prenatal ontogenesis. In general, there are relatively more research papers devoted to the structural features of the small glands of the oral cavity of other localizations than the labial glands. It should be noted works on the morphology of the palatal, lingual, cheek glands [5, p.123-126; 6, p.167-177; 7, p.312-316; 8, p.107-117]. Especially there is little data on the structural and quantitative properties of the labial salivary glands in the early stages of the fetal period; but it is in this time interval that the basic laws of the formation and functioning of these organs are laid.
The aim of the investigation was to study the morphological features of the labial salivary glands in the early part of fetal period.
Material and methods. For microscopic examination, preparations taken from the upper and lower lips of 18 fetuses were used. The material, for the purpose
of a comprehensive study, was also divided into the following age categories: fetuses of 3-4 months (n=6), 5 months (n=5), 6 months (n=7). Preparations for the study were taken respectively from the medial and lateral sections of both lips.Taking into account the specifics of the forthcoming study, the pieces intended for light-optical study were fixed in a 10% solution of acid formalin, dehydrated in alcohols of ascending concentration and housed into paraffin. Microtome sections with a thickness of 5 ^m were stained both with trivial histological (hematoxylin-eosin, van Gie-son's stain, thionin) and selective histochemical methods (PAS-reaction). The arithmetic data obtained was subjected to statistical processing by methods of variation statistics. The nonparametric Wilcoxon U-test (Mann-Whitney) was used.
The results of the investigation and their discussion. At fetuses of 3-4 months are found the rudiments of small salivary glands in the form of tubes, cords and lumps round and oval in size up to 0.3 mm. These glands have no lumens, filled with epithelial cells. However, in sections of the mucous membrane near the angles of mouth, there are single tubular glands, in cross sections of which there are well-distinguished, comparatively either wide, or narrow lumens. The total number of rudiments of the small salivary glands of the lips at this age is different and varies within fairly wide limits. At fetuses 3-4 months, the number of glands of the upper lip reaches 61.67; the minimum number is 51, and the maximum is 78. The number of glands in the lower lip in this period is 71.0 (42-91). At fetuses at the age of 5 months, the rudiments of the forming small salivary glands are located in the region of the upper and lower lips, where they lie as two rows on either side of the mouth slit along the branching vessels and nerves. One of them, a longer row, is lo-
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cated closer to the free edge of the lips, and the other, shorter - to the fold between mucosa of lips and mucosa which covers forming bones. Both rows of the small salivary glands of the lips are located in the submucosal layer and at the level of the angles of mouth without sharp boundaries pass into the group of the glands of the anterior cheek. Single specimens of forming small salivary glands are found in the angles of mouth, where they lie near the muscle bundles. The total number of the upper labial glands is 65.8 (51-85), and the lower labial glands 74.6 (45-96). The area of the upper and lower labial glands in fruits of 5 months is 0.099cm2 and 0.089cm2, respectively. The area of the upper labial salivary glands is statistically larger than the same parameter of lower lip (p <0.01). There is also a significant increase in the area of the labial salivary glands in the fetuses of 5 months with an area of the glands of the previous month, which is of statistical significance by the Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney) criterion (p <0.01).
In the fetuses of 6 months all over the lips, the small salivary glands are in various stages of formation. In our preparations some of these glands are with formed secretory parts and relatively wide excre-
tory ducts. In others, although they have more or less expressed acinar sections, not all of their lobuli are completely formed: some of them have the form of a cap of a fungus or ampoule-like extensions located in the initial section of the main excretory duct or on its side branches, while others consist of randomly arranged curved tubes of various sizes. Such rudimentary glands are especially found in the lower lip. The secretory parts of the glands of the lower lip are tubular-alveolar, some of which have well-defined narrow lumens. In other cases, only clusters of epithelial cells are found in these areas. In the cytoplasm of epithelial cells, polar differentiation is clearly visible. The nuclei are usually large, with a rugged surface, which gives them an irregular shape. The rudiments of the glands of the mucous membrane of the upper lip are complex tubular-alveolar; their acini also in some cases have narrow lumens. In other cases, the lumens in them are not detected. The initial sections of the rudiments of glands are sometimes lined with high prismatic epithelium, and glandular epithelium cells occasionally have vacuolated cytoplasm. The stroma around the glands contains many capillaries and nerve endings.
Table of ratios of the number and area of the salivary glands of the upper and lower lips in 6-month
fetuses.
The salivary glands The parts of lips Total
(n=7) Medial Lateral
Upper lip 42.43 (34-58) 31.43 (15-41) 73.86 (63-87)
p1 <0.05
P3 Statistically not significant Statistically not significant Statistically not significant
Number of glands Lower lip 38.29 (32-44) 45.71 (37-59) 84.0 (69-95)
p1 Statistically not significant
P2 Statistically not significant <0.05 <0.05
P3 <0.05 Statistically not significant Statistically not significant
Upper lip 0.105 (0.1012-0.1078) 0.115 (0.1121-0.1167) 0.109 (0.1074-0.1115)
p1 <0.001
Area P3 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
(square centimeter) Lower lip 0.110 (0.1067-0.1124) 0.103 (0.0996-0.1095) 0.106 (0.1033-0.1107)
p1 <0.01
P2 <0.01 <0.001 <0.01
P3 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Note: p - the statistical significance of the differences in the corresponding indices of the salivary glands of the lip according to the Wilcoxon criterion (Mann-Whitney) : pi - the middle and angle of the lip; p2 - upper and lower lip; p3 - 5 and 6-month fetuses.
