Modern Trendsin German speech variability Текст научной статьи по специальности «Языкознание и литературоведение»

УДК 811.112.2'34

Р. К. Потапова

доктор филологических наук, профессор;

академик Международной академии информатизации;

заведующая кафедрой прикладной и экспериментальной лингвистики;

директор Института прикладной и математической лингвистики ФАЯ МГЛУ;

e-maiL: [email protected]

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ В НЕМЕЦКОЙ РЕЧЕВОЙ ВАРИАТИВНОСТИ1

Статья посвящена проблеме соотношения нормы и вариативности применительно к современному немецкому языку. Затрагивается аспект кодификации немецкого произношения на примере нового произносительного словаря, в котором учтены тонкие стилистические нюансы, реализуемые в процессе речепроизводства и положительно перцептивно оцениваемые в коммуникативном дискурсе носителями немецкого языка. Рассматриваются произносительные вариформы немецкого языка Германии, Австрии, Швейцарии. Особое внимание уделено акцентным ва-риформам многосложных слов, акустическим характеристикам слоговых структур, вариативности ритмических единиц в звучащей речи.

Ключевые слова: немецкое произношение; произносительный словарь; вари-формы немецкого языка; акцентные вариформы немецкого языка многосложных слов акустические характеристики слоговых структур; вариативность ритмических единиц.

R. K. Potapova

Sc.D., Prof., FuLL Member of the International Informatization Academy, Head of Department of Applied and Experimental Linguistics, Director of Institute for Applied and Mathematical Linguistics of Moscow State Linguistic University (MSLU); e-mail: [email protected]

MODERN TRENDS IN GERMAN SPEECH VARIABILITY2

This paper is concerned with the problem of the correlation of norm and variability with reference to modern German. It discusses the aspect of the codification of German pronunciation by the example of a new pronunciation dictionary, which takes into account the subtle stylistic nuances realized in the process of speech production and

1 Исследование поддержано Российским Научным Фондом (РНФ). Проект № 1818-00477.

2 This research is supported by the Russian Science Foundation, Project № 18-1800477.

positively perceptually evaluated in communicative discourse by the native speakers of the German language. It considers pronunciation variforms of the German language in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Particular attention is paid to the accentual variforms of polysyllabic words, the acoustic characteristics of syllabic structures, and the variability of rhythmic units in spoken language.

Key words: German pronunciation; pronunciation dictionary; variforms of the German language;accentual variforms of polysyllabic words; acoustic characteristics of syllabic structures; variability of rhythmic units.

1. Pronunciation variants of the German spoken language in Germany, Austria and Switzerland

The problem of the variability of phonetic units in the speech flow has always been the focus of linguistics ([Реформатский, 1963; Зиндер, 1979; Торсуев, 1962; Потапова, 1986; 2000; 2002; 2003] and others). With the development of advanced information technologies the problem of segmentation and semantic recognition of spoken language is formulated and solved in a new way depending on the communication conditions and taking into account various factors including those that are pronouncedly regional. This situation acquires a special meaning in respect of the German literary language and German codified pronunciation, which is caused primarily by the fact that the German language functions on the territory of a number of regions as the official language in Germany, Austria and Switzerland ([Ammon 1991; Ammon 1995; Ammon 1997; Muhr 2012; Домашнев 1967; Домашнев 1983; Домашнев, Копчук 2001; Трошина 2015; Жирмунский 1956; Жирмунский 2010] and others).

The presence of pronunciation differences between regional variants of the German language was mentioned earlier in German pronunciation dictionaries: for example, "Duden. Aussprachewörterbuch" (Mannheim, 1990), "Grosses Wörterbuch der deutschen Aussprache" (Leipzig, 1982), "Das Aussprachewörterbuch der deutschen Sprache" (Potapowa, 1994), "Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch" (Berlin; N.Y., 2009).

The study was conducted due to the need to identify common and particular specific features of the functioning of the phonetic system of the German literary language with respect to its various regional variants at the level of auditory perception and its acoustic correlates, taking into account the syntagmatic and positional factors. It is of fundamental importance that the problem of pronunciation variants in the field of demarcation

phenomena (boundary signals) is put and solved in all four German-speaking regions (West German, East German, Swiss and Austrian), taking into account the data of auditory perception with the articulatory specifics and acoustic properties of the boundary signals analyzed.

At the present stage of the development of phonetic sciences, it becomes impossible to thoroughly study spoken language without studying the phenomenon of segmentation. Therefore, it is absolutely correct to raise the question of distinguishing this aspect of phonetics as an independent field of knowledge, segmentation [Потапова 1995]. This study provides extensive experimental material for further development of the above subdiscipline of general and applied phonetics.

In the study [Потапова, Гордеева 1998], for the first time the experimental-phonetic analysis of boundary signals in the German literary language was based on the material of its regional variants (West German, East German (on the territory of the former GDR), Swiss and Austrian).

The system of boundary signals of the modern German literary language is characterized by a certain set of stable phonetic features, both common to the entire phonetic system of the German language, and having a special realization in each of its regional variants. As is known, the specifics of the German phonotactics necessitate the study of phonological compatibility, as well as the allophonic variability at the joint sections of lexical-morphological units [Ellenberg 1964; Scholz 1972; Потапова 1981]. In the process of research [Потапова, Гордеева 1998] it was possible to establish the relationship between a) frequency distributions of phonemes at various kinds ofjoints in the texts of various regional variants of the German language, b) the results of auditory perception of joint sections on the segmental, c) suprasegmental levels and corresponding acoustic data. The comparison of the results of the phonotactic analysis of texts in four regional variants of the modern German language made it possible to draw a conclusion that the attribution of texts to various regions does not significantly affect the joint phonemic combinatorics, which is determined by phonotactic patterns of phoneme distribution characteristic of the phonological system of the German language as a whole [Потапова, Гордеева 1991].

The analysis of the fundamental frequency (FF) values in the test sample of phrases for various regional versions of the German spoken language showed that:

• the average FF values in all regional variants of the German spoken language are close to each other; the revealed differences do not exceed the limits of physiological variability;

• the two-factor analysis carried out revealed three main areas of FF distribution: the first area includes the East German variant (EV) and the Swiss variant (SV), the second - the West German variant (WV) and the third - the most isolated group - the Austrian variant (AV). The results of the two-factor analysis of acoustic data (in Hz) are of great interest, since there is a trend according to which one can speak of the similarity of the speech flow segmentation by the FF parameter between the East German and Swiss variants. The West German variant is slightly isolated. The Austrian variant is essentially different, which completely agrees with perceptual information.

