Научная статья на тему 'Microvascular coronary collateral vessels'

Microvascular coronary collateral vessels Текст научной статьи по специальности «Клиническая медицина»

CC BY
49
6
i Надоели баннеры? Вы всегда можете отключить рекламу.
Журнал
CardioСоматика
Scopus
ВАК
Область наук

Аннотация научной статьи по клинической медицине, автор научной работы — Downey H.F., Manukhina E.B.

In normal human hearts, arterial collaterals are rare, but often develop during coronary disease. These collaterals can limit or even prevent myocardial infarction. Microvascular coronary collaterals have only recently been documented, and their potential clinical significance is poorly appreciated. We employed a retrograde flow procedure to examine collateral flow in canine hearts with well-developed collateral vessels secondary to gradual coronary artery obstruction. To perform the retrograde flow procedure, the coronary artery was cannulated distal to its obstruction and allowed to drain at atmospheric pressure. Radioactive microspheres were injected systemically to measure regional blood flow before and during retrograde flow diversion. A large volume of non-divertible collateral flow indicated that significant collateral flow entered the collateral-dependent region through microscopic pathways. In a related study, we extensively embolized collateral-dependent coronary vasculature with 13 µm diameter microspheres. After embolization, retrograde flow from this region increased by 43%, further demonstrating the presence of functional microvascular collaterals. The presence of microvascular collaterals is suggestive of a border zone of intermediate perfusion surrounding acutely ischemic myocardium. To study this zone, we simultaneously injected differently colored, 10-12 µm microspheres into normally perfused coronary arteries of in situ, working canine hearts. In 40 µm myocardial sections, terminal arterioles containing microspheres of both colors were frequently found at the interface of the perfusion fields. The width of this boundary watershed zone was 3.2±0.6 (SD) mm. When microspheres of a third color were injected after occlusion of one of the arteries, the boundary watershed zone expanded by 48%. Clearly, microvascular collaterals can provide blood flow to the periphery of an ischemic region. Since this perfusion interface was labile, it might be amenable to pharmacological interventions to increase flow to the periphery of acutely ischemic myocardium and thereby limit infarct size. In 2016, van Lier et al. used high resolution, three dimensional episcopic fluorescent imaging to analyze the coronary microcirculation. In normal human hearts, the median diameter of intercoronary collaterals was 94 µm with an interquartile range of 80-107 µm. Most of these collaterals were too small to be detected by conventional imaging technics. Thus, with obstruction of a proximal coronary artery by atherosclerotic disease, microscopic as well as macroscopic collateral vessels can provide a critical source of arterial blood to ischemic myocardium. Flow from microscopic collateral vessels would most effectively supply the periphery of the ischemic region and might limit its expansion. Furthermore, as coronary disease develops, microscopic collaterals may enlarge by the process of arteriogenesis to become higher capacity conduits. Even in the absence of coronary occlusive disease, microscopic collaterals could have a vital role in protecting microscopic regions of myocardium from microemboli entering the coronary circulation. Сonclusion. There is mounting functional and histological evidence of microscopic collaterals in the normal heart and in hearts with chronic coronary artery obstruction. Further research will more clearly demonstrate the functional importance of these vessels.

i Надоели баннеры? Вы всегда можете отключить рекламу.
iНе можете найти то, что вам нужно? Попробуйте сервис подбора литературы.
i Надоели баннеры? Вы всегда можете отключить рекламу.

Текст научной работы на тему «Microvascular coronary collateral vessels»

ТЕЗИСЫ / ABSTRACTS

пациентов с ОПП. Рассчитывался критерий с2 Пирсона для оценки силы связи между клиническими исходами и ОПП. Достоверность различий количества случаев рецидивов ОДХСН в группах определялась по ^критерию Стьюдента. Результаты считали статистически значимыми при значениях р< 0,05.

