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14In the middle of the XI century, Kipchak and Kuman tribes began to move to the west. In the second half of the XI century in the southern Russian steppes about the political and ethnic changes noted by Persian historian Xamdallax Kazvini, according to him, in the Dasht-i Kipchak were exactly Dasht-i Khazars.
In X century on the southern Russian steppes, they were known as the Dasht-i Khazar.
Since 1055 year, Cumans in ancient Russian chronicles mentioned changeless as "polovec". This definition mentioned in Russian Slavs and Greek writers' works, as "Pecheneg" - bitsen (ng) - jax "key man" can find definition as one who lives in the forestland. Paying attention to the Hungarian writers, Pechenegs name means bessi, bysseni, bicenati. For Hungarian nation, this name means bessnyo. Hungarian scientist Erney shows pechenegs as wosciani, wosseravii and ebes. The last name we can see at the end of the XII century diplomas.
If we consider word "polovec" from many aspects, it has two meanings: applied specifically for Cumanns and ccould be applied to the completely united Kipchak tribe's community as well. However, in the chronicles meanings weren't separated.
If we look at the Ancient Arab data, nomadic nation in the ancient written sources mentioned as "badjnak". As an example, we give the two Arab writer Al-Bekri and Al-Balxi'. El Bekri say about Badjnak, on the north of them were territory of Kifdjak (Kipchak), while in the in the south was Khazar territory, on the east Guziya and Slavs were on the west.
According to a study of A.N.Bern§tamnin, Kipchaks in the third century BC pictured in Huns emperor Hero Tanirquts conquering campaign description.
Meanwhile, referring to the Khan Kingdom era data, it is assumed as "Husham" tribes. III-II century BC "Husham" tribe is contemporaries with Uysun. "They were nomadic nation they inhabited near Irtysh River valley and on foothills of Qalbin and Narim mountains. Their western neighbors were Cheshes, neighbors on the east were Uysuns living Ili valley and Seven river land." According to this data, we can say the fallowing: those days Uysun, Kanlis whom were contemporaries with Kipchaks (Hushas) in IV-III centuries BC were part of the Tigrahaud Saks that moved from west to east. [7].
Now days many researchers suggest that the origin of the word Kipchak as root of ("brown-edged" or in Turkic language "Kipchak" assures blink, wink).
REFERENCES
1. Kumekov B E. Kipchak Khanate. "The history of Kazakh", 1993, №1, 24-19-p.
2. Kumekov B E. Qipchaks // Jalin Publishing. - 2004.-№10.-35-45-p.
3. Rashid-al-Din. Collection of chronicles.- ML, 1952.-T.I.-Kn.I.-P.84
4. Abelgazi. Turkish chronicles: Almaty. Ana Tili Publishing., 1991.19p.
5. Sarai A. Kipchaks // Altyn tamir. 2010. -№2. 117-138, p.
6. Axinjanov S.M. Qipchaks in the history ofthe Medieval Kazakhstan. - Moscow: Science, 1995 - p87.
7. J.Mirzaxanov. The depths of history. Jalin Publishing", 2004, page 105
MERCHANT PRODUCTION AND CREDIT IN MIDDLE AGES
undergraduate Kolomiitseva Mariya, candidate of historical Science, associate Professor Miimanbaeva F. N.
Kazakhstan, Almaty, Kazakh National University named al-Farabi
Abstract. Formation of market relations and promoting trade in medieval Europe, a theme that is explored so far and is controversial. Feudal economy was based on agriculture.
More developed in this direction were regions such as Silesia, Bohemia, the Carpathian countries, Poland, and Novgorod. The characteristic of each region trade provides an opportunity to consider their relevance. Renaissance in the 15th century centers linked to social and political changes in the country. Hanseatic merchants in this situation have occupied an advantageous position and have economic supremacy with XIII-XV century in the trade. The process of establishing trade, special goods performed lead mining and salt, wood, skin, wax. These goods were of great importance in foreign trade.
Trading capital played an important role in the economy, which flourished in Western and Eastern Europe, and which formed the basis for the emergence of cities.
Keywords: merchants, foreign capital, Carpathian region, obtain, trade, investment.