As mentioned, the structural and digital data of the labial salivary glands of fetuses have a certain interest in understanding all the subsequent topographic features of these glands. Histochemical features of the glands are detected in the early stages of development, while the acinar departments are PAS-positive [3, p.23-32]. The identification of stages in the fetal peri-
od of development of the labial glands, in our opinion, is undoubtedly a very positive trend [1, p.39-43]; although the authors, unfortunately, have limited the material for the study (up to 26 weeks of intrauterine development). As we have indicated, an increase in the number of labial salivary glands and the area occupied by them is observed throughout the entire fetal
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period; which is consistent with the data [9, p.36-40]. Moreover, a detailed study of the period of fetal development, the division of this period into smaller parts provides a great opportunity to study the patterns of topography and functioning of the labial salivary glands. This is very important for further planning and forecasting the development of not only the labial salivary glands, but also the mucous membrane of the lips as a whole.
References.
1. Muller M, Jasmin J.R, Monteil R.A, Loubiere R. Embryology and secretory activity of labial salivary glands. Journal de Biologie Buccale, 1991, vol.19, № 1, p.39-43.
2. Rogers R.S. 3rd, Bekic M. Diseases of the lips. Semin Cutan Med. Surg, 1997, vol.16, № 4, p.328-336.
3. Samar ME, Avila RE, de Ferraris RV, de Fabro SP. Embryogeny of human labial glands: a structural, ultrastructural and cytochemical study. Acta Odontol Latinoam. 1993; 7 (2): 23-32.
4. Martins MD, Cavalcanti de Araujo V, Raitz R, Soares de Araujo N. Expression of cytoskeletal
proteins in developing human minor salivary glands. Eur J Oral Sci, 2002 Aug; 110 (4): 316-321.
5. Gargiulo A.M. A lectin histochemical study of gustatory (von Ebner's) glands of the horse tongue. Anatomia, Histologia, Embriologia. 1995, vol.24, № 2, p.123-126
6. Tandler B, Pinkstaff CA, Riva A. Ultrastructure and histochemistry of human anterior lingual salivary glands (glands of Blandin and Nuhn). Anat Rec. 1994, Oct; 240 (2): 167-177.
7. Wyszynska-Pawelec G, Koryczan P, Zapala J, Gontarz M, Opach M, Kusnierz P, Kosowski B, Adamek D. Minor salivary gland mucinous adeno-carsinoma of buccal mucosa - case report and review of the literature. Pol J Pathol. 2013 Dec; 64 (4): 312316.
8. Black JB. The structure of the salivary glands of the human soft palate. J Morphol. 1977 Jul; 153 (1): 107-117.
9. Adi MM, Chisholm DM, Waterhouse JP. Ste-reological and immunohistochemical study of development of human fetal labial salivary glands and their S-100 protein activity. J Oral Pathol Med. 1994 Jan; 23 (1): 36-40.
УДК 611-08
Дидиченко М.П., Ягужинская И.И.
Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова
Россия
РР!: 10.24411/2520-6990-2019-10009 ЗАВИСИМОСТЬ ЦВЕТА ГЛАЗ ОТ МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ РАДУЖКИ
ЧЕЛОВЕКА
Didichenko M.P., Yaguzhinskaya I.I.
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University
THE DEPENDENCE OF THE EYE COLOR FROM MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE IRIS
OF A PERSON
Аннотация.
В данной статье рассматривается строение радужной оболочки и её возможные цвета. Подтверждается гипотеза о зависимости цвета глаз от морфологических особенностей радужки людей.
Abstract.
In this article the structure of the iris and its possible colors are considered. A hypothesis is confirmed about the dependence of eye color on the morphological features of the people's ofpeople.
Ключевые слова: глазное яблоко; радужка; меланин; шкала Бунака; цвет глаз; морфологические особенности радужки.
Keywords: eyeball; iris; melanin; Bunak scale; eye color; morphological features of the iris.
Глаз является органом зрения. К нему относится глазное яблоко и его вспомогательный аппарат: глазодвигательные мышцы, слёзный аппарат, веки. Глазное яблоко представляет собой форму сплюснутого с двух сторон шара, более выпуклого в передней его части. Оно лежит в полости глазницы и состоит из компонентов внутреннего ядра (передней и задней камер глаза, хрусталика и стекловидного тела) и окружающих его трех оболочек: фиброзной, сосудистой и сетчатой (снаружи внутрь).
Поговорим поподробнее о сосудистой оболочке, которая является средней в глазном яблоке. Она во всех своих отделах богата сосудами и пигментными клетками. В ней выделяют три отдела: радужку (iris), цилиарное тело и собственно сосудистую оболочку (choroidea). Радужка - это дис-ковидное образование с круглым отверстием -зрачком [5, с.2-3]. Также в радужке имеются мышцы, сужающие и расширяющие зрачок.
В антропологии повышенный интерес к пигментации радужки отмечен с конца XIX - начала