The results of the analysis showed that in the WV, stop explosives at the interphrase junctures are characterized by the presence of noise of high frequency components of the spectrum, explosion, fricatization and tense. For this category of consonants in EV, there is no noise of high frequency components of the spectrum, but one can observe the trend to reduce explosions and the absence of tension. In SV, both phenomena appeared to be represented, that is, the noise in high frequency components is present - and absent. AV is characterized by the presence of the weakest noise component in the sound spectrum. In this case, there is no tension, and stop voiceless explosives tend to be semi-voiced.

2. Accent variforms of polysyllabic words in the German language

In the study [Потапова 2003] an attempt was made to identify variants for changing the usual pattern of the correlation of syllables in compound words in German speech.

The patterns in the distribution of stress in the German word are still not clear enough. This phenomenon is usually considered, on the one hand, as purely phonetic, on the other hand, as a morphological one. However, there is no unity of views in both approaches. In some cases [Зиндер, Строева 1957], the phonetic freedom of the German word is highlighted with respect to its stress, since the stress related to the root morpheme, can be on various syllables in the word. N. S. Trubetskoy (1960) calls it

"relatively free", since it is "etymologically constrained", O. Tsaxer (1969) speaks of the German stress as of a "morpheme-related" one.

It is necessary to distinguish between the accentual structures of the paradigmatic and syntagmatic plan. The accentual structures given in the dictionaries are paradigmatic. They act only in certain positional conditions in non-emotional speech. Under the influence of the semantic nuances of phrases, emotions, phonostyle, etc., syntagmatic variants of paradigmatic models are formed. At the same time, the study of paradigmatic accentual language models is necessary at the preliminary stage to obtain the initial data, on the basis of which it is possible to further study their syntagmatic variants presented in the speech.

A number of studies have been devoted to the study of paradigmatic rhythmic models of the German language. An analysis of the dictionary structures of the German language was conducted, for example, by P. Menzerath on the material of 20,453 words [Menzerath 1954].

As mentioned earlier, the basis of the experimental study [Потапова, Потапов 2001; Потапов 2003) were the words of German origin, one part of which was constituted by derivative words, the other one - by compound words. Words of non-German origin were excluded from the consideration because they do not have uniform rules for marking the accent1, which are determined in each specific case by which language this word is borrowed from, when it happened, what its morphemic composition is, etc. Accent marking in simple words of German origin is subject to the following general rule: the accent is always either on the root morpheme or on the first syllable of the root [Stock 1996a].

For the research words were selected that reflect various variants of paradigmatic accentuation: for example, Nachbarschaft, Unterricht, Buchstaben, angenehm, Zwecklosigkeit, leidenschaftlich, Abenteuer, Notwendigkeit, Arbeitslosigkeit, Altertümer, Mittelmeerländer, Feiertagsstimmung, Schreibtischlampe, Bienenwachskerzen, Vogelschutzgebiet, Butterbrotpapier, Weltklassesportler, Mundartenforschung, Werbefachmann, Landeshauptstadt.

In general, the experiment showed that, in German, the secondary stress, along with the main one, plays an important role in the rhythmic pattern of the spoken language. In this case, the fixation of the secondary

1 Thus, for example, in non-German words the position of an accented syllable varied: initially Holunder, Wacholder, Forelle, а затем Holunder, Wacholder, Forelle [Stötzer 1989].

stress on a certain syllable of a compound word in real speech is not always observed, and the more natural the conditions of communication, the greater the probability of displacement.

To realize the main stress in the words that served as the material for the study, duration and intensity are the basic prosodic characteristics, while the fundamental frequency is much more variable and cannot unambiguously testify to marking the main stress on a particular syllable.

According to the data of the acoustic analysis, the main stress in 80 % of cases is fixed on the first syllable of the compound word, which seems to be a very significant fact. However, one cannot say that the localization of the main stress absolutely corresponds to the existing phonetic rules, since 20 % of cases revealed a displacement of the stress of the first degree to a syllable potentially bearing the stress of the second or third degree. Variants of marking the main stress different from the existing paradigmatic norms fall mainly on the following positions of words: in the text, in quasi-spontaneous speech, in the middle of the sentence.

In the analysis of the prosodic characteristics of syllables with a secondary stress, it turned out that only in slightly more than half of the cases (with a probability of at least 75 0%) one can speak of a secondary stress that is realized in accordance with fixed rules. In other cases, the secondary stress is displaced to one of the remaining potentially stressed syllables.

Most often the deviation from the orthoepic pronunciation of German compound words, namely the displacement of the secondary stress, occurs in the following cases of word localization: isolated pronunciation, middle and end of the sentence, which partially coincides with the data obtained with regard to the realization of the main stress.

To realize the acoustic emphasis of both the main and secondary types of stress, the most indicative positions were those of words in the text, in the middle of the sentence, and also with isolated pronunciation. In these cases, the maximum number of various prosodic parameters takes the largest numerical value.

During the acoustic analysis, the listeners' data regarding the localization of the main stress in the majority of cases were confirmed. The syllable bearing a secondary stress was correctly determined in 63 % of cases (with a probability of 75 to 100 % depending on the positional variation). The most indicative for recognizing this type of stress were the

following conditions of word realization: in quasi-spontaneous speech, at the beginning and in the middle of the sentence, and also in an isolated position.

The conducted experiment showed that in German the system of stresses within the compound word varies in syntagmatics in comparison with paradigmatics, and the secondary stress plays an important role in rhythmic pattern of spoken language along with the main one, which was confirmed by the data of the auditory analysis.

The main stress is in most cases assigned to the first syllable of the compound word. However, there have been isolated cases ofits displacement to one of the syllables potentially bearing stress of the second or third degree in accordance with the established structure of the accentuation of German words.

In the process of research it was found that the fixation of the secondary stress on a certain syllable of a compound word is not always observed in real speech; and the more natural the communication, the greater the probability of a syntagmatic displacement. Most of the inconsistencies are cases where the secondary stress is on a syllable bearing the third degree stress according to the rules of German pronunciation. One can speak not about the absolutely new and unpredictable localization of the secondary stress, but about its displacement to a syllable that is potentially stressed. In some cases, such a stress can be explained by the general rules of rhythmic pattern of German spoken prosaic language.

A special study was conducted on the material of German words with movable accent [Potapowa 1994], where of interest was the problem of the spectral-temporal structure of the same vowel occupying the stressed and unstressed position, for example, Traktor - Traktoren, Studium - studierten. It was found that the transition of a vowel from the stressed position to an unstressed one is accompanied not only with the temporal reduction, but also with a change in the entire spectral structure of the vowel; and this has made certain changes in the generally accepted canons [Stotzer 1989] of practical phonetics of the German language.