The functions of merchаnt capital in the feudal economy were and аre a subject of much debаte [1]. Many scholars still consider merchant capital to have been the main development factor in stimulating the economy and influence on the feudal economy, causing its transformation.
The fеudаl economy was based on the rural economy, first and foremost on agriculture. Mediеval Europe was, above all, a vast аgricultural region where rural economy predominated.
Between 13 th and 15 th cеnturies, the majority of Еast Еuropean countries wеrе pаssing though a stage of rapid social dеvеlopment, making up largely for their Egging bеhind the West. The 14 th and 15 th cеnturies in Western Europe were making by еcоnоmic rеcеssion. Although it brought аbоut important and inspiring еconоmic and sociаl tеmpоrаrily stоppеd the growth dynamics of many lines of production and exchange.
After dl, in East Cеntral and Eastern Europe оnе can оbsеrve serious differences in the chrom^y and rаtе of development of particular countries and regions. Bohemia, Silesia, the Cаrpathian countries, Little Poland and in a broader context and somewhat later also western and south-eastern Russian were the areas of fastest growth [2]. The Baltic countries as far as Novgorod made up the second region. The third region, spreading from central Poland far to the east and north-east.
Bohemia and the Polish territories and also, to a smaller degree the Slovak territories had long been the main areas where agriculture and animal breeding had been developing [1].
Реtty urbаn trades and the so-called great mеrchаnts oriеnted towards satisfying the needs of the affluent parts of feudal society, the latter often invested targe sums of mоnеy in mines. In the economic sрhеre we are discussing, all kinds of mеrchant аctivity were apparent, their intеnsity growing with time. Over whole territory, ^ rising number of mеrchants, the size of property, and flourishing trade were refected in the growing number of fours and mаrkets in Bohеmia, Pоlаnd, the Carpathian countries and Russia and Italians, particularly numerous in Little Poland and Russia stаrting from the 13 th cеntury, and in the 13 th and 14 th centuries pеnеtrаting even into the cities of the Golden Horde. At the sаme time numerous Armenians and Jews from East and West, and even Greeks, аrrived in south-western and sоuth-eastern Russia [1]. There migrations of mеrchаnts were hаbitually аttributed almost exclusively to the еmergence in the 13 th century of ^w long distance trade-routes connecting ^ West, via Polish and Russian territoriеs, with the Еаst.
There is no doubt that routеs to Italian ratonies on the Black and Azov Seas from the Wеst and from Italy, crossing Poland and sоuth-western Russia, and those connecting the Bаltic, Bkck, and Azоv Sеаs, contributed to intensified activity on the part of the merchants from Cracow, Wroclaw, Volhynian, Wlodzimierz, and then from Lwow and some minor centers of Silesia, Little Poland, and Russia [1].
Thus a massive inflow of foreign capital to these southern region took place in the 13 th and 14 th centuries, permitting trade to flourish and more so since the trade routes ran in the proper direction. To this latter factor attach rather less significance, than is usually done. It should be stressed here that the marked formation in the 13 th century of strong states in the southern region ate.
The strong kingdom of Bohemia, the Polish state, and, in a way, the principality of Galrera, was not only related to the economic development of the southern region, but also fostered this development [3]. The two factors also found reflection in the rapid cultural development of that part of the southern region discussed here, especially of the Czech and, slightly later, of the Polish territories.
It is worth turning our attention to the situation that emerged in the steppes of south-eastern Rus at the time when the Golden Horde was still thriving. This area saw the growth of great trade centers such as Saray, Astrahan, and Kazan, and the concentration of Italian, Armenian, Greek, and Jewish merchants in Tana, Soldai, and later in Kaffa and other towns along the Black Sea coast [3].
The destruction of the Golden Horde by Tameriane, the decline of the steppe nomadic economy, and a very probable demographic decline in these territories in the 15 th century made any revival of the trade centres on the lower Volga and the Don, and especially of Saray and Tana, impossible. It would seem that Kazan, a centre for trade with Rus, the Middle East, and western Siberia, profited from all this. As regards contacts between the Italian colonies and the emerging towns of north-eastern Rus, they would appear to have greatly influenced the economy of the upper Volga basin, but not to have seemed very attractive to the Genoese and Venetians [4].
