Научная статья на тему 'MODERNIZATION OF LEGISLATION AS A FACTOR OF COUNTERACTION TO CORRUPTION IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN'

MODERNIZATION OF LEGISLATION AS A FACTOR OF COUNTERACTION TO CORRUPTION IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN Текст научной статьи по специальности «Экономика и бизнес»

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counteraction of corruption / Uzbekistan / modernization of legislation / foreign experience / OECD / recommendations

Аннотация научной статьи по экономике и бизнесу, автор научной работы — Mirzaev R.I.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the features of combating corruption in the Republic of Uzbekistan through the prism of its legislation’s modernization. The article’s author pays attention to the analysis of Uzbekistan’s implementation of the OECD recommendations, as well as to the study of the most developed states’ experience in order to apply it in the country in the process of further national law development. The author develops recommendations for improving the counteraction to corruption in Uzbekistan.

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Текст научной работы на тему «MODERNIZATION OF LEGISLATION AS A FACTOR OF COUNTERACTION TO CORRUPTION IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN»

Conclusions. Thus, the European standards for mediation should be understood as those that exist in the European legal space established by international cooperation among European States within the Council of Europe and the European Union. Notwithstanding the differences in membership between the two intergovernmental organizations, a number of standards documents, which are actively implemented in the legislation and legal practice of European countries have been developed. Given the positive international European experience we consider it appropriate to implement European standards in Ukraine; however, such implementation is possible through Ukraine's accession to the European Union, acceptance and ratification by the Verkhovna Rada of alternative dispute resolution instruments, namely mediation.

References

1. Yevropeys'ka konventsiya pro zakhyst prav ditey vid 25 sichnya 1996 roku. [European Convention for the Protection of the Rights of the Child of 25 January 1996.] Retrieved from URL: https://za-kon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/994_135 (in Ukrainian).

2. Karakas'ka deklaratsiya vid 15 hrudnya 1980 roku. [Caracas Declaration of December 15, 1980.] Retrieved from URL: https://za-kon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_964#Text (in Ukrainian).

3. Minimal'ni standartni pravyla OON, shcho stosuyut'sya zdiysnennya pravosuddya shchodo nepovnolitnikh («Pekins'ki pravyla») [UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice («Beijing Rules»): adopted at the 96th UN Plenary

Meeting in 1985]. Retrieved from URL: https://za-kon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_211#Text (in Ukrainian).

4. Directive 2013/11/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on alternative dispute resolution for consumer disputes and amending Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 and Directive 2009/22/EC (Directive on consumer ADR) Retrieved from : http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-con-tent/PL/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32013L0011 (in English).

5. Dyrektyva 2008/52/ES Yevropeiskoho par-lamentu i Rady pro deiaki aspekty mediatsii u tsyvil-nykh ta komertsiinykh spravakh [Directive 2008/52 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on certain aspects of mediation in civil and commercial matters] (2008, May 21). Retrieved from : http://za-kon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/994_a95/ (in Ukrainian).

6. Pro zakhody, shcho polehshuyut' dostup do pravosuddya: Rekomendatsiya № R (81)7 Komitetu Ministriv Rady Yevropy vid 14 travnya 1981 roku. [On measures to facilitate access to justice: Recommendation № R (81) 7 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe of 14 May 1981]. Retrieved from URL: https://rm.coe.int/168050e7e4 (in English).

7. Stepanenko, T. (2021) Yevropeys'ki standarty mediatsiyi v tsyvil'no-pravovykh sporakh ta yikh uprovadzhennya v Pol'shchi ta Chekhiyi. [European standards of mediation in civil law disputes and their implementation in Poland and the Czech Republic]. Legal scientific electronic journal. № 3. pp. 131-134. https://doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2021-3/32 (in Ukrainian).

MODERNIZATION OF LEGISLATION AS A FACTOR OF COUNTERACTION TO CORRUPTION

IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

Mirzaev R.I.

Republic of Uzbekistan, city of Samarkand, Samarkand State University, Associate Professor of the Department of Jurisprudence and Legal Education,

Candidate of Legal Sciences

Abstract

The article is devoted to the analysis of the features of combating corruption in the Republic of Uzbekistan through the prism of its legislation's modernization. The article's author pays attention to the analysis of Uzbekistan's implementation of the OECD recommendations, as well as to the study of the most developed states' experience in order to apply it in the country in the process of further national law development. The author develops recommendations for improving the counteraction to corruption in Uzbekistan.