3. Variability of phonetic units in the German discourse

It is known that discourse is regarded as a special type of language realization functioning in various spheres of communication and in various situations, mainly in the form of dialogue or polylogue both in spoken

and in written forms ([Артюхова 2016; Карасик 2002; Петлюченко 2009; Потапова, Потапов 2006; Потапова, Потапов 2012; Яковлева 2004; Яковлева 2007] and others). The discourse is predominantly spontaneous in character and assumes, as a rule, direct contact between the addresser and the addressee. The type of contact mediated by technical means (for example, telephone line, and e-mail) can also be attributed to this group. The main extralinguistic factor that forms colloquial speech is the nature of the relationship between the interlocutors: official, neutral, non-tense (lax), etc. Discourse shows a wide range of variation when functioning. Discourse as a special type of language realization is a stylistically differentiated system having a specific set of features and certain laws of their functioning. Within the framework of colloquial speech (discourse) at the phonetic level, one can distinguish three main styles of pronunciation: formal-business, neutral-colloquial, informal (for example, [Бухаров 1995; Гайдучик 1976; Петренко 1986; Новицкая 1976]). For the development of the problem of pronunciation variability of segmental composition of the German language in two forms of speech activity of particular importance is the informal style, which can be obtained during the conversion of the spoken text when reading into spoken discourse when discussing the read material. In this case a reference unit of the study is required, which can represented by a syllable [Потапова 1981; Потапова 1986] considered from a position of the integrated concept [Потапова 2002]. The consideration of a syllable as the minimum acoustic segment integrated from the position of the intrasyllable contrast and coarticulation is deemed also fruitful [Бондарко 1977; Прокопова 1973]. The purpose of the experiment was to determine for each perceived speech stimulus its rhythmic structure during reading and speaking, when the "meaning" was removed. It was assumed that German-speaking listeners, as well as native speakers, would correlate the perceived speech signal (stimulus) not with rhythmic structures [Потапов 1996; Потапов 1999; Потапов 2001], but with certain words, i.e. in addition to the rhythmic factor, a semantic factor was also included that could lead to an incorrect decision in the auditory processing of the signal.

The purpose of the acoustic analysis [Потапова 2002] was to establish acoustic correlates of unstressed syllables and syllabic / non-syllabic sonants realized within syllabic structures with possible realization of sound sequences when reading and speaking. In the course of the acoustic

analysis, it was taken into account that the acoustic correlation of the syllable in its most general form is an arc of the intensity level (signal amplitude) [Потапова 1986].

The study [Потапова 2002] of the features of the functioning of unstressed syllables with the possible realization of the sound sequences /-эп/, /-эт/, /-э1/ in distribution with the preceding stop-explosives, fricatives and sonorants, and also in the post-vowel position in the structural-functional, auditory and acoustic aspects revealed that the most effective factors that determine the wide variability of the above segmental structures are their position and distribution both in reading and in speaking within the discourse.

In the course of the study [Потапова 2002], three types of realization were identified: a) the complete type of the unstressed syllable realization; b) syllabic structures with a sonant syllable-carrier provided that the vowels are completely reduced; c) loss of the syllabic sonant leading to the fusion of the remaining elements of the syllable with the root morpheme while preserving of residual information both about the root morpheme itself and about inflection due to the context.

Segment structures with possible realization of combinations /-эп/, /-эт/, /-э1/ in positions after fricative consonants are represented by two variants: a) complete realization type for reading and b) syllabic structures with sonant syllable-carrier, realizations of which prevail in the analyzed discourse.

According to the results of the experimental-phonetic research, functional words, which constitute 86 % of the frequency list of the modern German language vocabulary, appear in speech discourse in approximately 90 % of cases in an unstressed position [Потапова, Линднер 1991]. All the vowels in their sound structure are subject not only to a quantitative but also to a significant qualitative reduction, which, through a whole series of intermediate steps, leads to the complete neutralization of all the differential vowel signs up to elision. The allophonic variation of the reduced vowels is, therefore, an alternation of sounds, where phonemes that are closest in the structure of differential features are realized by close allophones. The vowels that appeared due to this reduction are arranged in decreasing order according to the degree of manifestation of articulatory-auditory features in allophonic series, the initial links of which are the dominant allophones, and the final ones are the sounds of incomplete formation [э]

or the vowel elision. Dominant allophones mean such unstressed sounds, which, given the perception, do not differ from the stressed realization of the corresponding vowels. At the same time, their acoustic characteristics have been slightly modified [Сарсембаева 1989; Стериополо 1979].

The experimental data [Потапова 2002] made it possible to reveal two degrees of qualitative reduction. The first degree is characteristic for a limited number of German vowels and is a neutralization of the closeness (tension) feature, the acoustic correlate of which is an increase in the value of F1. The second degree of qualitative reduction is inherent in all the vowels of modern German. It leads to the loss of phonological features of labialization, the degree of the tongue rise and belonging to and the appearance of sounds of incomplete formation [э] (neutral allophones), which differ in their maximum articulatory-acoustic centralization. Front vowels, as a result of qualitative reduction of the second degree, are realized by the neutral allophone [э], and back vowels - by the allophone [ж]. The main articulatory difference between the above neutral allophones lies is horizontal position of the tongue: the sound [э] is characterized by a more forward articulation and a lighter sound compared to the more posterior and dark allophone [ж]. In acoustics, this is conveyed by a higher value of the second formant (F2 = 1600 Hz).

As a result of the study [Потапова 2002], acoustic correlates of the transition of some allophones to others were revealed. As threshold values of acoustic parameters, overlapping regions of their realizations are considered, where the frequency of occurrences of the compared allophones is approximately the same: as a rule, such threshold regions are located between the confidence intervals of their average values. Allophones have certain area of acoustic realizations, which depend not only on the inherent properties of vowels and contextual conditions, but also on types of speech activity. Their perception is of relative nature: the same allophones in various styles of speech demonstrate various acoustic characteristics, which prove conclusively the dependence of segmented speech units on the prosodic structure of the whole text.

Reduction of vowels in weak forms occurs gradually and represents a holistic unidirectional process combining the two sides - quantitative and qualitative.

