CC BY
30
Наука та прогрес транспорту. Вкник Дншропетровського нацюнального ушверситету залiзничного транспорту, 2015, № 4 (58)
ЕКОНОМ1КА ТА УПРАВЛ1ННЯ
UDC 657.471:625.1.03
YU. S. BARASH1, KH. V. KRAVCHENKO2*, M. F. ZIANCHUK3
'Dep. «Accounting, Audit and Inellectual Property», Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport named after Academician V. Lazaryan, Lazaryan St., 2, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine, 49010, tel. +38 (0562) 33 58 13, e-mail [email protected], ORCID 0000-0001-5911-9805
2*ARL «Economics and Management of Railway Transport», Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport named after Academician V. Lazaryan, Lazaryan St., 2, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine, 49010, tel. +38 (0562) 33 58 13, e-mail [email protected], ORCID 0000-0002-7773-6652
3Dep. «Logistics», School of Business and Management of Technology of BSU, Moskovskaya St., 5, 220007, Minsk, Republic of Belarus.tel. +375 (29) 362 30 80, e-mail [email protected], ORCID 0000-0003-0628-1571
METHODICAL APPROACH TO DEFINING INFRASTRUCTURE COMPONENT OF THE COSTS FOR THE PARTICULAR PASSENGER TRAIN TRAFFIC
Purpose. In the scientific paper a methodical approach concerning determining the infrastructure component of the costs for traffic of the particular passenger train should be developed. It takes into account the individual characteristics of the particular train traffic. Methodology. To achieve the research purposes was used a method which is based on apportionment of expenses for the traffic of a particular passenger train taking into account the factors affecting the magnitude of costs. This methodology allows allocating properly infrastructure costs for a particular train and, consequently, to determine the accurate profitability of each train. Findings. All expenditures relating to passenger traffic of a long distance were allocated from first cost of passenger and freight traffic. These costs are divided into four components. Three groups of expenses were allocated in infrastructure component, which are calculated according to the certain principle taking into account the individual characteristics of the particular train traffic. Originality. The allocation method of all passenger transportation costs of all Ukrzaliznytsia departments for a particular passenger train was improved. It is based on principles of general indicators formation of each department costs, which correspond to the main influential factors of operating trains. The methodical approach to determining the cost of infrastructure component is improved, which takes into account the effect of the speed and weight of a passenger train on the wear of the railway track superstructure and contact network. All this allows allocating to reasonably the costs of particular passenger train traffic and to determine its profitability. Practical value. Implementing these methods allows calculating the real, economically justified costs of a particular train that will correctly determine the profitability of a particular passenger train and on this basis it allows to make management decisions on amendments to the existing schedule. Also, the cost of using the infrastructure for a particular train and its profitability can be determined with the help of PC due to this method.
Keywords: infrastructure; costs; speed; weight of the train; the profitability of a passenger train
Introduction
Today in Ukraine there is no a single method of determining the efficiency of a particular passenger train, but there is only a certain procedure for
calculating the profitability of trains. To determine the profitability of trains, income are taken from the program certificate G-100 for a specified period of time (the amount of income from tariffs in Ukraine and seat reservation), and the costs are calculated on the base of consolidated and
Наука та прогрес транспорту. Вкник Дншропетровського нацюнального ушверситету залiзничного транспорту, 2015, № 4 (58)
individual expense rates, identified by passenger traffic costing on the Ukrzaliznytsia [4]. The calculation reflects the direct costs of all households are attributable to passenger tarnsportation and indirect costs, which are distributed on passenger transportation proportionally to corresponding figures. Based on the operating costs and the volumes of passenger traffic expendable rates are calculated .
The problem is that expendable rates do not include individual characteristics of a particular passenger train traffic, such as speed, comfort, class of a train, seasonality and running term. All this leads to distorted information about the costs of a particular train running, the profitability calculation of a particular passenger train and as a result the non-objective management decisions making relative to amendments in to the existing train schedule and efficiency upgrading of passenger transportation.
The comprehensive theoretical and methodical approach to the determination of the profitability of a particular passenger train has not yet been suggested. Also there is no methodical approach for calculating the costs of infrastructure component for a specific train, which would take into account all the individual characteristics of a passenger train movement.
Previous studies analysis
The problem of determining the profitability of an individual passenger train, and in particular the definition of infrastructure component costs of a specific train in Ukraine, such scientists Yu. S. Barash [1, 6, 7, 14] T. Yu. Charkina [15] V. V. Chornyy [16, 18], T. M. Blyznyuk [2, 17], N. O. Bozhok [3], N. M. Kolesnykova [5], V. V. Skalozub [14] etc. researched recently.
I. P. Korzhynevych, Yu. S. Barash, M. B. Kurhan devoted their research to determining the dependence of track infrastructure deterioration from increasing train speeds. In a study [6] researchers found that the calculation the impact of trains on infrastructure through the given turnover is not accurate because it does not take into account a number of technical and operational factors. Analytical dependence, obtained by the authors in the course of their research, determine the relationship between the quality state of infrastructure and quantitative indicators of influence, they characterize exactly the influence of the latter
(speed, type of rolling stock, infrastructure state) on deterioration of a railway track and catenary system.
Purpose
To distribute the costs of all households on Ukrzaliznytsia upon transportation of passengers in long-distance and international traffic to a specific passenger train. To develop the methodical approach to defining the infrastructure component of the costs for the particular passenger train raffic, that takes into account the individual characteristics of this train movement.
Methodology
The methods of theoretical generalization, logical and systematic analysis, synthesis, formalization, statistical processing, and analysis of information and method of expert evaluations were used.
Findings
In order to find the costs for movement of a particular passenger train one should allocate all costs of passenger transportation in the domestic and international traffic from freight and passenger transportation costing. Then divide them into separate components:
1. Passenger component;
2. An infrastructure component;
3. Locomotive component;
4. Motor car component.
Certain groups of costs are formed in each component. For their calculation is used a specific principle taking into account the individual characteristics of the train.
