Научная статья на тему 'Method of constructing the dynamic model of movement of the multi-mass system'

Method of constructing the dynamic model of movement of the multi-mass system Текст научной статьи по специальности «Математика»

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Ключевые слова
OSCILLATION MODEL / RAILWAY VEHICLE / MULTI-MASS SYSTEM / GRAPH / МОДЕЛЬ КОЛИВАНЬ / ЗАЛіЗНИЧНИЙ ЕКіПАЖ / БАГАТОМАСОВА СИСТЕМА / ГРАФ / ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНЫЙ ЭКИПАЖ / МОДЕЛЬ КОЛЕБАНИЙ / МНОГОМАССОВАЯ СИСТЕМА

Аннотация научной статьи по математике, автор научной работы — Reidemeister O.H., Kalashnyk V.O., Shykunov O.A.

Purpose. The scientific work is intended to develop a methodology for describing the structure of the railway vehicles (they are considered as a system of rigid bodies connected by rigid, elastic and dissipative elements), which would allow us to obtain the equations of motion in an easily algorithmized way. Methodology. When constructing the model, authors tend to ensure that its structure reflects the structure of the mechanical system, that is, parts of the model must correspond to parts of the car. In this case, the model takes the form of a hierarchically organized graph whose vertices correspond to the bodies, attachment points of the connecting elements and to the connecting elements themselves, and the edges describe the sets of processes that are related to the incident vertexes. As a rule, these are movements and forces: for the edge between the body and the attachment point they are generalized movements of the body and the general forces acting on it; for the edge between the attachment point and the connecting element the movements of the point and the forces arising in the element. To each vertex there corresponds a group of equations describing the motion of the system. The nature of the equations depends on the type of the vertex. For the body it is the equations of body motion; for the point the expressions for the point displacements through generalized displacements of the body and generalized forces acting on the body, through the forces arising in the connecting element; for the connecting element the expression for the forces arising in it through the deformation of the element. The graph can be regarded as oriented. The direction of the edge is chosen in such a way that for each vertex the values on the right-hand side of the vertex-associated equation would correspond to the incoming edge, and in the left-hand side to the outgoing edge. Findings. A technique for constructing a dynamic model of oscillations of railway vehicles as a system of rigid bodies is developed on the basis of their description using hierarchically organized graphs. The technique was tested to construct a model of spatial oscillations of a 4-axle freight car with an axial load of 25 tons in Simulink package. Originality. For the first time, a technique has been developed for describing the structure of a railway vehicle using a hierarchical graph, which makes it possible to obtain equations of motion in an easily algorithmized manner. Practical value. The proposed methodological approach will allow, after creating a library of bodies and connecting elements, to significantly reduce the time spent on modeling the oscillations of different vehicles.

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Текст научной работы на тему «Method of constructing the dynamic model of movement of the multi-mass system»

Наука та прогрес транспорту. Вкник Дншропетровського нацюнального ушверситету залiзничного транспорту, 2017, № 5 (71)

UDC [629.4.015:625.032.434]:531.3

O. H. REIDEMEISTER1, V. O. KALASHNYK2, O. A. SHYKUNOV3*

'Dep. «Cars and Cars Facilities», Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport named after Academician V. Lazaryan, Lazaryan St., 2, Dnipro, Ukraine, 49010, tel. +38 (056) 373 15 04, e-mail [email protected], ORCID 0000-0001-7490-7180

2Dep. «Cars and Cars Facilities», Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport named after Academician V. La-zaryan, Lazaryan St., 2, Dnipro, Ukraine, 49010, tel. +38 (056) 793 19 16, e-mail [email protected], 3O*RCID 0000-0002-8073-4631

3*Dep. «Cars and Cars Facilities», Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport named after Academician V. La-zaryan, Lazaryan St., 2, Dnipro, Ukraine, 49010, tel. +38 (056) 373 15 04, e-mail [email protected], ORCID 0000-0002-8256-2634