Keywords: counteraction of corruption, Uzbekistan, modernization of legislation, foreign experience, OECD, recommendations.

In the Report on the results of monitoring corruption in Uzbekistan, prepared by the OECD in 2019 [1], it is pointed out that in recent years the top political leadership of Uzbekistan has initiated reforms in many areas, including a very radical one. These reforms and the measures envisaged by the updated legislation are at the initial stages of development and implementation, so it is too early to evaluate their practical results. However, in general, there is a positive trend in the

fight against corruption in various spheres of public life.

The OECD notes that Uzbekistan has carried out a number of key reforms in the field of anti-corruption policy and is successfully modernizing its legislation. The adopted Law "On Combating Corruption" [5] established the legal framework for activities in this area and mechanisms for the implementation of anti-corrup-

tion measures. Its implementation was supported by national and departmental action plans that were regularly updated and published. Statements made at the country's highest levels of commitment to the fight against corruption have had a positive impact in increasing the openness and transparency of the government and local public authorities, as well as in facilitating dialogue with representatives of the non-governmental sector.

Although the OECD report welcomes these reforms, it notes that there is a need to systematize anticorruption policy, make it strategic, set priorities and clearly define indicators of the expected impact on the level of corruption in the country. Currently, Uzbekistan is in the process of developing a new document on anti-corruption policy, therefore the OECD recommends that the state conduct a thorough analysis of the situation, analyzing corruption risks and the impact of previous measures. It is important that legislation be regularly reviewed and updated to reflect changing situations, goals and requirements. This approach should be applied both in the development and implementation of action plans at the level of public authorities. The monitoring system should be improved through the involvement of representatives of civil society, academia, international partners, members of the business community and the public.

The OECD report notes a growing interest in anticorruption research in Uzbekistan. A number of surveys have been carried out at the national level and in various sectors and the results have been published. However, it is important that such surveys be used more actively in the development of anti-corruption policies and legislation and in assessing their impact on the effectiveness of the fight against corruption.

In Uzbekistan, a large number of anti-corruption awareness and training events have been organized by the state authorities, together with representatives of civil society or with their support. In addition, anti-corruption training programs have been introduced in educational institutions. Going forward, given the financial and other resources required to ensure the high quality of such measures, the OECD recommends that this work be more focused and be carried out in line with the current strategy. It should be based on corruption risk assessment and include rights and appropriate remedies, as well as innovative solutions that are coming to the fore in connection with the ongoing reforms in the country. The results of the implementation of anti-corruption measures should be subject to regular evaluation, allowing analysis and development of follow-up actions.

The public authorities of Uzbekistan have begun dialogue and cooperation with the non-governmental sector. Public councils are created to advise public authorities. Efforts are being made to develop a system of public examination of draft regulatory legal acts and to involve civil society representatives in the development and implementation of the national anti-corruption program. However, in the future, it is important to provide better feedback and clearly define the mechanism for involving civil society in the work of the government, based on transparent and objective criteria [8, p. 51].

The chosen institutional approach to the development, coordination and implementation of anti-corruption policy through the creation of interdepartmental commissions at the national level (Republican interdepartmental commission) and in the regions (territorial interdepartmental commissions) made it possible to cover the widest possible range of state bodies, including those in the regions, and rely on their various industry approaches, skills and knowledge.

Thanks to effective coordination, the Republican Interdepartmental Commission (RIC) did not lose sight of the big picture of anti-corruption efforts and the progress needed to support the further development of anticorruption policies. At the same time, the human and financial resources of these commissions do not match their importance or the scope of their goals. The OECD therefore recommends, among other things, the establishment of a permanent secretariat of the RIC, staffed with staff specialized in corruption prevention. It is recommended to ensure the development of specific skills and knowledge for relevant staff at the national, regional and departmental levels.

