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The problem of coordination of basic proportions of food consumption sphere may be settled on the basis of modification of a combined intersectional balance of agribusiness complex model, which characterizes production, distribution and final usage of AIC sectors' products, and level of development of other branches of material production of the region [8, p. 85].
Development of economic methods of regulation of food consumption sphere should be supported by psychological and legal methods (spread of reasonable consumption culture and healthy way of life, activization of social movement on consumers' rights protection).
1. Altukhov A. Methodology and methods of definition of food safety of the country // AIC: economy, management. 2006. №7.
2. Gumerov R. Food safety of the country: development of legal bases and economic mechanisms of provision // Russian economic journal. 2006. №11.
3. Meat importers regained a feeling of reality // Коммерсантъ. 2006. 19 apr.
4. Mitin S. Necessity of technological modernization of agriculture// AIC, economy, management. 2006. №9.
5. Obolentsov I., KornilovM., Sinyukov M. Food safety // Economist. 2005. №12.
6. Partnership for the sake of bread // Labor. 2006. November 17.
7. Food safety of Russia: problems and perspectives/ ed. by A.A. Afinogentova. Saratov, 2004.
8. Reshetnikova H.G. Method of intersectional balance in forecasting of agricultural industrial complex development // SSSEU Bulletin 2008. №3 (22).
9. China as salvation // New newspaper. 2005. 29 June.
удк 332.622 E.E. Kireeva
MECHANISM OF URBAN LAND VALUE FORMATION
The article considers the specificity of evaluation institute evolution amid market system development in Russia. Also an overview of current classifications of land evaluation pricing variables has been made. Their differential characteristics have been revealed. The author's classification of citywide land appraisal pricing variables has been developed. Key words: urban land appraisal, market value, pricing variables.
E.E. Киреева
МЕХАНИЗМ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ СТОИМОСТИ ГОРОДСКИХ ЗЕМЕЛЬ
В статье рассмотрена специфика развития института оценки в условиях становления рыночной экономики в России. Также произведен анализ существующих классификаций ценообразующих факторов при оценке земли. Отражены их отличительные особенности. Разработана собственная классификация ценообразующих факторов, существенных при оценке земли в масштабах города.
Ключевые слова: оценка городских земель, рыночная стоимость, ценообразующие факторы.
Formation of market economy in 1990-s led to necessity to develop assessment of urban lands. The question of establishing price of urban lands is viewed not only in theory but on practice. The practice of establishing price of urban lands was mostly developed in Moscow and St. Petersburg. We haven't own methodological elaboration in the sphere of assessment in our country, that's why the system of training of assessors, developed by the American specialists, operates till now. The researches of American scientists J.K. Akkert, G.S. Harrison and J. Freedman were the basis of methodological ensuring of the current assessment.
On the eve of XX -XXI centuries a lot of articles on evaluation of urban lands were written by Russian scientists -A.P Romm, O.M. Pakhomova, V. P. Fedorov. The interest of scientists to the improving of land assessment process was encouraged by the formation of the cadastral price for taxation and due to the division of the cities' land to functional zones in order to create General plans. This explained domination of mass assessment over individual assessment. AOZT “Perspectiva” and AOOT “Gorodskoy cadastre” (City cadastre) were involved in determination of the price of urban lands (they assessed the price of lands in St Petersburg and Moscow).
The notion “market price” was introduced by the federal law “On appraisal activity in Russian Federation” [5]. But in
the frames of assessment of urban land cadastral price was computed in this time, as far as the main aim of establishing land price was the formation of the state cadastral land appraisal system. In the same time the notion “cadastral price” was not fixed in valuation legislature.
The land market practically did not exist, only some bargains were struck. But within the same district the prices of similar objects may vary substantially. In this connection the overseas experience in pricing, based on establishing market price of sales statistics for several years, was not inapplicable. The price was determined by the method of distinguishing on the basis of market information about buying-selling transactions and lease of dwelling and commercial real estate property The consequence of applying approximate price of buildings and constructions on the land under mass estimation of the land cost, were serious distortions of the obtained results.
During the first decade of XXI century the focus was shifted from mass assessment to individual assessment. The specialists in the sphere of appraisal contribute a lot in improving the current methods and approaches to assessment. Today the normative field in the sphere of assessment is being formed by the Federal standards of appraisal and federal law “On appraisal pricing activity”. Federal standards determine the aims of appraisal, as-
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sumed results of assessment, requirements to compiling the report on appraisal and its content, types of price: market price, investment price, liquid price, cadastral price [6].
Cadastral price according to the 65 article of the Land code of Russian Federation is established for taxation purposes, and may be applied for determining of rent for plot of land in a state or municipal property. In some cases and particularly for establishing the market prices of the plot of land “cadastral price of this plot is established equal to its market price” [1].
The reference that cadastral price in some cases may be recognized equal to market price makes a mess in the process of defining cadastral price as it is. The necessity of division between cadastral and market prices becomes groundless. The prices, if the market price being established, are equal, but the aims of appraisal are different. In this case it will be sound to use market price while assessing state market price of land.
The market price of urban lands is the most important index of investment attractiveness of the city. Variables of the market price of the land within the city area, reflect functional-planning structure of this city, presence of business centers of attraction, ecological characteristics of different areas, and even social-psychological characteristics, such as prestigiousness of various city districts.
Category “market price” is characterized by information availability, ease of transactions that correspond to its crucial role in a city land policy. Therefore market price is the most reliable index of value of the land plot in a particular city. However while establishing the market price of the land its assessment must meet the following main requirements:
- record of all essential factors, the choice of which must be grounded in a certain city situation;
- recording of factors via methods, ensuring adequacy of the final result of assessment;
- grounding of each factor in a final result of assessment;
- assessment on the basis of analysis of the most efficient usage of a certain plot of land.