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING THE DYNAMIC MODEL OF MOVEMENT OF THE MULTI-MASS SYSTEM

Purpose. The scientific work is intended to develop a methodology for describing the structure of the railway vehicles (they are considered as a system of rigid bodies connected by rigid, elastic and dissipative elements), which would allow us to obtain the equations of motion in an easily algorithmized way. Methodology. When constructing the model, authors tend to ensure that its structure reflects the structure of the mechanical system, that is, parts of the model must correspond to parts of the car. In this case, the model takes the form of a hierarchically organized graph whose vertices correspond to the bodies, attachment points of the connecting elements and to the connecting elements themselves, and the edges describe the sets of processes that are related to the incident vertexes. As a rule, these are movements and forces: for the edge between the body and the attachment point they are generalized movements of the body and the general forces acting on it; for the edge between the attachment point and the connecting element - the movements of the point and the forces arising in the element. To each vertex there corresponds a group of equations describing the motion of the system. The nature of the equations depends on the type of the vertex. For the body it is the equations of body motion; for the point - the expressions for the point displacements through generalized displacements of the body and generalized forces acting on the body, through the forces arising in the connecting element; for the connecting element - the expression for the forces arising in it through the deformation of the element. The graph can be regarded as oriented. The direction of the edge is chosen in such a way that for each vertex the values on the right-hand side of the vertex-associated equation would correspond to the incoming edge, and in the left-hand side - to the outgoing edge. Findings. A technique for constructing a dynamic model of oscillations of railway vehicles as a system of rigid bodies is developed on the basis of their description using hierarchically organized graphs. The technique was tested to construct a model of spatial oscillations of a 4-axle freight car with an axial load of 25 tons in Simulink package. Originality. For the first time, a technique has been developed for describing the structure of a railway vehicle using a hierarchical graph, which makes it possible to obtain equations of motion in an easily algorithmized manner. Practical value. The proposed methodological approach will allow, after creating a library of bodies and connecting elements, to significantly reduce the time spent on modeling the oscillations of different vehicles.

Keywords: oscillation model; railway vehicle; multi-mass system; graph

Introduction

At present, the approach to constructing models of car oscillations is well known and tested for assessing the car running qualities and dynamic loading of elements [12]. The car is considered as a set of solid bodies [1], connected by rigid, elastic, viscous, dissipative elements [10, 11, 13]. As a rule, the angles of rotation are considered small values, after which the compilation of the equations of

doi 10.15 802/stp2017/112921

motion becomes a routine procedure, which it is advisable to deliver into charge of the computer.

Let us consider one of the possible approaches to the solution of this problem, for this we will present a semi-formal way of describing the model and the rules of compiling the equations of motion. Actually, we will not be interested in the solution of the equations, since for these purposes there are universal packages of applied programs Simulink [6], Simscape, OpenModelica, Dymola (the last

Наука та прогрес транспорту. Вкник Дншропетровського нацюнального ушверситету залiзничного транспорту, 2017, № 5 (71)

two packages implement the language of the description of dynamical systems Modelica [9]) and so on.

Purpose

To develop a methodology for describing the structure of the railway vehicles (they are considered as a system of rigid bodies connected by rigid, elastic and dissipative elements), which would allow us to obtain the equations of motion in an easily algorithmized way.

Methodology

When building a model, we strive to ensure that its structure reflects the structure of the mechanical system (car), that is, parts of the model must correspond to parts of the car. In this case, the model takes the form of a hierarchically organized graph whose vertices correspond to the bodies and connecting elements, and the edges describe the sets of processes that that are related to the incident to edge vertices [7]. An example of the general structure of the model is shown in Figure 1.

Fig. 1. Car body: a - vertex representing, b - its internal structure. Pt1 and Pt2 are attachment points of pairs «Centre plate - Centre pad»

As a rule, a set of generalized displacements and corresponding generalized forces correspond to the edge.

For the edge, causality conditions can be defined (for example, if the force is considered as a function of displacements) or not (forces and displacements are related by implicit relations). The difference between the two types of edges is not fundamental and, if desired, one can write down

the formal rules for determining the causality relation.

To describe the model-building rules, we use the inductive approach and consider the basic types of subsystems and the corresponding equations. In doing so, we will try to match the set of equations to the node, and the set of variables to the edge.

Fig. 2. Fragment of «Bogie» subsystem

Figure 2 shows a fragment of the «Bogie» subsystem, in which the bolster NB is connected to the solebars BR1, BR2 with the spring suspension unit RP1, RP2. The motion of such a subsystem is described by the equations that can be conveniently divided into the following groups:

1)Equations of motion of bodies;

2) Equations expressing the movement of the attachment points of the connecting elements through the movements of the bodies;

3) Equation of the relationship between the deformation of the connecting element and the force that arises in it.

