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MODELS OF AGRI TOURISM DEVELOPMENT ABROAD Chuprygin V.P. (Russian Federation)
Chuprygin Viktor Pavlovich - DBA student, RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION UNDER THE PRESIDENT OF THE
RUSSIAN FEDERATION, MOSCOW
Abstract: the article examines the world experience in the development of ecological tourism. It is concluded that the implementation of any model requires systemic government support for agrotourism farms and agrotourism as a service sector; regulatory, legal and information support for the promotion of agritourism products at the regional and national levels; organization of agrotourism associations and IT resources with databases to create an agritourism market on a state scale and financial support. Keywords: agrotourism, ecology, rural recreation, development, management.
МОДЕЛИ РАЗВИТИЯ АГРОТУРИЗМА ЗА РУБЕЖОМ Чупрыгин В.П. (Российская Федерация)
Чупрыгин Виктор Павлович - слушатель DBA,
Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте Российской Федерации,
г. Москва
Аннотация: в статье исследованы мировой опыт развития экологического туризма. Сделаны выводы о том, что для реализации любой модели необходимы системная государственная поддержка агротуристических хозяйств и агротуризма как сектора сферы услуг; нормативно-правовое и информационное обеспечение продвижения агротуристического продукта на региональном и национальном уровнях; организация агротуристических объединений и ИТ-ресурсов с базами данных для создания рынка агротуризма в масштабах государства и финансовая поддержка. Ключевые слова: агротуризм, экология, сельский отдых, развитие, управление.
Agritourism is one of the areas of ecotourism, which involves immersion in a rural lifestyle, and not just a vacation associated with the contemplation of natural landscapes without a negative impact on the environment. Initially, agritourism was intended for domestic tourism and only at a certain stage of development became attractive to foreigners. The reason for turning to agritourism in Western European countries was the crisis of the European agricultural model, when, because of the introduction of quotas and the active development of the urban environment, agriculture began to lose its attractiveness, and farmers had to look for new sources of income [1].
In turn, for tourists, rural holidays have become the most attractive alternative to traditional beach holidays. Increasing production loads, the ever-accelerating pace of urban life, and the popularization of natural recreation and organic nutrition played a big role in this.
Agrotourism models in different geographical regions have their own characteristics. Thus, the Anglo-American model is practiced in the UK, USA and Canada. The prerequisites for its development were the active construction of roads in the post-war period, which is why the main consumers of this model were motor tourists. The first organization for city residents who wanted to help in agriculture was the Working Weekends on Organic Farms (WWOOF) organization, founded in 1971 in England.
The British model of agritourism organization is of interest due to its special types of accommodation for tourists. The most popular are three relatively cheap accommodation options: farmhouse accommodation with breakfast only (B&B); in a separate small building, on a self-catering basis and in a large isolated converted outbuilding with a sleeping area with beds, a kitchen, bathrooms and designed for 8-15 tourists (bunkhouse).
In parallel to these types of accommodation, in a few areas of the UK, rural VIP tourism has developed, aimed at the wealthy population, offering accommodation in old manors that have undergone complete reconstruction, and newly built mini-hotels or houses in a traditional English style.
In the United States, the most popular destinations for agritourism are the states of California, Colorado, Hawaii, Montana, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Virginia and Wyoming. Travelers can choose between fruit picking, wine and cheese tasting, horseback riding, fine dining of local cuisine and much more. The cost of living on a farm can be reduced if a tourist expresses a desire to do simple housework for a couple of hours a day.
A distinctive tradition of American agritourism is state fairs, offering agricultural expositions, concerts, parades, and carnivals that are accessible to the masses. Some of these fairs last for 3-4 weeks and receive several million visitors from all over the world. To help tourists, there are such large resources as FarmStay U.S and agritourismworld.com, where you can find all the necessary information on agritourism holidays. There are no
federal laws regulating the development of regional agro- and ecotourism in the United States; this responsibility lies with the enterprises themselves and tour operators who provide marketing and promotion.
The Western European model of agritourism emerged against the backdrop of the agricultural crisis, as an addition to agricultural activity, helping to avoid degradation and depopulation of the rural sector. The leadership of the European Union has created Worldwide Opportunities on Organic Farms (WWOOF) - a set of international agritourism programs that are designed to combine tourism with ecological organic agriculture. The formation of a new form of tourism took place in waves and non-simultaneously in all countries; in a few countries (Austria, Italy, France) rural tourism existed for a long time without government support.
The European countries of the "first wave", which proclaimed the transition to the development of agritourism in the 80s, implemented two types of programs: state and supranational, aimed at developing the tourism sector in the political, financial, organizational, legal, and information spheres. Despite the common features of agritourism in Western European countries, each of them can offer something special, characteristic only of it.