It is revealed that the quantitative reduction of vowels during reading depends on the tempo [Новицкая 1976; Повилайтис 1986]: with a rapid

tempo of reading, the degrees of reduction are close to colloquial fluent speech; when the tempo of reading is slowed down, the qualitative and quantitative reduction of the vowels and consonants of the syllable in an unstressed position can be characterized as its absence. This fact shows a close dialectical unity of the two most important characteristics - the phenomena of objective reality - quantity and quality, their interdependence and mutual compensation. In the course of the study [Потапова 2002] one can conclude that all the realizations of the phonological system of the German language, if dialectally- and territorially-colored pronouncing variants are excluded from consideration, will be carried out in accordance with three main variants: complete, reduced-complete and incomplete. These three realization variants are identified during the typification of communicative acts on the basis of appellative coordinates.

The complete (explicitly normative or "ideally"-normative) variant of the German language phonological system realization is considered as a maximum of acoustic semantic information.

The reduced-complete variant of the realization, in contrast to the complete variant, has greater variability and some intermediate forms fixed in the pronunciation dictionaries.

The incomplete (elliptic-normative) realization is characterized by a significant deformation of the segment composition, i.e. by various quantitative and qualitative truncations of units of the expression plan and is oriented to orthoepic norms.

The abovementioned allows for the conclusion that the realization of the phonological system in speech is carried out in accordance with private norms and styles of realization, which, in turn, are regulated by the influence of extralinguistic factors. The latter can stylistically mark the speech signal by specifying a certain range of variation of the physical parameters of the signal components, on the basis of which each speech product can be reliably attributed to a certain type of pronunciation and, taking into account its prosodic features, to the pronunciation style.

The degree of quantitative reduction of unstressed vowels with a rapid tempo causes a qualitative reduction of the vowels, which, in contrast to the quantitative representation, is a special kind of sound variation, since it deprives the vowel sound of clear timbral characteristics [Веренич 1984]. An example of a qualitative reduction of sounds on the material of experimental texts can be a trend to increase the openness of vowels in

accelerating the speech tempo. This phonetic phenomenon can be observed not only in functional, but also in nominal words.

The increase in the pronunciation speed can cause not only greater openness of the syllable-carrier vowel, but also centralization of the articulation of the audio segment, which leads to the neutralization of qualitative differences between vowels and to appearance of reduced [э] instead of open variants of [i], [и], [э], [s]. The final stage in the process of qualitative reduction is the complete loss of sound (elision).

The study of the features of the realization of consonant units in tempo versions of spoken texts showed a trend to weakening of consonants and their loss under the influence of an increase in the speech speed. It was found that different modifications are characteristic for various types of consonants. Thus, for example, with the acceleration of the speech tempo, there is an increase in the occurrence of voiced variants of voiceless stop consonants and fricatives.

In the system of consonantism of German colloquial speech, significant quantitative and qualitative modifications of consonants were also found, which is explained by a weakened articulation causing partial or complete disappearance of certain characteristics of consonants, and appearance of their new characteristics.

The results of the auditory analysis of voiced stop consonants in the studied tempo varieties of texts indicate that modifications of this category of consonant units relate primarily to the way they are formed. The weakening of voiced stop consonants [b], [d], [g] with a rapid tempo can be manifested in the transition of these explosive consonants into fricative ones, i.e. the stop of the voiced consonant is significantly weakened or even completely absent resulting in the fricative sound: Oberschule, oder, erzeugt, habe ich. Of voiced stop consonants, usually [g] and [b], and less often [d] lose their "stop" character and become fricatives.

The analysis of the experimental texts [Потапова 2002] suggests that a fast speech tempo reduces consonant saturation of the speech due to more frequent loss of consonants in this tempo gradation. Thus, in texts with the normal speech tempo six cases of loss of consonants per 286 syllables were observed, whereas in the same text with rapid speech tempo the amount of eliminated consonants increased almost fourfolds. The most marked instability is typical for stop explosives [t] and [d] in consonant groups: consonant [t] is very weakened or completely absent before explosives,

fricatives and affricates, sometimes before vowels: en(t)deckt, sin(d)das, Ausbil(d)ung, Obs(t)- und Gemüse, punk(t), ach(t).

The loss of vowels and consonants generates, in turn, a modification of units of a higher hierarchical level - the syllable elision. The maximum acceleration ofthe speech tempo leads to deformation or sound compression of several segment units; and this changes quantitative and syllabic composition of rhythmic phrases, for example: Wir wa(re)n aber in ei(ne) m klein(en) Raum zusamm(en).

German colloquial speech is one of the forms of spoken speech, where the functioning of units at the segment level largely due depends on the temporal characteristics of the text. Deviations from the codified norm that arise under the influence of accelerating the speech tempo, show that in the speech practice, along with the codified norm there is also vernacular-colloquial literary norm, which has its own laws of variation in units of the segment level in verbal discourse.

The study of the functioning of segment units in texts contrasted with the speech tempo made it possible to reveal various types of quantitative and qualitative modifications of sounds, some of which are characteristic of both tempo versions of the text, and others can be considered as variants dependent on the rapid speech tempo. To the number of sound modifications that can be observed in both speech tempos, one can attribute: the loss of weakened [э], the presence of sonant syllable-carrier, the loss of individual vowels and consonants, the quantitative and qualitative reduction of vowels in functional words, the assimilation of consonants by the place of formation and by the method of articulation, absence of a glottal stop in functional words, deaspiration of voiceless stop consonants [Kohler 1977]. Along with this, with the acceleration of the speech tempo, the frequency of voicing voiceless stop explosives increases significantly, i.e. there is a trend to dephonologisation of differences between [t] - [d], [p] - [b], [k] - [g] in intervocal positions and at the junctions of accentual units before vowels and sonorants; affricatization of stop-explosives and fricatives at the junction of accentual units increases: affricates are weakened; there is an increase in the number of cases of voiced stop consonants fricatisation, monophthongization of diphthongs, and elisions of whole syllables.

The analysis of sound modifications in these texts [Потапова 2002] makes it possible to conclude that the acceleration of the speech tempo expands the range of positions of the phonetic modifications. Thus, in texts

with the normal tempo, almost all cases of the loss of [э] are observed after stop consonants and fricatives. In texts with a rapid tempo, the loss of [э] is observed not only after stop consonants and fricatives, but also after vowels and sonorants. With a significant acceleration in the speech tempo, the loss of [э] leads not only to assimilation of consonants by the place of articulation, but also far-reaching complete assimilation of the stop consonant in contact with the nasal consonant.

The perceived sound modifications due to the acceleration of the speech tempo reflect at the acoustic level as the change in the quantitative indicators of segment units decreasingly. Although the range of the sounds variability is very wide, the average data computed on a large material for all stressed and unstressed vowels indicate that, as a whole, long stressed vowel are reduced more significantly than unstressed ones.