All costs of operation, maintenance and repair of the infrastructure can be divided into the following:
1. Costs of passenger services;
2. Costs of suburban passenger service;
3. Costs of transportation facilities;
4. Costs of a locomotive facilities;
5. Costs of car facilities;
6. Costs of a track facilities;
7. Costs of installation and construction works, civil structures;
8. Costs of automation, telemechanics and communications facilities;
Наука та прогрес транспорту. Вкник Дншропетровського нацюнального унiверситету залiзничного транспорту, 2015, № 4 (58)
9. Costs electricity supply system;
10. Costs of material and technical facilities;
11. Costs of railway administration;
12. Costs of raiway traffic management and railways subdivisions under their authority.
Based on an analysis of all costs included in the infrastructure component, were formed three groups of expenses that are calculated according to different principles (Fig. 1).
In her scientific work Charkina T. Yu. [15] proves in order to increse the competitiveness of passenger trains on the transport market one should implement primarily their new classification,
which takes into account the organization of movement depending on the running period during the day, distance and speed, term and comfort travel, type of rolling stock and source of financing their activities. This will further determine the optimal distances and timing of a trip by various rolling stock for commuter, regional, interregional and high-speed passenger trains and significantly reduce their loss ratio.
In this paper we consider only long-distance passenger trains that are designed to carry passengers for a distance of over 500 km within Ukraine and beyond (Fig. 2).
Costs distribution for particular passenger trains of the infrastructure component and expenditures
Costs of household
Passenger: suburb: locomotive: car: transportation facility:
track: installation and construction works. civil structures: automation, telemechanics and cotnmuni cations: electricity supply system: material and technical facilities: railway administration: raiway traffic management and railways subdivisions under their authority
International transportation costs:
Passenger facility and transportation one
Costs Track facility on track
infrastructure
Fig. 1. The principles of costs distribution on a particular passenger train upon with infrastructure cost component upon articles to determine its effectiveness
The name of the train accordtnly sen."ice area L one- distan с e trains.
The itnaL name of the train Ltey intercity express N igh r ir. tat с i cy Night intercity eiopres® Intercity Intercity express Intamatior.il Int ariixti-ciixl expies?
The maximum distance, km till 90 500- S00 900-1300 Within Ukraine Within Ukraine Outside Ukraine Outside Ukraine
The average route speed, tan h 110-140 70-W 110-140 70-90 110-140 70-90 110-140
Wày time till 7 S -10 8 10 till 24 till 16 Depend i г. г an the dis car.ce Depending on th distance
Funding source Regional autho filia s- and private investments. C ity SUthlCrf itieS and private in ve scmer.ts City authorities and privai te investments City authorities and private investments C ity aii-tfcor ities and private investments JSC Ufcsxa li-iny tsia and private investments JSC "TJkfzaJianyt sis Д-пЛ JT-ri Т.-Д t ^ in'.-est m ant s
Type of rolling s tock MCRS express and СЭГЗ of locomotiva trac lion ais of locomotive traction of o ld generation MCRS express and car of locomotive traction Cars of Locomotive traction of old generation MCRS express and cars of locomotive traction Cars- of locomotive traction of old generation MGRS express locomo t iva
Fig. 2. Classification of passenger trains in Ukraine for the running period, service area, speed of movement, a source of funding in today's market and the introduction of high-speed traffic [15]
Наука та прогрес транспорту. Вкник Дншропетровського нацюнального ушверситету з^зничного транспорту, 2015, № 4 (58)
To determine the cost of a particular train one need to be able to calculate the costs relating to a specific group of trains, the number of these trains, taking into account movement period, the number of cars in the train and speed.
As discussied earlier, speed and weight of a train impact on energy consumption, traction of trains and deterioration of a track infrastructure.
In view of the above, the cost of movement of passenger trains and their impact on the wear track
infrastructure necessary to individually calculate and attributed to a specific passenger train.
Fig. 3 shows the costs structure of the passenger train depending on the speed, running time, the number of cars in the train and annual car-mileage.
Fig. 3. Impact factors on the cost value of a particular train for the infrastructure maintenance
The first group of expences can be divided into two subgroups. The first subgroup includes the costs of infrastructure facilities directly involved in the transportation of passenger (excluding international transportation), commuter, locomotive, car facility and transport sector (excluding international transportation). Under the Nomenclature Costs of the main economic activities of railway transport [9], this subgroup expenses include items such as: 4 001, 4 003, 4 005, 4 007, 4 030, 4 033, 4 034, 4 037, 4 040, 4 041, 4 042, 4 060, 4 061, 4 153 etc. That is the cost of current and capital repair of fixed assets related to passenger transportation and transport facility, building servicing, constructions, equipment and inventory connected with passenger transportation and belonging to transport facility; maintenance in the program M-1 of passenger cars on the route, arrival and departure of trains at the passenger and other stations, overall repair, roundhouse servicing of maintenance vehicles, overall repair of vehicles, machinery, equipment, etc. In the calculation of the second subgroup there are follow costs:
- installation and construction works, civil structures upon items such as: 4 185, 4 187, 4 189, 4 195, 4 197, 4 199,4 201, 4 204, 4 206, 4 208, 4 210-4212, 4 240-4 247 etc.;
- automation, telemechanics and communications facility, numbers 4 301-4 304, 4 4004 409, 4 412-4 415 etc.;
- electricity supply system, numbers 4 5004 507 etc.;
- material and technical facilities, numbers 4 050-4 054 etc.;
- railway administration upon items such as 4 600, 4 606, 4607 etc.;
- raiway traffic management and railways subdivisions under their authority 4 420, 4 421, 4 601-4 604, 4 609 etc.