The tradition of welcoming tourists to Austrian farms dates back more than a century, helped by well-developed agriculture and world-famous alpine landscapes. Currently in Austria there are over 3,400 farms offering rural recreation services. Today, the main directions of agritourism are ecological and children's recreation, recreation on grape and horse farms, recreation for people with disabilities, and recreation on farms in the format of a healthy diet using organic products. The organization "Urlaub am Bauernhof", uniting 2800 farms in 8 states of Austria, will provide any information regarding accommodation, cultural life, attractions, sports, barrier-free environment, and offer many related recreation options [2].
A distinctive feature of agritourism in France is the diversity of regions, the combination of several types of recreation and personal preparation of food from environmentally friendly rural products. Tourists can be accommodated in farms, villas, apartments, chalets, fishermen's houses, cottage villages in the coastal zone, and small home hotels. Moreover, only a third of the owners of agricultural estates are farmers, the rest belong to citizens and tourism companies. The most famous regions of agritourism are Brittany, the Loire Valley, Provence, Bordeaux, the reserves of the Cevennes, Vanoise, and the Pyrenees. The forms of recreation are very diverse: fishing, tours of landmarks and castles, excursions to wineries and cheese factories, horseback riding, ecotourism to mountain parks and reserves.
Tourism and holidays in the villages and farms of Italy were popular throughout the 20th century. There are three areas of agritourism: gastronomic (in agricultural farms specializing in a certain type of product), health (rural settlements in resort areas and national parks) and sports (specialized sports facilities in rural areas). The most famous regions are Tuscany (25% of all farms), Sicily, Sardinia, Calabria, Pisa, and the area around Milan.
Agritourism has reached the highest level of development in Spain, where the total number of rural hotels, farms and villas is more than ten thousand. A distinctive feature of this area of tourism is the combination of traveling through agricultural regions with relaxation on the seashore and getting to know the culture and way of life of the country through participation in traditional festivities and festivals. In addition to rural hotels, farms, villas and ancient mansions, the following options are available in Spain: "casa rurales" - renting out only part of a rural house for the summer; "Refugio" and "Fonda" are very budget accommodation options with a minimum of amenities [3].
In Germany, small businesses in rural tourism are supported by the Ministry of Agriculture. A prerequisite is a careful attitude towards traditional crafts and maintaining the skills of running a farmstead. German agritourism estates are united by today's largest resource landtourismus.de, which presents all types of rural housing. Among German regions, the Rhine Valley is considered particularly attractive, famous for its winemaking, ancient castles and various museums. The choice of accommodation is simply huge: horse farms, eco-estates, houses with various types of baths, rural houses for cyclists, skiers and newlyweds, country sports centers. Tourists are offered courses in tractor driving, making salted bagels, the basics of organic cultivation, healthy cooking, gardening, contemplation, and meditation. Agrotourism in Germany is closely connected with events: many national holidays, folklore festivals and country fairs attract a large number of tourists from different countries.
The European countries of the "second wave" include recognized leaders of the tourism industry, for whom it was important to reorganize the industry itself, reduce the environmental load in traditional holiday destinations and switch tourist flows from the coast to inland areas. First, these are Greece and Cyprus, whose rural housing stock generally had a high level of comfort, characteristic of the "first wave" countries.
The Eastern European model of agritourism is characteristic of the "third wave" countries, which included former countries of the socialist camp and some republics from the USSR that joined the EU. It was formed in conditions of a poorly developed rural housing stock, required the development of programs for the reconstruction of villages and therefore became more expensive compared to the Western European model. The advantage was that the "third wave" countries developed state agritourism programs based on the ready-made EU model.
The Asian model of rural tourism is practiced in less developed tropical countries, where private houses are unsuitable for accommodating tourists, but there is a rich tourism potential, a developed culture of hospitality and a stable influx of foreign tourists. In contrast to the Anglo-American model, it is based on national flavor, offers
many additional services and accommodation in specially built national villages and expensive hotels in rural areas.
The analysis of the development of foreign agrotourism allows us to conclude that to implement any model it is necessary:
systemic government support for agrotourism farms and agrotourism as a service sector;
regulatory, legal and information support for the promotion of agritourism products at the regional and national
levels;
organization of agrotourism associations and IT resources with databases to create an agrotourism market on a state scale;
finance support (system of preferential lending or subsidies for agricultural farms).
References / Список литературы
1. Krivosheeva T.M., Druchevskaya L.E., Sultaeva N.L. Rural tourism and sustainable development of rural territories // World Applied Sciences Journal. 2014. Vol.30. №30. Pp. 104-106.
2. Трухачев А.В. Проблемы классификации сельского туризма // Сервис в России и за рубежом. 2014. №8(55). С. 56-69. DOI: 10.12737/8249.
3. Федулин А.А., Платонова Н.А., Вапнярсная О.И. Разработка рейтинга регионов Российской Федерации по уровню развития туризма // Региональная экономика: теория и практика. 2012. №41. С. 2-13.