Among unstressed vowels, there is also a certain sequence in terms of their ability to be reduced. The vowel of the first post-tonic syllable is reduced to the maximum extent. In this position, in the texts realized at a rapid tempo, the vowel is often reduced to zero. In the second post-tonic syllable, the reduction of the vowel is less than in the first. With distance from the stress, there are fewer cases of vowel loss in unstressed syllables. In the post-tonic position, the final syllable of the rhythm has the maximum duration.

As shown by our data [Потапова 2002] and by the results of other researchers, for example, [Стериополо 1979], in the unstressed position both qualitative and quantitative characteristics of vowels are noticeably weakened, which is a consequence of reduction. However, in German, qualitative reduction rarely results in neutralizing the timbre of a vowel. The preservation in the unstressed vowel of the basic timbral properties of the stressed variant is typical. In particular, one can observe a clear contrast between unstressed open vowels and closed syllables by qualitative features. It follows that in an unstressed position, short closed and long closed vowels of the same quality are in relation to additional distribution to each other, i.e. short and long variants of closed vowels are allophones of the same phoneme. All unstressed allophones can be divided in qualitative terms into two classes: closed, tense vowels corresponding to long ones in the stressed position: [i:] - i, [e:] - e, [u:] - u, [o:] - o, [a:] - a, and open non-tense ones: i, s, и, э, a .

Quantitative reduction of German vowels leads to a complete loss of their difference by duration - all unstressed vowels are almost equal. This

circumstance clearly reflects the dependence of the duration of German phonemes on the stress and structure of the syllable [Потапова, Потапов 2001].

The distribution of the duration between stressed and unstressed vowels shows that the quantitative characteristics of unstressed vowels do not depend on the structure of the syllable and on the position in the word: the duration of the vowels of open, closed, pre-tonic and post-tonic syllables is the same. Exceptions are vowels of final post-tonic syllables (cf. [Потапова 1986]).

Establishing a qualitative reduction of vowels in the German language, it should be noted that it is not as pronounced as in the Russian language, where there are vowels of incomplete formation [ъ], [ь]. A characteristic feature of the German language is greater qualitative reduction of vowels in closed syllables compared with vowels in open syllables. Vowels of pre-tonic syllables are reduced less than vowels of post-tonic syllables, with the exception of unstressed s that is reduced to the maximum in all closed syllables of the beginning and middle of the word up to э.

As it was found in the course of the study, strong qualitative modifications affect diphthongs in unstressed syllables as the speech is "reconstructed" from reading to speaking, which can be illustrated by a scale of gradual qualitative displacements:

[ж] ^ [ai] ^ [a1] ^ [a] ^ [б] ^ [э] ^ о;

[ao] ^ [au] ^ [oa] ^ [ou] ^ [о] ^ [в] ^ [э] ^ о;

[00] ^ [oi] ^ [o1] ^ [o] ^ [э] ^ о.

The data obtained [Потапова, 2002] agree in principle with the data of other researchers (for example, [Успенский, 1984]), but there are also some differences. Thus, according to our results at auditory and acoustic levels, the presence of zero realization is an integral variant in all scales. And these variforms appear, as a rule, when speaking in a casual-spoken speech register. The realized variforms of unstressed vowels (monophthongs and diphthongs) in the discourse demonstrate a spectrum of deviations from the codified pronunciation standard.

There are much more specific variforms of unstressed vocalism and they vary depending on the specifics and number of communicants; situations of communication; tempo of speech production; type of speech activity; phonostylistic register, etc.

Thus, the conducted research [Потапова 2002] made it possible to identify specific variforms of unstressed syllables in German speech with reference to two types of speech activity: reading and speaking.

In the course of the research [Потапова 2002] three types of realization of unstressed syllabic structures were distinguished: the complete type of realization, the truncated type of realization, and the zero type of realization. It is established that the increase in the speed of speech production (the speech tempo) during reading is not identical to the variforms of unstressed syllables in a continuous-casual speech. Types of variforms may be close in some cases, but there is no complete agreement observed; this allows suggesting a hypothesis of a multidimensional control mechanism of speech production in relation to the reading and speaking processes.

A special phonetic distinctness is manifested in realizations demonstrating a wide range of R-allophones taking into account their acoustic specifics and range of variations of variforms. Traditionally, the group of R-allophones breaks down into variforms starting with a vibrant and ending with elision: multistressed variform > vibrant > single-stressed variform > fricative > approximant > vowel > complete assimilation > loss (elision). Analysis of oscillograms and sonograms leads to the conclusion that R-allophones are mostly sonants. However, signs of sonority are not always present. Loss of a given feature is inherent in R-allophones in contact and distact (by A. A. Reformatskiy (1996)) progressive assimilation by voicelessness after voiceless obstruents.

The research [Потапова 2002] confirmed the idea that in reading usually voiced R-allophones are realized in prefixes -er, -ver, -zer, -her. In the final syllable position after short vowels, the use of consonant features and the appearance of vocalic features up to completely assimilated variforms are observed. After long vowels, either the vocalization of the vibrant is observed, or its complete assimilation. The position of the vibrant in polysyllabic words and after long [a:] should be specifically emphasized, as here the trend towards complete assimilation significantly increases. As for speaking (in particular, in dialogues and polylogues, for example, on the material of Talkshows), our observations completely coincide with the results of other studies, according to which this kind of speech activity is much more characterized by the vocalization of the vibrant up to its complete assimilation both after short vowels, excluding their functioning in affixes, and after a long [a:].

Of great interest are conclusions in view of time dynamics [Rues 2001]. The investigated polylogues in German Talkshows of the 90's make it possible to conclude that the dominant kind of R-allophony in spontaneous German speech is complete assimilation, especially in the post-vowel position [э] and [ a ]. In other cases vocalization is observed. And consonant allophones become quite a rare phenomenon. As a consequence of such modifications, compensatory quantitative, as well as partially qualitative changes of the preceding vowel are observed. The results of the research make it possible to distinguish between the types of German R-allophones taking into account the positions of the initial and final in the syllable: the initial is more characterized by consonant allophones, and the finals are vocalized and after short vowels and [a:] are subject to complete assimilation.

Thus, the object of the research [Потапов 2002] was the modification of unstressed syllables in German spoken language with regard to reading and speaking. As a result of the research, variforms of unstressed syllables and their constituents in German spoken speech were identified and described. The dynamics of modifications in the syllable constituents can be characterized as follows: reading: complete realization of unstressed syllables; incomplete realization of unstressed syllables that does not lead to the blending of the syllable constituents and redistribution of the syllable boundary; speaking: incomplete realization of unstressed syllables leading to blending of syllable constituents, simplification of the syllable structure and its complete loss; redistribution of syllabic boundaries and a change in the accent-rhythmic pattern of the word.