The OECD notes that there is still no unified civil service legislation in Uzbekistan. Despite the fact that the concept has been approved and the draft law has been developed, civil service reform continues to be under discussion, and previous recommendations remain largely unfulfilled. In particular, there are no general principles underlying the construction and functioning of the civil service system, and there are no uniform requirements regarding its staffing, admission to and dismissal from the civil service; there is no division into professional and political civil servants in the law, etc. (we also wrote about this above in this dissertation research). The OECD report recommends that Uzbekistan adopt and ensure the uniform implementation of a comprehensive civil service law in line with international standards as soon as possible.

Although the legislation includes provisions to prevent conflicts of interest, their proper implementation requires further regulation. It is important, in particular, to expand responsibility, which should not be limited to disciplinary sanctions. It is necessary to develop other anti-corruption tools. In particular, the OECD recommends that codes of conduct be enforced effectively; monitor reports of alleged corruption more actively and protect whistleblowers by allowing anonymous reports to be considered.

There are no legal norms in Uzbekistan regulating the declaration of assets and income of civil servants. In this regard, the OECD report recommends the introduction of a unified disclosure system for all public officials (including political officials, judges and prosecutors). Such a system should provide for the filing and publication of electronic declarations on the Internet, together with mandatory risk-based verification of declarations, and be complemented by effective sanctions for non-filing or misrepresentation. It is equally important to designate or create a body that will be responsible for collecting, verifying and publishing declarations of public officials, providing it with an appropriate level of independence, resources and authority [6, p. 89].

The judiciary is one area where Uzbekistan needs to make significant reforms to ensure genuine independence and integrity of the judiciary and to support anti-corruption reforms in other areas. The OECD report notes that judicial reform was initiated by presidential decisions, in particular through the creation of the Supreme Judicial Council and an agency that supports the activities of the courts, as well as by introducing a new practice of publishing court decisions. However, these are only the first steps, which are not enough to build a modern judicial system. The current system remains hierarchical, with excessive influence of court presidents, political and prosecutorial bodies, and a lack of true independence of judges.

The report calls for abandoning the practice of supervisory review of final judgments, including through protest by the prosecutor's office, as such an institution undermines legal certainty and contradicts the principles of the rule of law, carrying with it significant corruption risks. The key issues of the organization and functioning of the judiciary, as well as the support of courts and judges, should be regulated not by acts of the President or the Cabinet of Ministers, but by a law in which only technical or procedural issues are classified as by-laws. Further, the OECD report recommends considering the role and scope of powers of the Supreme Court in the organization of the judiciary, in particular, in matters of court funding and remuneration of judges.

The OECD report notes that, following the reform, judges had to be appointed for two terms before being allowed to remain in office indefinitely. Of the total number of judges, only about 3% are appointed for life. This significantly undermines the independence of the judiciary. If provisions on temporary appointment of judges are retained, the report recommends that such appointment be limited to a single term, with the proviso that after that period such a judge may be denied continued employment if they fail to meet clear criteria subject to impartial and transparent evaluation.

Other recommendations relate to the introduction of clear and fair criteria for the selection of candidates for judges, ensuring the transparency of the selection process, the abolition of qualification classes of judges, the evaluation of judges based on clearly formulated, transparent and uniform criteria and certain procedures in accordance with the law. The OECD report also recommends that any possibility of conducting an inspection of the courts by the judicial inspection or conducting any other inspections (analysis of the work) of the courts, except for the investigation of the complaint within the framework of a specific disciplinary proceeding on the case on the grounds established by law, be excluded. It is important to ensure transparency and other due process guarantees when considering the dismissal or disciplinary action of any judge, and to provide clear grounds for such liability in law. An important issue is the payment of sufficient and transparent remuneration to judges. The OECD report recommends explicitly setting out in law the amount of such remuneration, excluding any possibility of discretionary bonuses paid to judges.

Significant reform is required in the system of prosecution bodies, which are entrusted with important functions, including supervision. With the development of the jurisdiction of administrative courts, the creation of a system of legal assistance to the population and the strengthening of the institution of the ombudsman, it is advisable to cancel or limit as much as possible any supervisory powers granted to prosecutors, limiting their areas of pre-trial investigation and the execution of criminal penalties. It is recommended to continue ridding the prosecutor's office of inappropriate functions by transferring the corresponding responsibilities to the executive branch of government.