The last group of equations refers to the connecting elements, the first two to the bodies. In view of the fact that the parameters of the equations of the first two groups are different, it is advisable to equip each body with an internal structure, as shown in Fig. 3, using the example of bolster.

Fig. 3. Bolster. Internal structure of the node

Наука та прогрес транспорту. Вкник Дншропетровського нацюнального ушверситету залiзничного транспорту, 2017, № 5 (71)

The inner vertex «Body» corresponds to the body motion equations. Internal vertices RP1, RP2, PP, SK1, SK2 - to the attachment points of corresponding connecting elements: spring suspension, pair «Centre plate - Centre pad», side bearing. These classes of vertices (for the body, for attachment points of the connecting element and for the connecting element itself) are the basic ones for building the car model. We will dwell in detail on each of them.

The vertex representing the motion equations of the body, whose principal central axes of inertia are parallel to the coordinate axes, is shown in Fig. 4.

This vertex can be incident with several edges, each of which is associated with a set of generalized displacements q( 1) and generalized forces

Q( 1). The edges connect the vertex «Body» with the vertex «Point».

The physical meaning of the processes q( 1) -is the generalized displacements of the body.

The vectors Q(1) correspond to generalized forces acting on the body at the 1-th point. The body motion equation includes the sums of the components of these vectors, and the motion equations themselves take the form:

d2 x

m-

m

d2 y

m

= 1X M,

=1z(j), =!©(j),

I ^ = V©(;) x dt2

y dt2 ^ '

Z dt2 z-

(1)

where m - body mass, Ix, Iy, Iz - main central

moments of inertia.

Variables corresponding to displacements are called variables of the potential type, and processes corresponding to the forces are variables of the current type. These names refer to Kirchhoff s laws

for electrical circuits and to the fact that the movements in the edges incident to one vertex are equated to each other, and the forces are added together.

Fig. 4. Vertex «Body motion equations»

The vertex representing the «Point» (Figure 5) is responsible for transforming the displacements and forces acting on the body (superscript «0») into the displacements of the point and the force applied to it (superscript «1»). The parameters of the vertex are the coordinates of the point xp, yp, zp in the coordinate system, whose origin

is in the center of gravity of the body. At small angles of rotation, the expressions that determines

the relationship between the values q(0), Q(0) and q(1), Q(1) take the form:

( хОП ( x(°)^ ( ° - Zp

y(1) = y(°) + Zp °

Z (1) Z (°) \ y p xp

У 1 p '0(°П

- xp

°у у (°) V

(flon

ф

(o(°n

ф

v ' у v ' у ( Y (°П ( Y

(©(°П ф(°)

V

X

Y (°)

Z (°)

v у v

(«0П (

,(°)

(°)

©

ф(1)

°

-y.

V

X

Y (1)

Z 0) - Zp

(2)

y,

- x„

^ X on Y (1)

Z (1) ' vZ

Наука та прогрес транспорту. Вкник Дншропетровського нацюнального ушверситету залiзничного транспорту, 2017, № 5 (71)

Fig. 5. Vertex «Points

The «Connecting element» connects the «Points» of two «Bodies», Figure 6.

Fig. 6. Vertex «Connecting element»

The deformation of the connecting element is the difference

» (1) (0) Aq = q - q .

(3)

The force Q , arising in the connecting element depends on the deformation Aq . The expression for the force depends on the type of the connecting element. For example, for a linear spring of rigidity C , operating in a vertical direction

X = Y = 0, Z = C • Az,

е = Ф=у = о.

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(4)

Fig. 7. Subsystem «Bolster» in Simulink model

A non-trivial matter is the question of comparing each edge with the direction of signal propagation, which is chosen so that for explicit expression of some values through other the argument is the input, and the function is the output.

Having examined the expression (2), we see that the directions for displacements and the directions for forces in one edge are opposite to each other. The direction of propagation for different signals is given in Table 1.

Table 1

Directions of signal propagation

It is convenient to assume that the force Q acts

on the Body-0 from the side of the Body-1. In this

Q (0) Q Q (1) Q case Q = Q, Q =-Q .

By combining the described types of vertices, it is possible to present in a compact and visual form a model of car oscillations, suitable for direct formation of the motion equations.