Also this group includes the costs of track facility that are not related to costs for deterioration of a track and contact system. According to the Nomenclature they are as following: 4 101, 4 102, 4 104, 4 105, 4 107, 4 108, 4 111, 4 113-4 116, 4 120, 4 122, 4 125, 4 127, 4 128, 4 130, 4 131, 4 134, 4 137, 4 140, 4 142, 4 144, 4 147, 4 149, 4 150, 4 152-4 154, 4 156, 4 158, 4 160, 4 162,
Наука та прогрес транспорту. Вкник Дншропетровського нацюнального ушверситету залiзничного транспорту, 2015, № 4 (58)
4 164-4 166, 4 168-4 171, 4 181-4 183, 4 062, 4 063. This is the cost for current work of maintenance vehicles, other works of track machinery of heavy type, current maintenance of yards, single replacement of rail sleepers and replenishment and replacement of ballast on yards, single replacement of rails, replacement and replenishment of fastenings, rail anchors and other elements of permanent way at yards, maintenance control of tracks, crossings and artificial structures, maintenance of protective afforestation, works against snow and water, track facilities operation, overall repair, complex and curative, medium and enhanced medium repair of yards and roadbed with them, overall repair of artificial structures on the main tracks and yards, replacement of turnouts, rails at the yards, replacement of wooden crossing sleeppers, overall repair of crossings, mechanisms machinery of equipment and platforms; medium repair of switchgears at yards; reconstruction of curves; amortization of a permanent way and roadbed at yards; amortization of vehicles and mechanisms, engaged in all kinds of repair, afforestation, artificial structures on the tracks; welding, grinding and other rails processing; current work, overall repair of permanent assets in rail welding trains and their amortization. In general, those cost items that do not depend on the speed of trains running.
All above expenses for all types of passenger trains, without exception, in proportion to the number of cars in the train, running period per year and annual mileage. And it is calculated by the formula 1.
С -
fac ~
(C
d ■ ni
fac train
ТГ / N) ■ Г ■ Fai
S nS
(1)
period, twenty-four hours; ^ nS - total mileage
of passenger cars during the reporting period, cars, km.; Fac - coefficient taking into account accrual of production overhead costs, administrative costs and sales expences.
Thus one can calculate the costs of a particular passenger train both upon each item individually, and upon all the items of the given group as a whole.
The second group of expenses, which is calculated by the formula 2, include the costs of the passenger sector and the transportation facility for international trains. This includes items such as: 4 031 - receiving and sending international passenger trains at border passenger stations, 4 035 - shunting operations at border stations and other.
The amount of expences for a particular passenger train according to items affect only a number of cars in the specific train and the total number of cars in all international trains for the reporting year.
С,
(С
d
border
border
■ Т / N ) ■ FaC
border
n
(2)
rp. border
where C'fac - costs under the items of passenger,
commuter, locomotive, car facilities and traffic one for a specific passenger train (electric train, dieseltrain), UAH; Cdfac - direct costs under the items of
passenger, commuter, locomotive, car facilities and traffic one for all trains during the reporting period,
UAH; n'train - number of cars in the i-th train,
which costs are calculated, cars; l' - mileage in the i-th the passenger train in the reporting period, km; Tr - running period of i-th train, twenty-four hours; N - number of days in the reporting
ge C'border - direct costs of the passenger sector and the transportation facility on a specific international passenger train upon pointed items, UAH; Cbdorder - costs of a passenger sector and the transportation facility for all international trains crossing the border during the reporting period; n'border - number of cars in the i-th international train, where costs are calculated in UAH; nrp border
- total number of passenger cars in international trains during the reporting period, cars; N - number of days during reporting period, twenty four hours; Fac - coefficient taking into account accrual of manufacturing expences, administrative costs and sales expences.
It should be noted that the second group of costs concerns only international trains, and will not be used in the calculation the costs for passenger train of domestic route.
The third group of expences - is the costs of tarck facilities to the track infrastructure (its de-tereoration, repair, and so on.). To calculate the amount of these costs on a particular passenger train one need to consider not only trains running
Наука та прогрес транспорту. Вкник Дншропетровського нацюнального ушверситету залiзничного транспорту, 2015, № 4 (58)
during the reporting period, but also weight train (namely the number of cars in train) and running speed of this train. According to the nomenclature of costs for items that are distributed in proportion to deterioration, that depends on speed of a passenger train and its weight, belong following items 4 110, 4 121, 4 124, 4 133, 4 136, 4 139, 4 143, 4 146, 4 155, 4 159, 4 163 etc. This is the costs of relaying the tracks, fastenings, rail anchors and other elements of permanent way on the main line; capital, comprehensive repair and medium repair of the main tracks; replacement of turnouts, rail on the main tracks, medium and enhanced repair of turnouts; amortization of permanent way, etc.
To calculate correctly the costs of specific passenger train that moves at a certain speed one need to know how it affects the deterioration of track infrastructure. The impact of increasing the
С
(C
d
track. fac
speed ratio is calculated approximately on the basis of scientific work [1]. In their work the authors have developed a program Znolnfra, that when calculating the cost of maintaining the infrastructure on trains categories, taking into account all the peculiarities of their movement: weight, length of run, average speed and the amount of travel during the billing period. Following factors, taking into account changing of track repair costs from trains with certain speed were adopted:
- for passenger trains with an average speed of 80 km/h, the ratio can be set 1;
- for speeds of 80-110 km/h the ratio is 1.67;
- for speeds over 110 km/h the ratio equal to 2.79.
Hence, the formula for calculating the costs of a particular passenger train depend on the velocity, weight and distance will look like the following (3):
• F • Тr / N) • l' • Fac
track. fac
(3)
• F} • l + (nsp • F}) • l +
pas pas v rp sp ' sp
K> • FeXp) • lexp +1 (nS • fJ • T; /N• is)
where C'track. fac - costs of track facility for
a specific passenger train at certain speed, UAH; - direct general costs under items, which
С
d
track. fac
are assigned to all passenger trains during the reporting period; n'train - number of cars in the i-th
train, which costs are calculated, cars; FJ - factor that takes into account the costs chages for the track repairs from J-th trains of a certain speed. For passenger trains with an average speed (without
stopping period) up to 80 km/h. FJ = 1, for speed 80-110 km/h FJ = 1,67, for speed more than 110 km/h FJ =2,79; npa - total number of cars in trains, runningduring the whole year with speed up to 80 km/h, cars; rirpp - number of cars in the ex-
of passenger traffic, etc., cars; V - mileage of i-th passenger train to be tested for the reporting period km; lpas - mileage of all trains that ply at mid-
speed up to 80 km/h, during the reporting period, km; N - quantity of days during the reporting period, twenty four hours; lsp - milage of all trains that ply with mid-speed of 80-110 km/h. During reporting period, km; lexp - mileage of all trains,mid-speed more than 110 km/h during the reporting period, km; fs - mileage of i-x passenger trains, running with various speeds during summer season, holidays, increase of traffic flow etc., km (separately for each train) during thereporting period; Fjas - factor takes into account increase in expences for repairs of tracks from trains running
press passenger cars running during the reputing with mid- speed of 80 km/h, equals - 1; Fjp -
period with speed 80-110 km/h, cars; n7 - num- factor takes into account increase in expences for
ber of cars in the express passenger cars, running repairs of tracks from trains running with mid-
during the reporting period with speed more than speed of 80-110 km/h, equals - 2; Fjxp - factor
110 km/h, cars; n's - number of cars in i-th takes into account increase in expences for repairs
passenger trains at different iip^^ rnrnmg during of tracks from trains running with mid-speed more
the summer season, holidays, during the increase than 110 km/h., equals - 4; T'r - running period of
'=1
Наука та прогрес транспорту. Вкник Дншропетровського нацюнального ушверситету з^зничного транспорту, 2015, № 4 (58)
i-th train, twenty four hours; Fac - factor takes into account accruals of production overhead costs, administrative costs and sales expences.