Despite the formal guarantees established by law, the OECD monitoring experts concluded that the prosecution authorities could not be considered sufficiently independent from political influence. This concerns the procedure for appointing and dismissing the Prosecutor General, which is of a political nature. It is important to provide for a transparent mechanism for appointment to the Prosecutor General's Office based on an assessment of the merits of the respective candidates and consultations with civil society.

The status, independence, selection and career of prosecutors, like those of judges, should be clearly defined in the law and based on transparent and objective criteria. The OECD recommends that Uzbekistan establish prosecutorial self-government bodies to play a key role in the competitive selection of candidates for the Prosecutor General's Office, his deputies and other prosecutors, consider issues of their disciplinary responsibility and evaluate their work, as well as study other important issues that underlie the organization of the criminal justice system persecution.

It is important to introduce a modern system for evaluating the work of prosecutors; establish in the law a clear list of grounds for their disciplinary liability, together with detailed procedures for bringing such liability to justice, guaranteeing the procedural rights of prosecutors and publishing information on the sanctions applied.

The report welcomes the reforms in the field of administrative justice and, above all, the adoption of the important Law on Administrative Procedures. However, Uzbekistan still needs to systematize administrative procedures in all sectors and areas of public administration, harmonize laws governing certain types of administrative procedures, and subsequently revise a huge number of regulations. In addition, the report recommends considering the issue of excluding cases of administrative offenses from the jurisdiction of administrative courts, since such cases are of a different nature.

The efforts made by Uzbekistan to introduce e-government tools and use modern technologies to provide services and information to the population have a positive anti-corruption effect. It is desirable to further develop and improve them by introducing even more advanced interactive services.

Steps have been taken in Uzbekistan to implement the law on the openness of public authorities and administration, and an effective system of control over its implementation has been created. There is a unified

electronic system for the publication of information by public authorities, but some parts of it are still under implementation. All government bodies have appointed officials responsible for ensuring access to information, but they need training. An important achievement was the publication in electronic form of projects and adopted regulatory legal acts. The implementation of this initiative should be continued and accompanied by standards and rules for the online publication of open data, the establishment of rules for their free reuse, as well as a minimum list of mandatory data sets and ensuring the functioning of national open data portals. It is important to ensure that registries of public interest are published.

Improving legislation on access to information remains relevant. This legislation needs to be brought into line with international standards by updating the laws on state and official secrets to bring them into line with the main law on access to information, ensuring that they cannot be used to unjustifiably exclude information from the public domain. In Uzbekistan, a mechanism for state supervision of compliance with the law on access to information has yet to be created, giving it the appropriate powers, including authorizing and issuing mandatory orders regarding access to information. Criminal liability for slander and insult has not been abolished and, unfortunately, is actively applied in practice. Therefore, it is necessary to decriminalize all crimes of defamation and insult, limiting their chilling effect on freedom of the media and, in particular, on investigative journalism and exposing corruption.

Public procurement in Uzbekistan remains an area of high corruption risk. Until recently, the regulatory environment has not been conducive to mitigating such risks. However, since the previous round of OECD monitoring, Uzbekistan has made a qualitative transition to a new system of organization and regulation of public procurement. In April 2018, a new version of the Law "On Public Procurement" came into force [4]. Despite significant progress in reforming public procurement, the results of the application of the new law and the new system for organizing and regulating procurement have yet to be analyzed.

The OECD report recommends the adoption of a separate law (or making appropriate provisions in the current general law) on procurement for strategic enterprises and their affiliated legal entities, primarily with the aim of increasing the share of competitive bidding in their procurement. Going forward, it is important to ensure the separation of legislative (regulatory), executive and supervisory functions and a system for appealing against the actions of procuring agencies or bidders, transferring such functions to institutions that will be independent of each other. It is recommended to continue improving e-procurement, introduce additional modules covering all procurement methods, and make the system open to non-residents. It is important to ensure regular publication of updated information on procurement in machine-readable formats, improve the rules for blacklisting bidders from public procurement, and strengthen mechanisms for identifying and preventing conflicts of interest in public procurement.

