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ГЕОЛОГО-МИНЕРАЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
UDC 556:553 Gmti 38.61.23
MODERN DESIGN SOLUTIONS FOR WATERING SUMMER PASTURES OF KAZAKHSTAN
WITH THE USE OF GROUNDWATER
Lagutin E. I.
Dr. GEOL.-miner. Sciences, academician MANEB (St. Petersburg-ecology), "Institute of water problems and ecology» Republic of Kazakhstan. Director. Address: Republic Of Kazakhstan, Taraz, 080003, Zhambyl Ave. 9a-25
СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРОЕКТНЫЕ РЕШЕНИЯ ДЛЯ ОБВОДНЕНИЯ ЛЕТНИХ ПАСТБИЩ КАЗАХСТАНА С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ПОДЗЕМНЫХ ВОД
Лагутин Е.И.
Доктор геол.-минер. наук, академик МАНЭБ (г. Санкт-Петербург - экология), «Институт водных проблем и экологии» Республики Казахстан. Директор.
Адрес:Республика Казахстан, г. Тараз, 080003, пр. Жамбыла 9а-25
ANNOTATION
The Republic of Kazakhstan has a huge (about 180 million hectares) area of pasture land, modern and good-quality arrangement and water supply (watering) which is the most important element of the problem of development of modern livestock and meet the needs of the growing population of the country and its export potential of high-quality and environmentally safe meat products [1;2;3;13]. In the process of preparing the material of the article from the standpoint of geohydrology [13]. analyzed all currently known methods of calculation and practical traditional vodopiine structures in relation to this natural and geological conditions of hummocky terrain in Central Kazakhstan - fuel subsurface flow artificial liquid pools, canals, furrows, drilling water wells, their series ring panels and arbitrary systems in continuous, intermittent or comprehensive diet [4-10; 20; 22; 13, 14 ].
АННОТАЦИЯ
Республика Казахстан располагает огромной (около 180 млн. га) площадью пастбищных угодий, современное и доброкачественное обустройство и водообеспечение (обводнение) которых составляет важнейший элемент проблемы развития современного животноводства и обеспечения потребностей растущего населения страны и её экспортного потенциала доброкачественной и экологически безопасной мясной продукцией [1;2;3;13].
В процессе подготовки материала статьи с позиций геогидрологии [13] проанализированы все известные в настоящее время методы расчета и практического создания традиционных водопойных сооружений применительно к рассматриваемым природно-геологическим условиям мелкосопочного рельефа Центрального Казахстана - подпитывания подземного потока искусственными наливными бассейнами, каналами, бороздами, буровыми на воду скважинами, их рядами, кольцевыми батареями и произвольными системами в условиях постоянного, перемежающегося или комплексного режима питания [4-10; 20; 22; 13, 14 ]. Предложены новые оригинальные методы оценки и расчета грунтовых водохранилищ и регулирования подруслового стока временных водотоков в условиях Центрального Казахстана с использованием данных наблюдений за их режимом и на основе исследования их баланса, а также новые проетные и конструктивные элементы грунтовых водохранилищ и практические решения в организации процесса их строительства [20; 13,14 ].
Keyword. Underground reservoirs, surveys, calculation, balance, construction, watering points, systems, operation.
Ключевые слова. Подземные водохранилища, изыскания, расчет, баланс, строительство, водопойные пункты, системы, эксплуатация.
The nature of the article. Research article.
Introduction. Currently existing watering points on summer pastures of Central Kazakhstan in the current economic conditions are not very effective, for the following reasons:
a) drilling wells in the pastures of Central Kazakhstan require large material costs for preliminary research, design, capital construction, current operating costs (electricity, maintenance, repair, maintenance,
etc.) and practically do not pay off in agricultural production;
b) wells in conditions of low-power aquifer will not provide the required volume of water for simultaneous watering of a large flock, as the water flow into the well at low capacity of the aquifer requires considerable time and volume of the well itself. In addition, efforts are required to raise the water, which requires mechanization of the water lifting process and the necessary energy costs, repair services and other
As a result of many years of scientific and practical geohydrological studies of the territory of Central Kazakhstan (Rice.1.) it is established that there are mainly fractured-ground and fractured-pressure groundwater in crystalline metamorphic and metamorphosed rocks of pre-Paleozoic and Paleozoic age, having developed fracturing as close to the surface, formed under the influence of modern erosiondenudation processes, and in depth, formed under the influence of tectonic processes-modern and more ancient [1; 2; 3; 13].
The first forms a zone of exogenous fracturing, usually exposed in the elevated parts of the hills, and, conversely, covered, as a rule, in the interstitial depressions fine-grained formations proluvial-denudation and, partly, Aeolian genetic series. The water-containing medium here is gravel-gravel soils with sandy aggregate, corresponding to the composition of the "parent" rock. Their power is usually small and is according to our definitions the first meters, usually up to 10 meters. The most "active" part of it-up to 3-7 meters. The cover part of the section in its lower part is characterized by the development of thin sandy layers, above it is represented by loamy-sandy loam compacted differences, which have a certain degree of water-resistant properties. This aquifer contains groundwater, in some areas with local pressure, sustained area and spread very widely, forming a kind of relatively small pools of underground flow, boundaries...