The results of the study on the characteristics of the functioning of the unstressed syllable and its components in the dynamics of discourse suggest that in German colloquial speech with the general change in the speech motor there are significant modifications of unstressed syllables, which, in turn, cause wide variability of its components [Потапова 1995]. This leads to the fact that the set of allophones of vowel and consonant phonemes realized in unstressed syllables becomes wider in German colloquial speech than in codified literary speech and in reading. The main acoustic correlate of the syllable with the sonant as a syllable-carrier is the contrast in the level of intensity and duration between the constituents of the syllable. The set of acoustic parameters relevant for distinguishing German syllabic / non-syllabic sonants depends on the distribution factor, under the influence of

which not all intensity parameters are equally important in distinguishing syllable / non-syllable sonants: the intensity level parameters can act either as a whole or selectively. The duration parameter is not always indicative since the syllabic / non-syllabic character of the sonant may be realized with one or more parameters of the intensity level.

The main factors that determine the variability of unstressed syllables are the position in the word and the distribution. The appearance of syllabic / non-syllabic sonants in the speech dynamics depends both on the phonetic context and on the types of speech activity.

4. Variability of rhythmic units in German spoken language

Today various approaches to the study and interpretation of the rhythm of German spoken language can be divided into two main groups [Потапова, Потапов 2001]: studies the original concept of which is accent-based isochrony, and studies based on syllable-based isochrony [Auer, Uhmann 1988; Auer, Couper-Kuhlen 1994]. In both cases, the cornerstone of all scientific constructions is the concept of isochrony transferred from the metric features of the verse speech to non-verse speech [Pike 1945; Abercrombie 1967]. Here the reference speech quantum (on the concept of "quantum", see [Потапова 1986] is a measure (foot). The differentiation of the approaches is associated, in one case, with the time compression of the syllabic segments within the measure associated with the increase in the number of syllables in a given measure, i.e. with an inverse relationship between the number of syllables and their duration, and in the other case - with a direct relationship between the number of syllables within the measure and their total duration. In both cases, there is isochronous interpretation of the reference rhythmic quantum. Isochrony itself is oriented towards various actualizations of the speech rhythm with the help of: a) the number of syllables; b) the total duration.

In modern Germanistics and world rhythmology, both approaches are widely represented. However, there is a trend to look for other ways, the supporters of this approach interpret the speech rhythm of non-verse speech not so formally, given the morpho-fonologo-phonetic aspect of this phenomenon, the structure of language, etc. [Потапов 1993; Потапов 1996; Потапов 1998; Потапов 1999; Потапов 2001; Potapova, Potapov 2011; Stock 2000]. Criticism ofE. Stock [Stock 2000] ofboth ofthe above concepts of isochrony with regard to accent-based and syllable-based approaches with

respect to German continuous non-verse speech is reasoned and justified. The traditional misconception in the study and interpretation of the speech rhythm in various languages is the transfer of the conclusions derived from the study of the English spoken language rhythm to the languages analyzed. As a rule, factors such as the process of reduction of vowels, the specificity of syllabic structures and syllabic boundaries, the relationship between the syllabic structure and the position of stress, the position of the main-stress syllable in a syntagm (phrase), grammatical, communicative, emotive and other stress functions are not taken into account. In this case, the overall integrative picture of the description of the spoken language rhythm is complicated depending on how thoroughly the researcher analyzes the given phenomenon: from the position of auditory perception, acoustic phonetics, morphophonology, lexical frequency of phonotactics, etc.

This point of view [Потапова, Потапов 2001] coincides with E. Stock's opinion with respect to the criticism of the approach according to which the German spoken language rhythm is thought of as an accent-based one [Pheby, Eras 1969; Pheby 1981]. The perceptive aspect was not taken into account. Moreover, the stylistic factor was not considered at all. The conclusions of Kohler (1982) are also somewhat categorical with respect to isochrony. The consideration of many components approximates the understanding of the spoken language rhythm in Germanistics to the more organic, integrated and probability-oriented phenomenon ([Essen 1979; Meinhold 1971, Neuber 1998; Voltz 1994; Stock 1996a; Stock 1996b; Stock 2000; Stock 2001; Stock, Velickova 2002] and others).

A number of studies are devoted to the study of paradigmatic rhythmic models of the German language. An analysis of the vocabulary structures of the German language, for example, was conducted by P. Menzerath (1954) on the material of 20,453 words.

To determine the most characteristic features in the distribution of stress in the German word, the frequency of German paradigmatic accent models of modern German words on the basis of the Leipzig Dictionary of German Pronunciation (1971) was analyzed. The study was conducted on a sample containing 45268 words [Гуревич 1975; Гуревич 2000]. Simple, derivative, and compound words were studied. The main feature of the model was the distribution of the main and secondary stresses. In addition, the morphemic conditionality of the German verbal accent is traced in accordance with the accent models.

The monograph [Гуревич 2008] is devoted to the peculiarities of the accentuation of the word in German (see, for example, also [Гуревич 2014, p. 273-277]).

Theoretical data were subjected to experimental analysis [Потапова, Потапов 2001]. The auditory analysis data provided the following conclusions: "...in German, the secondary stress along with the main one plays an important role in the rhythmic pattern of the spoken language. In this case, the fixation of the secondary stress on a certain syllable of a compound word in real speech is not always observed, and the more natural the conditions of communication, the greater the probability of displacement"1 [Потапова, Потапов 2001, p. 115].

It seems very important that in most cases the secondary stress shifts to the syllable, which according to the rules should carry the stress of the third degree. In other words, it is not an absolutely new and unpredictable localization of the secondary stress, but its displacement to a syllable that is potentially also a stressed one, but to a lesser extent. The deviation from the norms for the stress of the third degree was ascertained by auditors in 54 % of cases.

The main prosodic features characterizing the salience of the syllable were, according to the results of the auditory experiment, the melodic contour, the duration and a combination of these two features. While in the case of the main stress realization the length plays a rather significant role, it becomes practically irrelevant for realization of the stress of the second and third degrees.

For acoustic analysis of the experimental material of the research, only those words were selected, in which the localization of the secondary stress was determined by the listeners as not coinciding with the paradigmatic norm of German phonetics2 [Потапова, Потапов 2001, p. 120].

The comparison of the auditory and acoustic analyses data made it possible to draw the following conclusion: ". in the majority of cases,

1 «.В немецком языке второстепенное ударение, наряду с главным, играет важную роль в ритмическом оформлении звучащей речи. При этом фиксированность второстепенного ударения на определенном слоге сложного слова в реальной речи не всегда соблюдается, и чем естественнее условия коммуникации, тем больше вероятность смещения».