After studies the reporting of UZ during 2010 year was determined annual mileage ratio, executed by trains with mid-speed up to 80 km/h,
80-110 km/h and more than 110 km/h. They are -0.432; 0.487; 0.081 respectively (an indicative coefficients of determination). Then the formula (3) for manual calculation after simplification takes the form (4). This error in the calculations would be insignificant.
C
(C
track. fac ntrain
• FJ • ТГ/365) • Г • Fac
track. fac
X nS (0,432 • FJas + 0,487 • FJp + 0,081- F/xp )
(4)
where the values of all indicators are above.
On the base of the foregoing approach a rather complex and voluminous procedure of calculating the actual costs on infrastructure of each train were obtained, and as a consequence, profitability, reflects adequately the real effectiveness of the particular passenger trains running.
Since to count manually the costs of every particular train is very complex and cumbersome procedure, it was necessary to automate this process. The software to determine the effectiveness of a particular passenger train running was developed by scientists of DNURT (with authors) in research and development work [11].
The list of all the necessary data for the calculation was formed in order to automate the process of calculating the costs of the infrastructure component. The total direct and overhead costs for each sector are taken from the output cost pricing of passenger traffic [4]. Except the amount of the total costs on items, calculating the cost of a particular train requires some quantitative indicators:
- average number of passenger cars in i-th passenger train for the period of calculation, cars;
- term and running of a passenger train for the calculation period, twenty four hours;
- total mileage of a passenger train during the period of calculation, km;
- total mileage of all passenger trains during the period of calculation, cars,-km;
- average number of passenger cars in i-th passenger train of international traffic during the period of calculation, cars;
- total number of cars of international trains during the period of calculation, cars;
- the total number of cars in passenger trains that run during the period of calculation, at a speed up to 80 km/h, cars.
- the total number of cars in passenger trains that run during the period of calculation, at a speed from 80 to 110 km/h, cars.
- the total number of cars in passenger trains that run during the period of calculation, at a speed more than 110 km/h, cars.
- total mileage of passenger trains that run during the period of calculation at a speed up to 80 km/h;
- total mileage of passenger trains that run during the period of calculation at a speed from 80 to 110 km/h;
- total mileage of passenger trains that run during the period of calculation at a speed more than 110 km/h;
- percentage of passenger trains that run with mid-speed up to 80 km/h in total quantity of passenger trains;
- percentage of passenger trains that run with mid-speed from 80 to 110 km/h in total quantity of passenger trains;
- persentage of passenger trains, which run at mid-speed above 110 km/h in the total number of passenger trains
- number of days in the reporting period, twenty four hours
In all formulas of methodical approach was used coefficient of costs accrual, taking into account accrual of production overhead costs, administrative ones and sales expences. This ratio is calculated by the formula:
F = 1
C
adm
C + C
gen.exp. sale
C + С
^d^ dist
(5)
where Cadm - administrative expenses of house-
hold, Cg
- production overhead costs of
household, Csale - costs for household's sale, Cd -direct cocts of household, Cdist - allocated costs of household.
- The user of software has the possibility to see the results of costs calculations of a passenger train by components and objects of expenditure. The results are presented in absolute amounts (UAH.) And relative ones (%)
- persentage of each component in the total amount of train costs;
- percentage of each item in calculation in the component of costs;
No.
1
2
3
Originality and practical value
The method of costs disribution of all households of the Ukrzaliznytsia for passenger transportation in long-distance traffic and international one for a particular passenger train was improved. It is based on the principles of formation of selected general indicators of costs for each sector, corresponding to the main influential factors of train operation.
Наука та прогрес транспорту. Вкник Дншропетровського нащонального ушверситету з^зничного транспорту, 2015, № 4 (58)
- percentage of each article in calculation in total sum of the train costs;
To perform automatic calculations when determining the infrastructure component of the costs for the particular passenger train, railway services (divisions) have to submit in standard procedure information about passenger transportation, listed in the table 1.
Table 1
Methodical approach to determining the costs of the infrastructure component, which includes the movement speed impact and weight of a passenger train on deterioration of permanent way and contact system was improved.
This allows allocating correctly the costs for passenger train traffic.
Methods of cost allocation taking into account all the individual characteristics of a passenger train running allows calculating costs for the particular passenger train, depending on its structure,
Information about passenger transportation to determine the infrastructure component
costs of a particular passenger train
The structural division of Ukrzaliznytsia
Required data
Ukrzaliznytsia, the main passenger management
Passenger car car-repair shed to which a specific train is attached
Main Transportation Department
1 Total quantity of passenger cars that equipped in Ukrzaliznytsia, cars; 2. Total quantity of cars in all passenger international trains that ply during the
reporting period, cars; 3. Total quantity of cars in all passenger trains that ply during the reporting
period with mid-speed up to 80 km/h;
4. Total quantity of cars in all express passenger trains that ply during the re-
porting period with mid-speed from 80 to 110 km/h;
5. Total quantity of cars in all express passenger trains that ply during the re-
porting period with mid-speed from 110 km/h;
6. Total year mileage of all passenger trains that ply during the reporting period
with mid-speed up to 80 km/h, km;
7. Total year mileage of all passenger trains that ply during the reporting period
with mid-speed from 80 km/h to 110 km/h, km;
8. Total year mileage of all passenger trains that ply during the reporting period
with mid-speed from 110 km/h, km;
1. Average number of cars (pass. and luggage) in a specific passenger train during reporting period, cars
1. Running period of a passenger specific train, twenty four hours
2. Mileage of a passenger train during the reporting period, km
3. Average speed of a specific passenger train during the reporting period,
km/h
comfort of the running period and movement speed.