The mosaic of the boundaries of the distribution of underground runoff basins usually predetermines their relationship and the possibility of underground overflow from one basin to another, located
costs. At the same time, wells need constant sanitary supervision and necessary sanitation, and the quality of water in them does not always meet the necessary requirements;
c) self-leveling trenches and digging, which are widely used at the present time, quickly dry up in the hot and windy Kazakhstan summer period, and, in addition, are a source of many infectious diseases and, therefore, are also ineffective in terms of sanitary and epidemiological indicators [14].
hypsometrically below, with the formation of larger hydrogeological structures. It is this fact that was used in the theoretical justification and practical implementation of the idea of building artificial underground reservoirs for watering pastures [11; 12;14; 16].
Method. For the territory of Central Kazakhstan, on the example of the Karaganda region, a special geohydrological zoning was performed for the possibility of creating underground reservoirs for various purposes (Table.1). The areas that are promising for creating large underground reservoirs based on natural reservoirs, usually in the riverine parts, floodplains and river valleys, areas that are promising for creating medium-sized underground reservoirs usually on the removal cones by regulating the regime of infiltration of surface water, areas that are promising for creating small underground reservoirs by regulating the underground flow of low-power aquifers1., (Rice.2.).
Results. Considered in this article and developed by us a new original method of creating water-drinking points by regulating underground flow using underground water of the most low-power aquifers of fractured ground waters of the modern zone of exogenous fracturing of different age rocks in Central Kazakhstan allows us to practically approach the solution of the complex problem of watering Watering points are created on the basis of water accumulated artificially created underground reservoirs that regulate underground flow within the original underground flow basins, in narrowed areas in the places of "exit" and "clamping" section of the underground flow [10;13;17-19;23].
Rice. 1. Overview physical and geographical map of Central Kazakhstan
Table 1.
Principles of special geohydrological zoning Central Kazakhstan under the conditions of creation of underground reservoirs [14].
Areas (according to the Genesis of water-bearing rocks) Subdistricts (by the nature of the underlying formations Plots (according to the depth of the ground water level position) Number of plots
1. Alluvial accumulations of river valleys (it is possible to create large underground reservoirs of complex purpose in natural reservoirs). 1-1. Alluvial essentially clay and sand-clay formations. 1-1-1. (up to 5 meters). 1
2.Alluvial-proluvial formations of removal cones (it is possible to create medium-sized soil reservoirs for agricultural purposes) 2-1. Water-bearing lenses in the thickness of loam clays, confined to deluvial-proluvial deposits of quaternary age. 2-1-1.( up to 5-15 m.)) 1
3. Mainly deluvial and deluvial -proluvial formations of Quaternary age, overlapping zones of exogenous fracturing of Paleozoic metamorphosed and crystalline rocks, with the degree of transformation (it is possible to build artificial shallow groundwater reservoirs mainly for watering pastures). 3-1. Fractured essentially metamorphosed carbonate rocks of Devonian and Carboniferous age. 3-2.Effusive rocks of lower and Paleozoic age 3-3. Metamorphic and effusive sedimentary rocks of pre-Paleozoic and lower Paleozoic age 3-4.Igneous granitoid series of Paleozoic age 3-1-1. (up to 5-15 m) 3-1-2.(up to 35m) 3-2-1. ( up to 5m) 3-2-2.(up to 15m) 3-2-3. (up to 50m) 3-3-1.(up to 5-15m) 3-3-2,(up to 35m) 3-4-1.(up to 5m-15m) 3-4-2.(up to 15m) 3-4-3.(up to 30m) 4 1 12 29 5 1 4 1 3 10
Clonapine vodopiine settlements are created on the basis of artificial
underground reservoirs are deprived almost all drawbacks of the conventional vodopiine items - they vodoobespecheniya year-round water of required quality, do not require material costs to operate, have an aesthetic appearance, have the required pressure and volume for watering large (up to 500 heads or more) flocks of sheep, 100-200 head of cattle or horses and camels, do not spoil pasture land (all the buildings are hidden under the ground), easy to maintain and the shepherd [14].