2 «Для акустического анализа из общего массива слов, составивших экспериментальный материал исследования, были отобраны только те слова, в которых локализация второстепенного ударения аудиторами определялась как несовпадающая с парадигматической нормой немецкой фонетики».

the listeners defined the first syllable of a compound word as a syllable bearing the main stress. Only in a small number of cases, according to the listeners, the main stress was displaced to another syllable. In 61.1% these data were fully confirmed by the results of the acoustic analysis"1 [Потапова, Потапов 2001, p. 121].

The data obtained as a result of the acoustic analysis [Потапова, Потапов, 2001] confirmed the hypothesis that, in relation to syntagmatics in compound German words, one can speak of various variants of marking the secondary stress, and also the main stress in some cases2.

Most often the deviation from the orthoepic pronunciation of German compound words, namely the displacement of the secondary stress, occurs in the following cases of word localization: isolated pronunciation, middle and end of the sentence, which partially coincides with the data obtained with regard to the realization of the main stress.

To realize the acoustic salience of both the main and secondary types of stress, the most indicative were the positions of words in the text, in the middle of the sentence, and also with in isolated pronunciation. In these cases, the maximum number of various prosodic parameters takes the largest numerical value.

The experiment showed that ".. .in German the system of stresses within a compound word varies in syntagmatics in comparison with paradigmatic, and the secondary stress plays an important role in the rhythmic pattern of spoken language along with the main one, which was confirmed by the data of the auditory analysis"3 [Потапова, Потапов 2001, p. 121].

The results of the experiment are in agreement with the conclusions obtained earlier [Потапов 1998, p. 38-39; Потапов 2004; Potapov

1 «...В преобладающем большинстве случаев аудиторы определяли первый слог сложного слова как слог, несущий главное ударение. Лишь в незначительном числе случаев, по данным аудиторов, главное ударение было смещено на другой слог. В 61,1 % эти данные полностью подтвердились результатами акустического анализа».

2 Our results confirm the data obtained by R. Rausch (2001), according to which there are significant differences in the rhythmic patterns of compound words in the German language (for example, even for East-German and West-German variants: Bürgermeister - Bürgermeister).

3 «.В немецком языке система ударений в рамках сложного слова варьирует в синтагматике по сравнению с парадигматикой и второстепенное ударение наряду с главным играет важную роль в ритмическом оформлении звучащей речи, что было подтверждено данными слухового анализа».

1999; Potapov 2001; Potapov 2014], according to which the study of the rhythmic structure in synchrony for all analyzed languages1 confirmed the variability of prosodic pattern of polysyllabic 'rhythmic structures' (RS) forming a marginal array of RSs. This variability is causally dependent on the syntactic-semantic and stylistic factors of constructing the spoken text, which can be revealed only at the level of the phrase prosody. The core of every speech construction, both written and spoken, is a system of rules that form a kind offramework, the guiding feature of which, as applied to the rhythm of the non-verse speech, is its flexibility, elasticity. On the one hand, variability is possible; on the other hand, this variability is limited by certain rules, and if these rules are not observed, this can lead to some interference and distortion in the rhythm of speech of a specific language.

5. Pronunciation variability of German spoken language and attempts to codify it

The shift of the dominant of scientific research towards anthro-pocentrism led to the development of spoken language sciences (in German: Sprechwissenschaft; in English: speechology), where the main object of research is the individual as a part of the universal existence. The reasonability of such a concept is confirmed by the successful functioning of special institutions of spoken language sciences, for example, in Germany [Потапова 1999; Krech 1968; Krech 1987; Krech 1996a; Krech 1996b; Krech 1996c; Krech 1999]. The phonetic-phonological component, therefore, is only one of the vectors in the complex matrix of interpersonal communication features.

The great variability of the German language is described by many researchers (see, e.g., [Zellerhoff 2013]) who refer primarily to the fact of the late historical development of the German language as the national language of the state in the Baroque era. Along with the functioning of a variety of dialects, there are examples of typical regional variations2. R. Zellerhoff gives some examples of the differences in the articulation base, for example, for inhabitants in the north and the south of Germany:

While the "northerners" articulate fully in front of the oral cavity, for "southerners" would be the art of the articulation direct opposite. The

1 Russian, German, Czech, Bulgarian.

2 For example, such works as ([Атарщикова 2001; Бухаров 1995; Стериополо, Бон-даренко 2004] and others) are also devoted to regional pronunciation variants.

basis of articulation is thus the one before and in the other case shifted back. Even within North Rhine-Westphalia, the pronunciation of people from Cologne or Aachen would be extremely different, the former would speak rhythmically but with barely noticeable melody, while the latter had a moving speech melody. Also phonetic peculiarities, such as the "sweet s", which is spoken in the Rhineland and, compared to the rather "sharp s"... 1 [Zellenhoff 2013, p. 126].

Consideration of the process of formation and development of the pronunciation variantology is especially justified from the standpoint of various aspects of spoken language sciences (speechology). To that end, the experience of codifying modern German pronunciation [Siebs 1969; Sievers 1901] is indicative.

Special attention should be paid to the process of developing the modern All-German project to create new codified requirements to orthoepy of the German that has been implemented since 1990, by specialists in Germanic studies of the united Germany (with centers in Universities of Halle and Cologne) [Stock 2001].

This project is known under the name of the "New Edition of the Pronunciation Dictionary of the German Language". The project includes an extensive program, according to which a number of tasks of codifying the pronunciation of the modern German language are being solved. The cornerstone of the project is the reliance on recommendations built on the knowledge of modern pronunciation of words, taking into account situational and communicative factors. In this regard, a special place in the development of the project is taken by stylistically conditioned pronunciation variants [Потапова 1999].

The purpose of this dictionary is to update the codification of the German pronunciation standard and to provide recommendations for its situation-specific use. Stylistic variants of pronunciation regarding the accuracy of articulation during reading and free speaking are taken into account. The information on the "Germanized" pronunciation variants of words is for the

1 "Während die "Nordlichter" ganz vorne im Mundraum artikulierten, sei es im Süden offensichtlich umgekert. Die Artikulationsbasis sei also das eine Mal vor- und im anderen Fall zurückverlagert. Selbst innerhalb von Nordrhein-Westfalen ware die Aussprache der Menschen aus Köln oder Aachen extreme unterschiedlich, Erstere sprächen rhythmisch aber mit kaum merklicher Melodieführung, während letztere eine bewegte Sprechmelodie aufwiesen. Auch lautliche Besonderheiten, wie das "suße s", das im Rheinland and gesprochen wird, gegenüber dem eher "scharfen s"..."

first time included for nineteen various foreign languages for the German user. Moreover, the German language pronunciation standard in Austria and the German-speaking region of Switzerland is described according to the concept of the German language as a pluricentric one.