The development and improvement of business ethics has become part of the anti-corruption program. This practice should be continued with the active involvement of the business community in the process. Compliance practices in national companies and in small and medium-sized businesses remain underdeveloped, with anti-corruption tools introduced by multinational companies, foreign joint-stock companies or large state-owned enterprises. Uzbekistan should develop methods to stimulate businesses that are ready to introduce anti-corruption tools. The newly created business ombudsman body needs further development, as this office can become an effective mechanism for protecting the rights of entrepreneurs. The OECD report also recommends supporting the role of business associations in promoting business integrity.

No significant changes have taken place in the field of criminalization of corruption. However, the report commends the decision at the political level to start implementing relevant international standards and following previous ACN recommendations. The authorities should seize this opportunity and ensure that the new criminal and criminal procedure legislation that Uzbekistan plans to adopt complies with all the mandatory requirements set out in international documents and the recommendations of the monitoring report.

These concerns, among others the criminalization of the mandatory elements of bribery in the private and public sectors, the criminalization of trading in influence, the introduction of liability of legal persons for corruption offences, and the revision of the elements of the offense of abuse of power or position as money laundering, making all existing bribery offenses criminal, given the criminalization of illicit enrichment and the expansion of Uzbekistan's jurisdiction over corruption offences [10, p. 46].

The OECD report recommends that Uzbekistan review the provisions regarding the confiscation and return of assets in accordance with the UN Convention against Corruption, as well as procedures for lifting immunity from relevant persons. It is recommended that the definition of politically exposed persons in anti-money laundering legislation be aligned with international standards and that the planning and execution of bribery imitation operations be properly regulated. The report recommends expanding the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure on international cooperation in criminal matters.

An important element of the reform of the system of criminal responsibility for corruption is the strengthening of the independence and specialization of the relevant law enforcement agencies and the prosecutor's office, in order to make it possible to prosecute corruption at the highest level. The statistics analyzed in the OECD report and specific examples of corruption cases in general point to a small number of criminal corruption cases against high-ranking public officials, most of whom are judges and prosecutors.

The OECD report criticizes the assignment of the functions of combating economic and corruption crimes to state security agencies and recommends that consideration be given to transferring such functions to

them due to their high corruption risk. It is recommended to create or designate an authority (unit) that will be responsible for detecting, tracing, seizing and managing assets subject to confiscation, including assets abroad [1].

Analysis of the rich experience accumulated by the OECD countries (USA, France, Great Britain, Japan, etc.) in combating corruption at the national level [2, p. 41; 7, p. 81; 9, p. 32; 3, p. 174] allows drawing a conclusion about the expediency of its application in Uzbekistan:

- Adoption of deontological standards and anticorruption ethical norms in force for civil servants. This implies the cultivation of general civic moral attitudes by improving the existing laws on the civil service and the adoption of the "Code of Conduct for Civil Servants in the Republic of Uzbekistan", in which it is necessary to provide for a set of educational activities, including thematic courses, seminars, trainings, certification, teambuilding, etc.;

- Purposeful formation of a negative attitude towards corruption in law enforcement agencies by cultivating respect for the state and civil society;

- The development of financial incentives for civil servants, since it is well known that insufficient funding in the presence of a ban on receiving parallel income from other types of activities (except for educational and scientific activities) becomes one of the main reasons for their corrupt behavior;

- Increasing the attractiveness and respectability of the civil service, which makes employees value their place of work and refuse to participate in corruption schemes. At the same time, in addition to a simple increase in salaries, it is important to provide civil servants with social benefits, including special lending conditions, medical care, high pensions, etc.;

- Tightening of anti-corruption administrative and legal measures and requirements. This requires a purposeful comprehensive development of the anti-corruption legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the introduction of special anti-corruption standards in the legal acts regulating the activities of civil servants and law enforcement agencies. Legal anti-corruption norms should be supplemented with special administrative procedures to prevent corrupt relations due to the human factor;

- The introduction of effective repressive measures against public servants with increased corruption risks. To this end, security units, inspections, commissions for the observance of professional ethics, anticorruption compliance services should be established in the authorities. Such investigations in Western countries are often carried out by specially authorized undercover officers;

- Monitoring the level and lifestyle of civil servants in order to determine the correspondence of their income and expenses, to identify expenses that are disproportionate to salary or a tendency to expensive things and hobbies (for example, gambling);