Let us consider the implementation of the described approach for building a model in the Simu-link package. In this case, the body, point and connecting element are conveniently represented as subsystems. As an example, Figure 7 shows the Simulink scheme for the subsystem «Bolster».

Vertex class Process Direction

Body qw output

Qj input

Point q(0) input

Q(0) output

q(1) output

Q(1) input

Connecting q(0), q(1) input

element Q(0), Q(1) output

Findings

The use of the proposed method resulted in creation of a freight car model, which consists of a body and two bogies. The bogies were considered as a construction consisting of the following subsystem-elements [2, 3]: wheel sets with box;

- solebars;

- bolster;

Наука та прогрес транспорту. Вкник Дншропетровського нацюнального ушверситету залiзничного транспорту, 2017, № 5 (71)

- springs of the central spring unit (each two-row spring separately);

- friction vibration dampers;

- axle-box suspension;

- centre pad;

- side bearing.

Each of these subsystems is independent and can be replaced with the condition of preserving the geometric parameters of the connection points of the element. This feature of the model is convenient to use for changing the parameters in order to select their optimal values.

The bodies, with the exception of bolsters and bogie solebars, have 6 degrees of freedom; the angles of rotation are small. To better estimate the dynamic loading of the bogie cast parts, the detailed models of spring suspension (up to individual springs and friction wedges, which are considered as separate bodies of the system) and axle box were developed.

The model will be used to evaluate the dynamic loading of bogie elements of the car with an axial load of 25 tons [8], in order to clarify the loads arising during operation [4, 5, 14]. Vertical forces acting in the axle box when the car moves along a straight section of the track at 120 km/h speed are shown in Figure 8.

Originality and practical value

For the first time, a methodical approach to creating dynamic models of railway vehicles based on their description using hierarchically organized graphs was proposed.

20 20.2 20.4 20.6 20.8 21 21.2 21.4 21.6 21 a 22 Time, s

Fig. 8. Vertical forces in the axle box of gondola car with axle load of 25 tons, speed of 120 km/h

This methodological approach will allow, after creating a library of bodies and connecting elements, to significantly reduce the time spent on modeling the oscillations of different vehicles.

Conclusions

A technique has been developed for describing the structure of a railway vehicle using a hierarchical graph, which makes it possible to obtain equations of motion in an easily algorithmized manner. The vehicle is a system of rigid bodies connected by rigid, elastic and dissipative elements. The technique was tested to construct a model of spatial oscillations of a 4-axle freight car in the Simulink package. Directions of further development: creation of the library of bodies and connecting elements, detailed presentation of the geometry of track, the models of track superstructure and wheel-rail interaction.

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3. Определение допускаемых скоростей движения грузовых вагонов по железнодорожным путям колеи 1520 мм / В. Д. Данович, В. В. Рыбкин, С. В. Мямлин, А. Г. Рейдемейстер, А. П. Трякин, Н. В. Халипо-ва // Вюн. Дншропетр. нац. ун-ту залiзн. трансп. iм. акад. В. Лазаряна. - Дшпропетровськ, 2003. -Вип. 2. - С. 77-86.

4. Определение параметров пространственного нагружения литых деталей тележки 18-9855 при проведении стендовых испытаний / Д. В. Шевченко, Т. С. Куклин, А. М. Орлова [и др.] // Техника железных дорог. - 2016. - № 1 (33). - С. 68-74.

5. Рейдемейстер, А. Г. Способы увеличения прочности боковых рам трехэлементных тележек / А. Г. Рейдемейстер, А. А. Шикунов // Наука та прогрес транспорту. - 2015. - № 5 (59). - С. 141-149. doi: 10.15802/stp2015/55351.

Наука та прогрес транспорту. Вкник Дншропетровського нацiонального унiверситету залiзничного транспорту, 2°17, № 5 (71)

6. Черных, И. В. Simulink: Инструмент моделирования динамических систем [Electronic resource] / И. В. Черных. - Available at: http://matlab.exponenta.ru/simulink/book1/index.php. - Title from the screen. -Accessed : 31.08.2017.

7. Borutzky, W. Bond graph methodology: development and analysis of multidisciplinary dynamic system models / W. Borutzky. - Sankt Augustin : Springer Science & Business Media, 2009. - 662 p.