The dictionary includes about 150,000 German and foreign words entered into the German lexicon, as well as a large number of compound words (composites) and word combinations that form complex accentual structures, which contributes to a more adequate perception of the meaning of what has been said.

The phonetic material of the dictionary itself is a description of the distribution pattern and the regional division (delimitation) of the German language, which currently is the mother tongue for 130 million people. In some countries, German, along with other languages, has the status of a national business official language, for example, in such states as Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, East Belgium and South Tyrol. In addition, the German language functions among national minorities in 25 states: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Denmark, France, Israel, Canada, Mexico, Namibia, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Czech Republic, Hungary, Uruguay, USA. All this leads, according to the authors of the dictionary, to extremely rich variability at all levels, and naturally, above all, at the phonetic level.

Significant tolerance in relation to the pronounced variability of the German language does not exclude the need for recommendations in the field of codification of German pronunciation, which is in demand primarily in the preparation of speakers in the broadest sense of the word (in science, culture, politics, education, economics, etc.). Thus, the codified standard, unlike the pronunciation variforms, is characterized by the presence of the following features:

• absence of dialectally and regionally colored pronunciation forms;

• presence (use) of supra-regional and supra-social pronunciation forms;

• functioning in official situations, etc.

In the dictionary, along with the variability of allophones, variforms of accent-rhythmic units, syllabic division, reduction, etc. were introduced.

The development of a new version of the pronunciation dictionary included the solution of a number of specific tasks: performing socio-phonetic research that aim to define (on the basis of language users - the

native speakers' responses) preferred forms of pronunciation depending on the specific conditions of pronunciation; carrying out the experimental-phonetic analysis of the created speech corpus; coordination of all data obtained during the research; compilation of a new pronunciation dictionary (paper and electronic versions).

To solve the first task, socio-phonetic research were required. To date, 43 types of sounding material have been used (each one is one minute in length), which includes the presentation of various forms of information messages, dialogues and polylogues, speeches of politicians, lectures1, etc. from various TV and radio programs.

Special questionnaires and tests revealed the following: how organic and acceptable a connection between the pronunciation form of the sounding material (sounds, intonation) and a particular communicative situation is, in the listeners' opinion. When processing data received from 1,600 the native speakers, their differentiation by age, gender, social status, membership to regional or dialectal variants of pronunciation, etc. was taken into account.

The obtained results made it possible to draw a conclusion that the native speakers have a corresponding idea of how to realize pronunciation forms in certain communicative conditions. Thus, with the help of the socio-phonetic research, it becomes possible to determine the main direction when focusing on the most preferred variants of pronunciation forms (pronunciation variforms).

The solution also implied experimental phonetic research of the sounding material using computer programs for acoustic analysis of speech. This research made it possible to determine the specifics of sound variability of articulatory nature under the influence of various position-contextual and phonostylistic factors.

In this case, special attention was given to differentiation ofpronunciation variforms in various types of speech activity: reading and speaking. The main objective of the research was to determine the pronunciation variforms with respect to the characteristics of complete and incomplete types of pronunciation [Бондарко, Вербицкая, Гордина, Зиндер, Касевич, 1974). Within the framework of the project, the coordination of the data was carried out at the final stage, and pronunciation variants of the modern German language were developed taking into account the development

1 See, for example [Потапова, Потапов 2013; Потапова, Потапов 2014].

of new representative forms of pronunciation. The so-called "regular" vocabulary includes speech units within the phrase, in order to be able to reflect the pronunciation forms in larger segments of the continuous speech, taking into account various situational and communicative factors. In addition, the pronunciation variforms of foreign words and proper nouns were studied that are most commonly found in the language of tele- and radioprograms. Along with the dictionary on a traditional paper medium, a "speaking dictionary" is available on the CD, which is of great importance for the study of the German language as a foreign language [Hirschfeld, Stock 2000].

Consequently, according to this project, the codification of German pronunciation did not aim to create a set of prescriptions for a single pronunciation norm. On the basis of the specific observations of the use of language and acceptance of certain forms by the majority of native language speakers it became possible to consolidate such pronunciation variants (variforms) that could be recommended as preferred ones in relation to specific situations and conditions of communication.

The objective of the project also included the search of answer to the following questions: under what conditions and in what form the use of certain pronunciation variforms is communicatively justified and appropriate; what is better to introduce into the codified pronunciation information and what should be recommended as the preferred variant. It was assumed that codification will serve as a stabilizing factor in the undesired "spread" of the pronunciation standard of Germany.

The authors of the project rightfully believe that the codification of the pronunciation and the speech reality should be considered as interrelated and interdependent parts of the whole. Moreover, it is the verbal reality that is the initial, on the one hand, and the target, on the other hand, point of codification. It is postulated that any pronunciation codification should be based, first of all, on the recording and evaluation of speech reality. Obtaining the resulting evaluation involves carrying out empirical studies that lead to the formation of a database and include statistically reliable variforms reflecting the diverse speech usage. The results of such an empirical research are further subjected to expert analysis and evaluation including the process of normalization, selection and generalization, which makes it possible to represent the diversity of the data obtained in the form of a limited set of examples and rules.

Explicit codified norms are intended to reflect not all the variety of standard speech realizations, but only those that can be accepted and approved by native speakers as "comfortable" and preferred for the act of fully comprehensive verbal communication.

The process of communication is not limited to explicit information and involves verification of the sounding material primarily against the natural manner of perception and acceptance of pronunciation variforms. In this regard, a huge role in the work on the project was that of identification of correlations between explicit and implicit forms of knowledge about them, which is a decisive factor governing the codification. At the same time, the implicit norms associated with the process of expectation of certain variforms function at all linguistic levels: in relation to various kinds of dialects, sociolects and the language standard. Formation of evaluation competence occurs in the process of active perceptual activity based mainly on the use of the media.

The above approaches to the problem of the codification of German pronunciation are developed and solved by representatives of a relatively new direction among phonetic sciences, speechology. The practical and theoretical contribution to the speechology of the scientists of Germany is huge and deserves the closest attention and study [Krech 1996c; Krech 1999].

It is necessary to give proper respect to German specialists in German spoken language who have undertaken to solve such a difficult problem and have successfully solved it. A positive fact is that they consider the norm not as a fixed standard, but as a range of pronounced variforms inherent in this period of time.

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