- Regular conduct of various anti-corruption checks, polygraph stress tests for civil servants, imitations of bribery. We propose to legalize in the Republic of Uzbekistan such inspections of civil servants;

- Establishment of institutions of personal and collective responsibility of civil servants and personal responsibility of heads of structural subdivisions of public authorities;

- Maintaining a public register of civil servants who have previously been subject to disciplinary, administrative or criminal liability for committing corruption offences. Employees entered in this unified register are deprived of the right to hold responsible positions in public authorities;

- The establishment of an institution to encourage citizens who are active and assist in identifying the facts of corruption situations and offenses. In this regard, in our opinion, it would be useful to develop algorithms for paying rewards to voluntary informants.

Thus, it becomes obvious that the modernization of legislation is a fundamental factor in a comprehensive and systemic fight against corruption. Our study showed that Uzbekistan still has to face large-scale political reforms and changes in the current legislation in order to make the fight against corruption in the country highly effective. In particular, useful promising areas for such modernization are indicated in the report on the results of the OECD anti-corruption monitoring in 2019. At present, only a part of the recommendations of the experts of this organization has been implemented. We analyzed the national anti-corruption legislation of individual OECD countries and identified their positive legislative experience, which we consider appropriate to implement in the legal system of Uzbekistan. The reduction of corruption risks in the country will be facilitated by increasing the openness of the activities of public authorities, ensuring free access of citizens to information on financial and distribution decisions made by the state; application of the principles of reasonable or effective management (institutional reforms, streamlining of legislation, debureaucratization and decentralization of management processes); increasing the level of involvement and activity of civil society, the legal literacy of the population and the education of a negative attitude towards corrupt behavior.

References

1. Anti-corruption reforms in Uzbekistan 4th round of monitoring of the Istanbul Anti-Corruption Action Plan // OECD. 2019. URL: https://www.oecd.org/corruption/acn/OECD-ACN-Uzbekistan-4th-Round_Monitoring-Report-2019-ENG.pdf 8-12 pp. (reference date: January 15, 2022).

2. Butova T.V., Petrova Yu.I. On the public service system in the USA // State and prospects for the development of the economy in conditions of uncertainty / Collection of articles of the international scientific and practical conference. Rep. Ed.: A. A. Suki-asyan. - Ufa: Aeterna LLC, 2015. - 40-42 pp. (In Russian).

3. Khafizova Z.I. Personnel policy of Japan in the public service // Scientific notes of the Almetyevsk State Oil Institute. - 2019. - T. 18. - 171-182 pp. (In Russian).

4. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Public Procurement" No. ZRU-684 dated April 22, 2021 //

Lex.uz. URL: https://lex.uz/docs/5382983 (reference date: January 15, 2022). (In Russian).

5. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Combating Corruption" No. ZRU-419 of 01/03/2017 // Lex.uz. URL: https://lex.uz/docs/3088013 (reference date: January 15, 2022). (In Russian).

6. Panfilova E.A., Savintseva M.I. Countering corruption in the post-Soviet space. - M.: Pravo, 2018. -378 p. (In Russian).

7. Petrova Yu.I., Butova T.V. Features of the functioning of the public service system in France // Modern aspects of the globalization of economic sciences / Collection of articles of the international scientific and practical conference. Rep. Ed.: A. A. Sukiasyan. - Ufa: Aeterna LLC, 2015. - 78-89 pp. (In Russian).

8. Reshnyak M.G., Slepko G.E., Strazhevich Yu.N. The place and role of civil law mechanisms in the system of anti-corruption measures // Business Security. - 2020. - No. 2. - 47-54 pp. (In Russian).

9. Salikov, D. Kh. The main stages of the evolution of the public service in Great Britain in the XIX-XXI centuries // Actual problems of state and corporate governance / Collection of scientific papers. Under total ed. S. A. Golovikhina. - Chelyabinsk, 2016. - 2937 pp. (In Russian).

10. Zikrillaeva N.A. Further improvement of the anti-corruption policy of Uzbekistan // Economics and Finance (Uzbekistan). - 2019. - No. 12. - 43-51 pp. (In Russian).

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