Resolved based on the organization of construction kamonporn vodopiine points with regard to the conditions of Central Kazakhstan as a single building, and for conditions of mass construction using modern tools, machines and materials [14]. We have developed the design of complex underground diversion structure does not exhaust, of course, the variety of possible options, but it solves the basic and fundamental aspects, namely the simplest and nudeshemale way in a short time (in our case 1-1.5 months), essentially from scrap materials, machinery and equipment, construct and put into operation zamonaviy vodopiine item capable 3 flooded thousands of hectares of pastures, and, with a sufficient supply of water. Almost done building one of these reservoirs, including a dirt dam with artificially created dam capacity, isolation structures, pressure conduit, a storage pool, spillway construction, vodopiine the point where the water level is set at a height of 1.7 meters above the earth's surface. The water level in the storage tank is constantly maintained by the water pressure in the reservoir (Rice.2.). Discussion. The constructed
underground reservoir in a complex with a self-pressure watering point was investigated in the conditions of production operation. Here, during the entire grazing period, a flock of 200 head of cattle was provided with water. It was found that the daily water consumption at two-time watering is 4-6 m3/day with a decrease in the levels in the dam zone to 0.5 m. the Maximum recorded flow rate at full operation of the levels in the reservoir at a pressure denser than 3.5 m was about 25.4 m3 / day. This corresponds to the actually registered and practically confirmed module of natural underground runoff from the entire area of the corresponding underground runoff basin (10km2) -about 0.03 l/s from 1 km2. These numbers are an order of magnitude smaller than those given in the earlier collective special work led by Acad. U. M. Akhmedsafin [1]. Nevertheless, the area of pastures actually served by one self-pressure watering point exceeds 3000 ha [14].
Based on the network of observation wells-piezometers were organized monitoring, covering the period to streetwalkers, construction period, the period after construction of the restoration levels and period of operation [14;21]. It is shown that in natural, not disturbed by construction conditions, ground water regime was determined largely by climatic factors, to the melting of the winter reserves of moisture, speed of temperature change, evaporation from the surface and the groundwater, solar radiation, speed and wind direction, speed of precipitation, exposition of slopes, etc. on the Contrary, in the process of building and opening of the aquifer there has been a sharp jump in the position of the groundwater levels and their almost universal reduction.
Rice.2. Design scheme of the watering point at the underground reservoir
Upon completion of construction, groundwater levels quickly recovered under the influence of natural factors, and during the pilot operation, significant reductions in levels were no longer observed. This indicates a fairly noticeable amount of ground flow feeding due to underground inflow, which provided a positive balance of the underground reservoir [14; 21].
Conclusion. The territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan abounds in mountain, foothill and small-mound pasture regions, so the experience described in this article can and probably should be widely distributed in both Central and Western, southern and Eastern regions of the country, namely in Mugodzhars, small-mound pastures of the Eastern regions of the country, mountain Mangyshlak and other similar territories [1; 2; 3; 13; 14].
Only on the territory of the Karaganda region according to available data from 5628.4 thousand g of pastures 4893 thousand hectares are considered watered, including: 603.9 thousand hectares of mine wells (420pcs), 2344,: thousand hectares of wells (854 PCs), 689.7 thousand hectares of springs: (660pcs), 838 thousand hectares-rivers, 78 thousand hectares-lakes, 338 thousand hectares-artificial structures (ponds, At the same time, it is known that the surface runoff in the conditions of the Karaganda region is mainly represented by temporary watercourses with a pronounced spring flood, when within 0.5-1.5 months passes up to 90°/ annual runoff. Therefore, the areas that are watered by such "rivers", as well as mine wells tied to river basins, and totaling about 215 thousand hectares, are areas with low reliability of sources. Together with non-watered areas, this makes up more than 50% of all pastures in the region. Apparently, it is here that the long-term gradual restoration of high-
cultural productive modern pasture lands should begin with the use of the above unique scientific developments of scientists of the "Institute of water problems and ecology" of the Republic of Kazakhstan to create modern economical self-pressure watering points at groundwater reservoirs on the most low-power aquifers of groundwater [11-14].
With a sufficiently wide introduction, such developments can significantly increase the possibilities of pasture cattle breeding in its traditional forms and in Central Kazakhstan, where there are very favorable conditions for this. It is here, on the territory of the Central Kazakhstan melkosopochnik, on the traditional beautiful summer pastures of Sary ARKA, on the basis of widely implemented in the production of numerous self-pressure modern watering points, an exemplary cultural agricultural production can be created, which will adequately revive the former glory and wealth of the Kazakh people.
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Information about authors
1. Lagutin Evgeny Ivanovich, LLP "Institute of water problems and ecology" of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Taraz). Director. Doctor of geological-mineralogical Sciences, academician of International Academy of Ecological Safety (St.-Petersburg, section of ecology). Address: 080003, Kazakhstan, Taraz, Zhambyl Avenue, 9-a, square 25. Tel: +77059124909, ORCID: 0000-0002-7897-5620.
Сведения об авторе
1. Лагутин Евгений Иванович, ТОО
"Институт водных проблем и экологии" Республики Казахстан (г.Тараз). Директор. Доктор геолого-минералогических наук, академик Международной академии экологической безопасности (Санкт-Петербург, секция экологии). Адрес: 080003, Казахстан, г. Тараз, пр. Жамбыла, 9-А, кв. 25. Тел.: +77059124909, . В ORCID: 00000002-7897-5620.