The introduction of this methods for determining the infrastructure component of costs for particular passenger train running will let calculate the exact, economically justified expences of this component to a specific train.
This all makes it possible to determine correctly the profitability of a particular passenger train and on its basis to make management decisions to introduce amendments in to the existing schedule. Later, through the proposed approach and using a PC, one can promptly identify the costs for the infrastructure use by a specific train.
Conclusions
On the basis of conducted studies the following conclusions were made:
1. The methodical approach of costs allocation for passenger transportation by the particular passenger train under general indicators, taking into account the peculiarities of each train running was developed.
2. In determining the costs of a particular passenger train a new classification of passenger trains was applied.
3. The dependence of permanent way deterioration and contact system on the movement speed and weight of a passenger train was found out.
4. The method of costs allocation on infrastructure between passenger trains, taking into account the running speed and weight of the concrete passenger trains was developed.
5. Organizational support relating to automation system of calculating the expences allocation of infrastructure component for the movement of a particular passenger train was formed.
LIST OF REFERENSE LINKS
1. Бараш, Ю. С. Методика складання оптимального плану формування пасажирських поддав / Ю. С. Бараш, В. В. Скалозуб // Економжа : проблеми теори та практики : зб. наук. пр. ДНУ. - Дншропетровськ, 2005. - Вип. 205. -Т. 4. - С. 186-198.
2. Близнюк, Т. М. Аналiз методiв визначення плати за користування об'ектами шфраструктури залiзничного транспорту / Т. М. Близнюк //
Наука та прогрес транспорту. Вкник Дншропетровського нащонального ушверситету залiзничного транспорту, 2015, № 4 (58)
Проблеми економiки трансп. - Дшпропет-ровськ, 2014. - Вип. 5. - С. 41-46.
3. Божок, Н. О. Методичний шдхвд щодо визначення привабливосп пасажирських перевезень залiзничного транспорту / Н. О. Божок // Наука та прогрес трансп. Вюн. Дншропетр. нац. ун-ту залiзн. трансп. - 2014. - № 2 (50). - С. 31-40.
10.15802^2014/23742.
4. Калькулящя собiвартостi вантажних та пасажирських перевезень. Таблиця 1. - Кшв : Укр-залiзниця, 2011. - 112 с.
5. Колесникова, Н. М. Теорiя адаптивно-гармош-зацшного мехашзму цшоутворення на залiзни-чному транспорта : монографiя / Н. М. Колесникова. - Кшв : КУЕТТ, 2007. - 349 с.
6. Корженевич, I. П. Вплив тдвищення швидко-сп руху по1здв на витрати, пов'язаш iз зносом колшно! шфраструктури / I. П. Корженевич, М. Б. Курган, Ю. С. Бараш // Вюн. Дншропетр. нац. ун-ту залiзн. трансп. iм. акад. В. Лазаряна. -Дншропетровськ, 2008. - Вип. 21. - С. 285292.
7. Кравченко, Х. В. Науковi принципи визначення ефективносп курсування окремого паса-жирського по!зда / Х. В. Кравченко, Ю. С. Бараш // Вюн. Днiпропетр. нац. ун-ту залiзн. трансп. iм. акад. В. Лазаряна. - Дшпропет-ровськ, 2012. - Вип. 40. - С. 267-269.
8. Кравченко, Х. В. Сутнють економiчноi катего-рii ефективностi та визначення и на транспортi / Х. В. Кравченко // Зб. наук. пр. Дшпропетр. нац. ун-ту залiзн. трансп. iм. акад. В. Лазаряна «Проблеми економши транспорту». - 2014. -Вип. 8. - С. 48-56.
9. Номенклатура витрат з основних видiв еконо-мiчноi дiяльностi залiзничного транспорту Украни : затв. наказом Укрзалiзницi вiд 21.08.2007 р. № 417-Ц. - Кшв : Укрзалiзниця, 2008. - 414 с
10. П'ятигорець, Г. С. Проведення реструктуриза-цii• залiзничного транспорту Укра1ни в умовах свiтовоi фiнансовоi• кризи / Ю. В. Булгакова, Г. С. П'ятигорець // Вюн. Дншропетр. нац. ун-ту залiзн. трансп. т. акад. В. Лазаряна. - Дншропетровськ, 2009. - Вип. 27. - С. 239-242.
11. Розробка програмного забезпечення iз визначення ефективносп курсування пасажирських поiздiв : звгг з НДР (закл.) / ДНУЗТ ; кер. Скалозуб В. В. ; викон. Скалозуб В. В., Вишнякова I. М., Дребот Х. В., Нечай Г. В., Клименко I. В. - Дншропетровськ, 2012. - 81 с. - № 97/2012-ЦТех-248/2012-ЦЮ.
12. Розробка порядку визначення ефективносп курсування пасажирських поiздiв : звгг з НДР / ДНУЗТ ; кер. Бараш Ю. С. ; викон. Бараш Ю. С., П'ятигорець А. С., Матусевич О. О., Задоя В. О.,
Мельянцова Ю. П., Ломтева I. М. Пшчук О. П., Дребот Х. В., Чаршна Т. Ю., Гайдук Н. О. -Дшпропетровськ, 2012. - 175 с. - № ДР 011Ш007615. - № 62/11-ЦТех-117/2011-ЦЮ.
13. Самсонкин, В. М. Пути повышения эффективности пассажирских перевозок на железнодорожном транспорте / В. М. Самсонкин,
A. М. Гудков // Проблеми шдвищення ефектив-ностi iнфраструктури : зб. наук. пр. / Кив. ун-т екон. i техн. трансп. - Кив, 2003. - Вип. 4. -С. 135-142.