8. Bubnov, V. M. Dynamic performance of freight cars on bogies model 18-1711 / V. M. Bubnov, S. V. Myamlin, N. B. Mankevych // Наука та прогрес транспорту. - 2013. - № 4 (46). - С. 118-126. doi: 10.15802/stp2013/16616.

9. Fritzson, P. Introduction to modeling and simulation of technical and physical systems with Modelica / P. Fritzson. - Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons, 2011. - 211 p.

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11. Knothe, K. Rail vehicle dynamics / K. Knothe, S. Stichel. - Cham : Springer, 2017. - 321 p.

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14. Shykunov, O. A. Three-Element Bogie Side Frame Strength / O. A. Shykunov // Наука та прогрес транспорту. - 2017. - № 1 (67). - С. 183-193. doi: 10.15802/stp2017/92535.

О. Г. РЕЙДЕМЕЙСТЕР1, В. О. КАЛАШНИК2, О. А. ШИКУНОВ3*

'Каф. «Вагони та вагонне господарство», Дшпропетровськш нацюнальний уншерситет залiзничного транспорту iменi академжа В. Лазаряна, вул. Лазаряна, 2, Дшпро, Украша, 49010, тел. +38 (056) 373 15 04, ел. пошта [email protected], ОЯСГО 0000-0001-7490-7180

2Каф. «Вагони та вагонне господарство», Дшпропетровськш нацюнальний уншерситет залiзничного транспорту iменi академжа В. Лазаряна, вул. Лазаряна, 2, Дншро, Украша, 49010, тел. +38 (056) 793 19 16, ел. пошта ку47@гиа, ОЯСГО 0000-0002-8073-4631

3*Каф. «Вагони та вагонне господарство», Дншропетровськш нацюнальний ушверситет залiзничного транспорту iменi академжа В. Лазаряна, вул. Лазаряна, 2, Дншро, Украша, 49010, тел. +38 (056) 373 15 04, ел. пошта [email protected], ОЯСГО 0000-0002-8256-2634

МЕТОДИКА ПОБУДОВИ ДИНАМ1ЧНО1 МОДЕЛ1 РУХУ БАГАТОМАСОВИХ СИСТЕМ

Мета. У науковш робот необхвдно розробити методику опису структури залiзничних екшажв (розгля-даються як система твердих тш, з'еднаних жорсткими, пружними та дисипативними елементами), яка дозволила б отримати рiвняння руху способом, що легко алгоршшзуеться. Методика. При побудовi моделi автори прагнуть до того, щоб и структура вшображала структуру механiчноi системи, тобто частини моделi повиннi ввдповвдати частинам вагона. При цьому модель набувае форму ieрархiчно органiзованого графа, вершини якого ввдповшають тiлам, точкам кршлення з'еднувальних елементiв та самим з'еднувальним еле-ментам, а ребра описують сукупностi процесiв, якi мають вiдношення до iнцидентних ребру вершин. Як правило, це перемщення та сили: для ребра мiж тшом i точкою крiплення - узагальнеш перемiщення тiла та дiючi на нього узагальнеш сили; для ребра мiж точкою кршлення й з'еднувальним елементом - перемщення точки i сили, що виникають в елеменп. Кожнш вершинi вiдповiдае група рiвнянь, що описують рух системи. Характер рiвнянь залежить ввд типу вершини. Для тiла - рiвняння руху тiла; для точки - вирази пере-мiщень точки через узагальнеш перемщення тша й узагальнених сил, що дiють на тшо, через сили, що виникають у з'еднувальному елементi; для з'еднувального елемента - вирази для сил, що виникають в ньому, через деформаци елемента. Граф може розглядатися як орiентований. Напрямок ребра обирають таким чином, щоб для кожноi' вершини величини, що стоять у правш частинi зютавлених вершинi рiвнянь, вщповда-ли ребру, що входить, а в лiвiй - виходить. Результата. Розроблено методику побудови динамiчноi моделi коливань залiзничних екiпажiв як системи твердих тш на основi iх опису за допомогою iерархiчно органiзо-ваних графiв. Методика випробувана для побудови моделi просторових коливань 4-вiсного вантажного вагона з осьовим навантаженням 25 тс в пакеп Simulink. Наукова новизна. Вперше розроблено методику

Наука та прогрес транспорту. Вкник Дншропетровського нацюнального ушверситету залiзничного транспорту, 2017, № 5 (71)

опису структуры зал1зничного екшажу за допомогою 1ерарх1чного графа, яка дозволяе отримати р1вняння руху способом, що легко алгорштшзуеться. Практична значимкть. Запропонований методичний шдхвд дозволить, тсля створення б1бл1отеки тш та з'еднувальних елеменпв, значно скоротити витрати часу на моделювання коливань р1зних екшаж1в.