Результаты. Изучение клинических исходов ОДХСН показало следующее: в 1-й группе за 12 мес ССС развились в 11,2% случаев, во 2-й - в 24,4% случаев. Относительный риск развития сСс в случае осложнения ОДХСН нарушением функции почек составил 2,8 (р<0,05). Это отражало прямую достоверную связь между ОПП и увеличением случаев ССС. Критерий с2 Пирсона показал среднюю силу связи между указанными явлениями (с2=6,3; р<0,05). Летальность в 1-й группе за указанный период составила 6,1%. Во 2-й группе случаев летальности было в 3,5 раза больше (21,4%). Установлена прямая достоверная связь ОПП с повышением относительного риска смерти (относительный риск - 3,2; р<0,05). Между развитием ОПП и летальностью наблюдалась средняя сила связи (с2=4,2; р<0,05). Количество повторных госпитализаций по поводу ОДХСН у пациентов с ОПП было больше в 1,7 раза и составило в среднем 2,2 (224,3%) случая на 1 человека в течение года, у пациентов без ОПП - в среднем 1,3 (128,4%) случая на 1 человека. Эти различия между указанными группами были достоверны (р<0,001).

Заключение. Таким образом, развитие ОПП у пациентов с ОДХСН значительно ухудшало клинические исходы заболевания. В случае развития ОПП установлено повышение риска развития ССС, смерти, а также большее количество повторных госпитализаций по поводу рецидива ОДХСН. Выявленные закономерности указывают на необходимость разработки программы профилактики ОПП у больных, поступивших в стационар для терапии ОДХСН, с целью улучшения прогноза заболевания и снижения количества неблагоприятных клинических исходов.

Microvascular coronary collateral vessels

Downey H.F.1, Manukhina E.B.1-3

'University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, USA; institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia; 3South Ural State University Biomedical School, Chelyabinsk, Russia

In normal human hearts, arterial collaterals are rare, but often develop during coronary disease. These collaterals can limit or even prevent myocardial infarction. Microvascular coronary collaterals have only recently been documented, and their potential clinical significance is poorly appreciated. We employed a retrograde flow procedure to examine collateral flow in canine hearts with well-developed collateral vessels secondary to gradual coronary artery obstruction. To perform the retrograde flow procedure, the coronary artery was cannulated distal to its obstruction and allowed to drain at atmospheric pressure. Radioactive microspheres were injected systemically to measure regional blood flow before and during retrograde flow diversion. A large volume of non-divertible collateral flow indicated that significant collateral flow entered the collateral-dependent region through microscopic pathways.

In a related study, we extensively embolized collateral-dependent coronary vasculature with 13 diameter microspheres. After embolization, retrograde flow from this region increased by 43%, further demonstrating the presence of functional microvascular collaterals.

The presence of microvascular collaterals is suggestive of a border zone of intermediate perfusion surrounding acutely ischemic myocardium. To study this zone, we simultaneously injected differently colored, 10-12 |im microspheres into normally perfused coronary arteries of in situ, working canine hearts. In 40 |im myocardial sections, terminal arterioles containing microspheres of both colors were frequently found at the interface of the perfusion fields. The width of this boundary watershed zone was 3.2±0.6 (SD) mm. When microspheres of a third color were injected after occlusion of one of the arteries, the boundary watershed zone expanded by 48%. Clearly, microvascular collaterals can provide blood flow to the periphery of an ischemic region. Since this perfusion interface was labile, it might be amenable to pharmacological interventions to increase flow to the periphery of acutely ischemic myocardium and thereby limit infarct size.

In 20l6, van Lier et al. used high resolution, three dimensional episcopic fluorescent imaging to analyze the coronary microcirculation. In normal human hearts, the median diameter of intercoronary collaterals was 94 |im with an interquartile range of 80-107 |im. Most of these collaterals were too small to be detected by conventional imaging technics.

Thus, with obstruction of a proximal coronary artery by atherosclerotic disease, microscopic as well as macroscopic collateral vessels can provide a critical source of arterial blood to ischemic myocardium. Flow from microscopic collateral vessels would most effectively supply the periphery of the ischemic region and might limit its expansion. Furthermore, as coronary disease develops, microscopic collaterals may enlarge by the process of arteriogenesis to become higher capacity conduits. Even in the absence of coronary occlusive disease, microscopic collaterals could have a vital role in protecting microscopic regions of myocardium from microemboli entering the coronary circulation.

Сonclusion. There is mounting functional and histological evidence of microscopic collaterals in the normal heart and in hearts with chronic coronary artery obstruction. Further research will more clearly demonstrate the functional importance of these vessels.

22 | КАРДИОСОМАТИКА | 2017 | ТОМ 8 | № 1 | www.con-med.ru |

| CARDIOSOMATICS | 2017 | VOL. 8 | No 1 | www.con-med.ru |

i Надоели баннеры? Вы всегда можете отключить рекламу.