14. Скалозуб, В. В. Удосконалення методу оптимь зацп плану формування пасажирських поiздiв з урахуванням обсягiв швестицш // В. В. Скалозуб, Ю. С. Бараш, I. М. Вишнякова // Вюн. Днiпропетр. нац. ун-ту залiзн. трансп. iм. акад.
B. Лазаряна. - Дшпропетровськ, 2006. - Вип. 12. - С. 249-255.
15. Чаршна, Т. Ю. Удосконалення класифжаци пасажирських по1здв в УкраМ / Т. Ю. Чаршна // Зб. наук. пр. Дншропетр. нац. ун-ту залiзн. трансп. iм. акад. В. Лазаряна «Проблеми економши транспорту». - 2014. - Вип. 7. -
C. 74-80.
Наука та прогрес транспорту. Вкник Дншропетровського нащонального ушверситету залiзничного транспорту, 2015, № 4 (58)
16. Чорний, В. В. Формування доход1в вщ зал1зни-чних перевезень в умовах вертикально-штегровано! системи управлшня / Н. М. Колесникова, I. Г. Бакаева, В. В. Чорний // Економь ка i управлшня : зб. наук. пр. / Держ. екон.-технолог. ун-т трансп. - Кшв, 2012. - Вип. 19. - С. 54-57.
17. Blyzniuk, T. M. Methodological approaches to defining railways infrastructure charges / T. M. Blyzniuk // Проблеми економ^ трансп. -2014. - Вип. 6. - С. 100-106.
18. Chorniy, V. V. Conceptual framework of Ukrainian railways competitive growth at the freight market / V. V. Chorniy // Nauka i studia. - 2012. -№ 15 (60). - С. 89-92.
19. Holgersson, A. Inre säkerheten i tag eftersatt (Internal safety in trains neglected) / A. Holgersson, R. Forsberg, B. I. Saveman // Läkartidningen. -2012. - № 109 (1-2). - P. 24-26.
20. Nationell plan för transportsystemet 2010-2021, Förslag till (Proposal for a National Plan for the Transport System 2010-2021) / National Road Administration, National Rail Administration, Swedish Maritime Administration. - Norrkoping, 2009. - 200 p.
Ю. С. БАРАШ1, Х. В. КРАВЧЕНКО2*, М. Ф. ЗЕНЧУК3
'Каф. «Облж, аудит та штелектуальна власшсть», Дншропетровський нацюнальний ушверситет залiзничного транспорту iменi академжа В. Лазаряна, вул. Лазаряна, 2, Дшпропетровськ, Украша, 49010, тел. +38 (0562) 33 58 13, ел. пошта [email protected], ORCID 0000-0001-5911-9805
2*ГНДЛ «Економжа та управлiння залiзничним транспортом», Дшпропетровський нацюнальний ун^рснтет
залiзничного транспорту iменi академiка В. Лазаряна, вул. Лазаряна, 2, Дшпропетровськ, Украша, 49010,
тел. +38 (0562) 33 58 13, ел. пошта [email protected], ORCID 0000-0002-7773-6652
3Каф. «Лопстика», «Iнститут бiзнесу i менеджменту технологiй», Бiлоруський державний ушверситет,
вул. Московська, 5, Мшськ, Республжа Бiлорусь, 220007, тел. +375 (29) 362 30 80, ел. пошта [email protected],
ORCID 0000-0003-0628-1571
МЕТОДИЧНИЙ П1ДХ1Д ЩОДО ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ 1НФРАСТРУКТУРНО1 СКЛАДОВО1 ВИТРАТ НА КУРСУВАННЯ ОКРЕМОГО ПАСАЖИРСЬКОГО ПО1ЗДА
Мета. В науковш роботi необхщно розробити методичний пiдхiд щодо визначення iнфраструктурноi складово1^ витрат руху окремого пасажирського по1зда, який враховуе iндивiдуальнi особливостi руху конкретного по1зда Методика. Для виршення задач такого класу в роботi запропоновано нову методику, яка розроблена на основi постатейного розпод^ витрат конкретного пасажирського по1зда з врахуванням факторiв впливу на 1х величину. Ця методика дозволяе коректно розподшяти витрати на користування iнфраструктурою окремим по1здом i, як наслвдок, визначати точну рентабельнiсть кожного по1зда. Результата. З калькуляцii• собiвартостi пасажирських та вантажних перевезень по Украш видiлено всi статтi витрат, як стосуються пасажирських перевезень у дальньому сполученнi. Всi цi витрати роздшено на чотири складовi. В шфраструктурнш складовiй видiлено три групи витрат, якi розраховуються за певним принципом iз врахуванням iндивiдуальних особливостей курсування конкретного по1зда. Наукова новизна. Удосконалено метод розпод^ витрат уах господарств Укрзалiзницi на перевезення пасажирiв у дальньому та мiжнародному сполученш для окремого пасажирського по1зда. Цей метод базуеться на принципах формування окремих узагальнюючих показнишв витрат по кожному господарству, яш вiдповiдають
Наука та прогрес транспорту. Вкник Дншропетровського нащонального ушверситету залiзничного транспорту, 2015, № 4 (58)
основним впливовим факторам експлуатаци по1зда. Удосконалено методичний тдхщ щодо визначення витрат на шфраструктурну складову, яка враховуе вплив швидкосп руху та маси пасажирського по1зда на знос верхньо1^ будови коли та контактно1^ мережi. Все це дозволяе обгрунтовано розподiлити витрати на рух конкретного пасажирського по1зда та визначити його рентабельшсть. Практична значимкть. Впровадження вказано1^ методики дозволить розрахувати реальнi, економiчно обгрунтованни витрати на конкретний по1зд. Це сприяе правильному визначенню рентабельностi окремого пасажирського по1зда i, на основi цього, прийняттю управлiнських рiшеннь щодо внесення змш в iснуючий розклад руху. Також, на основi дано1^ методики можна буде за допомогою ПЕОМ визначати варпсть користування iнфраструктурою конкретним по1здом та його рентабельнiсть.