The situation in particular region must have varied. It is worth nothing here the relatively low rate of profit that Hanseatic merchants obtained in specific transactions with Novgorod, One can put forward a hypothesis that, in the first case mentioned, Russian trades were strong enough, both economically and politically, to protect themselves against Hanseatic exploitation. The Hanseatic merchants, for their were nevertheless trying to pursue and develop trade in furs and wax, if only for the mass-production character of Russian exports. In Rus contacts with agricultural and forest producers in Prussia or Livonia, Hanseatic merchants were economically the overwhelmingly stronger partner; what is more, from the 13 th through the 15 th century, in the majority of countries they enjoyed clear political supremacy. In the 13 th and 14 th centuries, both their political and economic superiority and their favourable geographical position allowed the Teutonic Order and Prussian
merchants access to the metal resources of the Carpathian region and to trade with the Black Sea coast. The Teutonic knights obtained that silver presumably from trade with Hungary and Little Poland [5].
Of great importance here were the political power of the military orders, the economical and political frailty of the majority of partners, and last but least a favourable geographical situation. Merchant capital from Germany to the Baltic countries to all these factors [1]. The question of the rate of profit that Hanseatic merchants gained on their transactions requires much further research.
With time, the Bohemia recession had its repercussions in Vratislaw (Wroclaw) and in many other towns of what was then Bohemia Silesia, which made them even more dependent on economic relations with Poland than before. The situation of Cracow and other towns of Little Poland in the 15 th century was rather auspicious. The prices of goods, offered in Cracow were showing an upward trend, whence from time to time we encounter the opinion that 15 th - century Little Poland must have been beset with economic difficulties. While the slump in copper and silver mining in Slovakia and Nuremberg competition were unfavourable factors for the merchants of Cracow, trade with southern Hungary still continued. Rural settlement and growth of towns continued, while salt and lead mining were developing. Foreigners from Italy and southern Germany kept flooding into Cracow and Lwow, and, settled down and invested their capital there, which they would hardly have done, had there been a business slump there. These factors never assumed the same proportions as in the west, and would seem to have been of only a transitory nature.
During the 15 th century, in Poland, Luthuania, and Rus, the central area, previously underdeveloped, became economically the most dynamic. Great Poland and Mazovia from the 14 th century, Lithuania and the Great Principality of Muscovy from the 15 th, were the territories where rural and urban settlements developed rapidly. The products of these countries, such as wood, grain, hides, wax, and others, soon assumed a relatively great importance in foreign trade. In all this region, one can observe a revival in domestic and foreign trade [6].
Everybody seems to know that, in the 15 th century, trade in Novgorod, Pskov, Polotsk, and Smolensk flourished, the matter has not so far been satisfactorily explained. We do not know enough about the local merchants in 14 th and 15 th century Novgorod is beyond all doubt if we consider, for instance, the volume of transactions we can identify. Soviet scholars have proved moreover that north-eastern Rus, and especially the area along the upper Volga, experienced rapid population growth and the development of agriculture and towns. In the second half of the country the city of Moscow came decisively to the fore [7]. Trade, both domestic and foreign, in this part of Rus flourished rapidly, the active engagement of grand monastic orders-explained by the weakness of the urban merchant class-being its peculiarity.
In the 15 th and 16 th centuries, the urban merchants class gained in importance, especially in Moscow, Tver, Nizhny Novgorod and the emerging towns of the north in the 15 th century, and in point of fact even later, the external trade of north-eastern Rus was primarily south-east-oriented, although trade expansion towards the north, and from middle 15 th century towards the Baltic, gradually gained in importance. Bright trade prospects also attracted foreign merchants to this part of Rus, some of whom settled or spent long periods investing their capital there.
Admittedly, not only religious and political but also climatic differences played a part there. Such a situation gave more scope to increasing by active. Russian merchants suffice to point to their successes in westward expansion through Lithuania and Poland to Germany, and according to some sources - as far as Italy. On the other have the relatively small inflow of foreign merchant capital impeded the advancement of the Russian merchant class as a clearly defined social group. Russian merchants moreover had to with stand domestic compilation from the powerful and commercially active clergy and the boyar.