Ключовi слова: модель коливань; зал1зничний екшаж; багатомасова система; граф

А. Г. РЕЙДЕМЕЙСТЕР1, В. А. КАЛАШНИК2, А. А. ШИКУНОВ3*

1Каф. «Вагоны и вагонное хозяйство», Днепропетровский национальный университет железнодорожного транспорта имени академика В. Лазаряна, ул. Лазаряна, 2, Днипро, Украина, 49010, тел. +38 (056) 373 15 04, эл. почта [email protected], ORCID 0000-0001-7490-7180

2Каф. «Вагоны и вагонное хозяйство», Днепропетровский национальный университет железнодорожного транспорта имени академика В. Лазаряна, ул. Лазаряна, 2, Днипро, Украина, 49010, тел. +38 (056) 793 19 16, эл. почта [email protected], ORCID 0000-0002-8073-4631

3*Каф. «Вагоны и вагонное хозяйство», Днепропетровский национальный университет железнодорожного транспорта имени академика В. Лазаряна, ул. Лазаряна, 2, Днипро, Украина, 49010, тел. +38 (056) 373 15 04, эл. почта [email protected], ORCID 0000-0002-8256-2634

МЕТОДИКА ПОСТРОЕНИЯ ДИНАМИЧЕСКОЙ МОДЕЛИ ДВИЖЕНИЯ МНОГОМАССОВОЙ СИСТЕМЫ

Цель. В научной работе необходимо разработать методику описания структуры железнодорожных экипажей (рассматриваются как система твердых тел, соединенных жесткими, упругими и диссипативными элементами), которая позволила б получить уравнения движения легко алгоритмизируемым способом. Методика. При построении модели авторы стремятся к тому, чтобы ее структура отражала структуру механической системы, то есть части модели должны соответствовать частям вагона. При этом модель приобретает форму иерархически организованного графа, вершины которого соответствуют телам, точкам крепления соединительных элементов и самим соединительным элементам, а ребра описывают совокупности процессов, которые имеют отношение к инцидентным ребру вершинам. Как правило, это перемещения и силы: для ребра между телом и точкой крепления - обобщенные перемещения тела и действующие на него обобщенные силы; для ребра между точкой крепления и соединительным элементом - перемещения точки и силы, возникающие в элементе. Каждой вершине соответствует группа уравнений, описывающих движение системы. Характер уравнений зависит от типа вершины. Для тела - уравнения движения тела; для точки -выражения перемещений точки через обобщенные перемещения тела и обобщенных сил, действующих на тело, через силы, возникающие в соединительном элементе; для соединительного элемента - выражения для сил, возникающих в нем, через деформации элемента. Граф может рассматриваться как ориентированный. Направление ребра выбирают таким образом, чтобы для каждой вершины величины, стоящие в правой части сопоставленных вершине уравнений, соответствовали входящему ребру, а в левой - исходящему. Результаты. Разработана методика построения динамической модели колебаний железнодорожных экипажей как системы твердых тел на основе их описания с помощью иерархически организованных графов. Методика опробована для построения модели пространственных колебаний 4-осного грузового вагона с осевой нагрузкой 25 тс в пакете Simulink. Научная новизна. Впервые разработана методика описания структуры железнодорожного экипажа с помощью иерархического графа, которая позволяет получить уравнения движения легко алгоритмизируемым способом. Практическая значимость. Предложенный методический подход позволит, после создания библиотеки тел и соединительных элементов, значительно сократить затраты времени на моделирование колебаний различных экипажей.

Ключевые слова: модель колебаний; железнодорожный экипаж; многомассовая система; граф

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Prof. S. V. Myamlin, D. Sc. (Tech.), (Ukraine); PhD Tech., Senior Research Associate T. V. Sheleiko

(Ukraine) recommended this article to be published

Received: May 17, 2017

Accessed: Sept. 21, 2017

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