КлючевI слова: iнфраструктура; витрати; швидкiсть руху; маса по1зда; рентабельнiсть пасажирського по1ЗДу
Ю. С. БАРАШ1, К. В. КРАВЧЕНКО2*, М. Ф. ЗЕНЧУК3
*Каф. «Учет, аудит и интеллектуальная собственность», Днепропетровский национальный университет железнодорожного транспорта имени академика В. Лазаряна, ул. Лазаряна, 2, Днепропетровск, Украина, 49010, тел. +38 (0562) 33 58 13, эл. адрес [email protected], ORCID 0000-0001-5911-9805
2*ОНИЛ «Экономика и управление железнодорожным транспортом», Днепропетровский национальный университет железнодорожного транспорта имени академика В. Лазаряна, ул. Лазаряна, 2, Днепропетровск, Украина, 49010, тел. +38 (0562) 33 58 13, эл. адрес [email protected], ORCID 0000-0002-7773-6652
3Каф. «Логистика», «Институт бизнеса и менеджмента технологий», Белорусский государственный университет, ул. Московская, 5, Минск, Республика Беларусь, 220007, тел. +375 (29) 362 30 80, эл. адрес [email protected], ORCID 0000-0003-0628-1571
МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЙ ПОДХОД К ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЮ ИНФРАСТРУКТУРНОЙ СОСТАВЛЯЮЩЕЙ РАСХОДОВ НА КУРСИРОВАНИЕ ОТДЕЛЬНОГО ПАССАЖИРСКОГО ПОЕЗДА
Цель. В научной работе необходимо разработать методический подход к определению инфраструктурной составляющей расходов на движение отдельного пассажирского поезда, который учитывал бы индивидуальные особенности движения конкретного поезда Методика. Для решения задач такого класса в работе предложена новая методика, разработанная на основе постатейного распределения затрат на курсирование конкретного пассажирского поезда с учетом факторов влияния на их величину. Эта методика позволяет корректно распределять затраты за пользование инфраструктурой отдельным поездом и, как следствие, определять точную рентабельность каждого поезда. Результаты. Из калькуляции себестоимости пассажирских и грузовых перевозок по Украине выделены все статьи расходов, касающиеся пассажирских перевозок в дальнем сообщении. Все эти расходы разделены на четыре составляющие. В инфраструктурной составляющей выделены три группы расходов, которые рассчитываются по определенному принципу с учетом индивидуальных особенностей курсирования конкретного поезда. Научная новизна. Усовершенствован метод распределения расходов всех хозяйств Укрзализныци на перевозки пассажиров в дальнем и международном сообщении для отдельного пассажирского поезда. Этот метод базируется на принципах формирования отдельных обобщающих показателей затрат по каждому хозяйству, которые соответствуют основным влиятельным факторам эксплуатации поезда. Усовершенствован методический подход к определению затрат на инфраструктурную составляющую, учитывающую влияние скорости движения и массы пассажирского поезда на износ верхнего строения пути и контактной сети. Все это позволяет обоснованно распределить затраты на движение конкретного пассажирского поезда и определить его рентабельность. Практическая значимость. Внедрение указанной методики позволит рассчитать реальные, экономически обоснованные расходы на конкретный поезд. Это будет содействовать правильному определению рентабельности отдельного пассажирского поезда и, на основе этого, принятию управленческих решений по внесению изменений в действующее расписание движения. Также, на основе данной методики можно будет с помощью ПЭВМ определять стоимость пользования инфраструктурой конкретным поездом и его рентабельность.
Ключевые слова: инфраструктура; затраты; скорость движения; масса поезда; рентабельность пассажирского поезда
Наука та прогрес транспорту. Вкник Дншропетровського нацюнального ушверситету залiзничного транспорту, 2015, № 4 (58)
REFERENCES
1. Barash Yu.S., Skalozub V.V. Metodyka skladannia optymalnoho planu formuvannia pasazhyrskykh poizdiv [The methodology of optimal plan of passenger trains formation]. Zbirnyk naukovykh prats Dnipropetrovskoho natsionalnoho universytetu: «Ekonomika: problemy teoriyi ta praktyky» [Proc. of Dni-propetrovsk National University: «Economics: questions of theory and practice»], 2005, issue 205, vol. 4, pp. 1186-1198.
2. Blyzniuk T.M. Analiz metodiv vyznachennia platy za korystuvannia obiektamy infrastruktury zaliznychnoho transportu [The analysis of methods for determining the fees for the use of railway infrastructure]. Problemy ekonomiky transportu - Problems of Transport Economics, 2014, issue 5, pp. 41-46.
3. Bozhok N.O. Metodychnyi pidkhid shchodo vyznachennia pryvablyvosti pasazhyrskykh perevezen zaliznychnoho transportu [Methodical approach to determination of passenger transportation attractiveness on railway transport]. Nauka ta prohres transportu. Visnyk Dnipropetrovskoho natsionalnoho universytetu zaliznychnoho transportu - Science and Transport Progress. Bulletin of Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport, 2014, no. 2 (50), pp. 31-40. doi: 10.15802/stp2014/23742.
4. Kalkuliatsiia sobivartosti vantazhnykh ta pasazhyrskykh perevezen. Tablytsia 1 [Cost accounting of freight and passenger traffic. Table 1]. Kyiv, Ukrzaliznytsia Publ., 2011. 112 p.
5. Kolesnykova N.M. Teoriia adaptyvno-harmonizatsiinoho mekhanizmu tsinoutvorennia na zaliznychnomu transporti [Theory of adaptive and harmonization pricing mechanism at railway transport]. Kyiv, KUETT Publ., 2007. 349 p.
6. Korzhenevych I.P., KurhanM.B., Barash Yu.S. Vplyv pidvyshchennia shvydkosti rukhu poizdiv na vytraty, poviazani iz znosom koliinoi infrastruktury [The impact of the increased speed of trains on the losses as-sisiated with the wear gauge infrastructure]. Visnyk Dnipropetrovskoho natsionalnoho universytetu zaliznychnoho transportu imeni akademika V. Lazariana [Bulletin of Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport named after Academician V. Lazaryan], 2008, issue, 21, pp. 285-292.