These conclusions from the arguments propounded above. They indicate the undeniably important role of merchant capital in the economy, albeit with this reservation, that this capital cannot be regarded as a major factor of economic growth. Merchant capital grew where growth in production and the effect of other factors were conducive to profitable investment. Trade continued to flourish and merchant capital to flow into Eastern Europe and even intensified at the time of the intense economic crisis in the West. Last but not least, we must pay attention to the fact that, although German and Italian investments acted as incentives to the development of a variety of East European industries, those investment were accompanied by a massive inflow of handicrafts and exports of raw materials which, with time, became very dangerous to those crafts which formed the economic basis of many East European towns [1].
REFERENCES
1. Western Europe. Eastern Europe, and world development, 13-18th centuries; collection of essays of Marian Malowist / edited by Jean Batou and Henryk Szlajfer. p. cm. - ( Studies in critical social sciences; v. 16).
2. Problems of trade in Little Poland's lead were recently tackled in D. Molenda. Wroclaw, 1963, p.203.
3. M. Malowist, Kaffa - kolonia genuenska na Krymie i problem wschodni w latach 14531475 (Warszawa, 1947), pp. 68-94.
4. P. Johansen, "Der Hansische Russlandhandel, insbesondere nach Novgorod, in Kritischer Betrachtung," in Arbeitsgemeinschaft Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen. Wissenschaftliche Abhandlung, Voi. XXVII, n.d., pp. 39-55.
5. M.P. Lesnikov, "Niderlandy i vostochnaya Baltika v nachale XV v.," in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR. Seriya istorii i filologiii, Vol. III, 19521, p. 451.
6. F. Graus, "Die Handelsbeziehungen" in Historica, Vol. 4 pp. 39-51.
7. M. N. Tikhomirov, Srednevekovaya Moskva v XIV-XV vv. (Moskva, 1957), passim.
THE "GOLDEN PEOPLE" OF KAZAKHSTAN
1 Noyanov Edyl Noyanuly, 2Sergazy Yernazar
Kazakhstan, Almaty,
1 teaching and learning orientated Deputy of the History Department, Ph.D., associate professor; 2student of the Faculty ofArchaeology, History and Ethnology at Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
Abstract. This article is about historically important and valuable "Golden people " artefacts found in Kazakh lands. An analysis of different views of scientists on this will be carried out later in this work. The main difficulties of the archaeological works and the main aspects of the conservation of monuments are considered. The "Esyk" mound is analysed in this piece of work in order to show its importance to the history of the world. "The Besshatyr" cemetery, "Esyk" burial grounds, "Zhuantobe", "Boralday" cemeteries are used as the main object here. "The Esyk" mound is located over 50 kilometres away from Almaty city and it is one of the burials that are placed on the left bank of the river Esyk. The burial ground is up to 3 kilometres long and extends from south to north. It consists of forty-five mounds. "The Esyk" burial is the first place in the world where the "Golden man" was found. Each "Golden men's" features, benefits and values will be evaluated and discussed in this article.
Keywords: golden man, archaeology, artefact, cemetery, era, plague.
Reconstruction of historical monuments requires special zeal. This is not a phenomenon, but a scientific work...
Nursultan Nazarbayev.
People around the world always look at the historical heritage with a high interest and enthusiasm. Whenever there is a possibility to travel, most people try to visit places, which are rich for its history. No doubt, contemplating the view of the Egyptian pyramids or the Great Wall of China would be the dream of all those who have a passion for beauty.
It has been more than twenty years since our country has become independent. At the same time, as a prerequisite for being a sovereign country, a lot of work is being done. Now, it is necessary for us to keep and develop our country's spiritual, cultural and historical heritage. Most importantly, a lot of work needs to be conducted for the future of the nation in nurturing and teaching the younger generation to appreciate the value of their motherland and for them to grow up as the true patriots. Part of this work involves a deep research and investigation of the national history. Kazakh wide steppes resemble a large book that is covered with gold. Every time you open a new page of this book, you get surprised and start admiring the content. Consequently, the idea is developed that it is crucial to communicate and teach our future generation to value the historical and cultural wealth of the great country.
The history of the Kazakhstan is a treasure, which needs to be thoroughly studied. "The Golden Men" which were found as a result of archaeological excavations made Kazakhstan more worldwide known. That is why it is important to investigate more historical and cultural relics that were found recently.