7. Kravchenko Kh.V., Barash Yu.S. Naukovi pryntsypy vyznachennia efektyvnosti kursuvannia okremoho pasazhyrskoho poizda [Scientific principles of determination of efficiency of running a separate passenger train ]. Visnyk Dnipropetrovskoho natsionalnoho universytetu zaliznychnoho transportu imeni akademika V. Lazariana [Bulletin of Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport named after Academician V. Lazaryan], 2012, issue 40, pp. 267-269.
8. Kravchenko Kh. V. Sutnist ekonomichnoi katehorii efektyvnosti ta vyznachennia yii na transporti [The notion of efficirncy as economic category and its essessment in transport]. Zbirnyk naukovykh prats Dnipropetrovskoho natsionalnoho universytetu zaliznychnoho transportu imeni akademika V. Lazariana: «Problemy ekonomiky transportu» [Proc. of Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport named after Academician V. Lazaryan: «Problems of Transport Economics»], 2014, issue 8, pp. 48-56.
9. Nomenklatura vytrat z osnovnykh vydiv ekonomichnoi diialnosti zaliznychnoho transportu ukrainy. № 417-TS [Nomenclature of costs of the main economic activities of Railway Transport of Ukrainero No. 417-TS]. Kyiv, Ukrzaliznytsia Publ., 2008. 414 p.
10. Piatyhorets H.S., Bulhakova Yu.V. Provedennia restrukturyzatsii zaliznychnoho transportu Ukrainy v umovakh svitovoi finansovoi kryzy [The restruction of Ukrainian railway transport in the condition of world financial crisis]. Visnyk Dnipropetrovskoho natsionalnoho universytetu zaliznychnoho transportu imeni akademika V. Lazariana [Bulletin of Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport named after Academician V. Lazaryan], 2009, issue 27, pp. 239-242.
11. Skalozub V.V., Vyshniakova I.M., Drebot Kh.V., Nechai H.V., Klymenko I.V. Rozrobka prohramnoho zabezpechennia iz vyznachennia efektyvnosti kursuvannia pasazhyrskykh poizdiv [Development of software about determination the effectiveness of the passenger trains running]. Dnipropetrovsk, 2012. 81 p. No. 97/2012-TsTekh-248/2012-TsIU.
12. Barash Yu.S., Piatyhorets A.S., Matusevych O.O., Zadoia V.O., Meliantsova Yu.P., Lomtieva I.M., Pinchuk O.P., Drebot Kh.V., Charkina T.Yu., Haiduk N.O. Rozrobka poriadku vyznachennia efektyvnosti kursuvannia pasazhyrskykh poizdiv [Development procedures for determining the efficiency of running of passenger trains]. Dnipropetrovsk, 2012. 175 p. No. SR 0111U007615. No. 62/11- TsTekh -117/2011- TsIU.
13. Samsonkin V.M., Gudkov A.M. Puti povysheniya effektivnosti passazhirskikh perevozok na zheleznodo-rozhnom transporte [Ways to improve the efficiency of passenger rail transportation]. Zbirnyk naukovykh prats Kyivskoho universytetu ekonomiky i tekhnolohii transportu «Problemy pidvyshchennia efektyvnosti infrastruktury» [Proc. of Kyiv University of Economics and Transport Techologies «Problems of increasing the efficiency of infrastructure»]. Kyiv, 2003, issue 4, pp. 135-142.
Наука та прогрес транспорту. Вкник Дншропетровського нащонального ушверситету залiзничного транспорту, 2015, № 4 (58)
14. Skalozub V.V., Barash Yu.S., Vyshniakova I. M. Udoskonalennia metodu optymizatsii planu formuvannia pasazhyrskykh poizdiv z urakhuvanniam obsiahiv investytsii [Optimization method improvement of the forming plan of passenger trains in view of the investments]. VisnykDnipropetrovskoho natsionalnoho univer-sytetu zaliznychnoho transportu imeni akademika V. Lazariana [Bulletin of Dnepropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport named after Academician V. Lazaryan], 2006, issue 12, pp. 249-255.
15. Charkina T.Yu. Udoskonalennia klasyfikatsii pasazhyrskykh poizdiv v Ukraini [Improving classification of passenger trains in Ukraine]. Zbirnyk naukovykh prats Dnipropetrovskoho natsionalnoho universytetu zaliznychnoho transportu imeni akademika V. Lazariana: «Problemy ekonomiky transportu» [Proc. of Dnipropet-rovsk National University of Railway Transport named after Academician V. Lazaryan: «Problems of Transport Economics»], 2014, issue 7, pp. 74-80.
16. Chornyi V.V., Kolesnykova N.M., Bakaieva I.H. Formuvannia dokhodiv vid zaliznychnykh perevezen v umovakh vertykalno-intehrovanoi systemy upravlinnia [Formation of income generation from railway transportation in terms of vertical and integrated management system]. Zbirnyk naukovykh prats Kyivskoho derzhavnoho ekonomiko-tekhnolohichnoho universytetu transport «Ekonomika i upravlinnia» [Proc. of Kyiv State Economic and Technilogical University of Transport], 2012, issue 9, pp. 54-57.
17. Blyzniuk T.M. Methodological approaches to defining railways infrastructure charges. Problemy ekonomiky transportu - Problems of Transport Economics, 2014, issue 6, pp. 100-106.
18. Chorniy V.V. Conceptual framework of Ukrainian railways competitive growth at the freight market. Nauka i studia, 2012, no. 15 (60), pp. 89-92.
19. Holgersson A., Forsberg R., Saveman B.I. Inre sakerheten i tag eftersatt (Internal safety in trains neglected) Lakartidningen, 2012, no. 109 (1-2), pp. 24-26.
20. Nationell plan for transportsystemet 2010-2021, Forslag till (Proposal for a National Plan for the Transport System 2010-2021) / National Road Administration, National Rail Administration, Swedish Maritime Administration. Norrkoping, 2009. 200 p.
^ss. Prof., D. Sc. O. V. Kakhovska (Tech.), (Ukraine); Prof. O. M. Hnennyi, D. Sc. (Tech.), (Ukraine)
recommended this article to be published
Received: May 15, 2015
Accepted: July 14, 2015