The most difficult and responsible aspect in assessment of land resources is a selection of pricing factors.
A.P. Romm was the first who suggested the most complete classification of pricing factors for land assessment. He distinguished the following groups of factors:
- localization factors;
- ecological factors;
- factors of alienation (transfer) price;
- communication factors;
- infrastructural factors;
- prestige and reputation factors of city districts from the point of different functions [4].
A.P. Romm considers communication and location factors of the land plot to be prevailing in pricing on the city land market.
According to Methodological recommendations on establishing market price of the plots of land, adopted in 2002, the most important factors of price are:
- location and surrounding;
- intended purpose, permitted use, rights of other persons for this plot;
- physical characteristics;
- access of transport;
- infrastructure [3].
Two above mentioned classifications are similar by its content. The main difference - the absence of ecological factors in classification of Methodological recommendations in establishing market price of the plots of land. Besides, a factor, determined by the intended purpose, permitted use and rights of other persons for the plot appeared in this classification, but alienation factors disappeared. The last group of factors is determined by costs of transference of one land category to another, and is inherent to appraisal under extensive city development policy.
V.I. Petrov; one of the experts of examining of assessment specificity of land resources, defines classification more exactly and distinguished six categories of data, necessary for assessment of a separate plot of land:
1. Juridical description, registration data
2. Physical characteristics of the plot of land
3. Description of buildings, constructions, objects of engineering infrastructure on the plot, including volume -planning and constructive characteristics.
4. Location and adjoining territory characteristics.
5. Analysis of economic factors.
6. Special factors, connected with the location of a particular plot [2, p. 43 - 45].
The first difference of Petrov's classification is accurate definition of the factor, determined by the intended purpose, permitted use and rights of other persons for the plot of land, information about volume of rights for a particular plot. The second difference is a factor, determined by specificity of improving on the plot of land. Ecological factor is included in frames of this classification to a group of factors, reflecting location and area adjoining factors.
Having analyzed above mentioned classification factors, important for assessment of land, we came to the conclusion that is a city scale we may unite these factors into three groups:
- economic;
- ecological;
- town planning.
We don't take into account factors determining particular physical characteristics of the plot, such as - size, shape, juridical - completeness of registered rights, servitude. It is explained by the fact that all mentioned factors are more changeable. Thus two adjoining plots may be united, changing the size, and sometimes a shape of the plot, the right may be registered possessing all necessary documents, and “red lines” on the city level are referred to town-planning factors. That's why these factors are not referred to indices, influencing the market price of the citywide land, though while assessing of a certain plot of land size, shape and completeness of rights and servitude contribute a lot to the value of the plot. These factors - are specific and unlike above mentioned economic, ecological and town-planning indices, referred to general factors. Factor of improving hasn't been taken into account in a given classification. Improving is not considered as pricing, because the analysis of more efficient usage, on the basis of which the price must be formed, implies consideration of a plot as vacant first of all.
In our expanded classification economic factors are indices, characterizing the price situation on the land market: demand and supply rates, sales prices dynamics, rent rates of the plot. We also refer to this group of factors - location as economic characteristic, determined by costs of transportation to job places, business center, and cultural objects.
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Town-planning factors reflect the situation of a certain area in a functional-planning structure of the city and include the following indices: presence of engineering communications, or capacity to their construction, transport availability, belongings to a particular functional zone and historical -cultural value of assessed district.
Ecological factors of land assessment are the presence of green plants and their area, noise level, waste volume, radiation level, pollution of air, water, soil, placing sanitary-protection, water-protection zones, and danger of flood, landslide, subsidence, earthquake, and closeness of ground waters.
The main problem of establishing market price is the absence of above mentioned indices that is connected with insufficient development of the land market.
1. Land code of Russian Federation. (ed. 29.12.2010) // Russian Newspaper. 2010. December31.
2. Petrov V. I. Assessment of cost of the land plots. Manual. Ed. By Fedotova M.A. M., 2007.
3. Resolution of Ministry of property of RF at 06.03.2002 № 568-p (edition at 31.07.2002) «On approval of methodological recommendations for determining the market price of the land plots» URL: http://www.consultant.ru/online/base/?req=doc; base=LAW;n=38786.
4. Romm A.P. Methodological bases of the estimation of the urban lands // Audition Register. 1999. № 3. URL: http:// www.appraiser.ru/default.aspx?SectionId = 42&Id = 1 669& mode=doc.
5. Russian Federation .Laws on evaluation activity in RF Federal law at 29.07.1998, № 135-03 // Consultant -plus. Version prof.
6. Russian Federation .Resolutions on establishing a federal standard of assessment “Aim of assessment and types of costs (OCO № 2) »: Decree of the RF Government at 20.07.2007, № 255-nn // Consultant plus. Version Prof...
удк 331.101.262:37 A.V. Kochemazov
CHANGE OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES MARKET AS A FORMATION FACTOR OF THE JOB OFFER (on the example of Volga federal district)
Article considers the changes of structure of the educational resources .The author analyzes the educational level of the employed and unemployed population of Privolzhsky federal district in comparison with data across the Russian Federation. He has defined the problem of formation of a labor market in interrelation with development of the educational resources market.
Key words: the market of educational resources, a labor market, the labor, the employed population, the jobless population.
A.B. Кочемазов
ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ СТРУКТУРЫ РЫНКА ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫХ РЕСУРСОВ КАК ФАКТОР ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ РАБОЧЕЙ СИЛЫ (на примере Приволжского федерального округа)
Статья посвящена изменениям структуры рынка образовательных ресурсов. Автором проанализирован уровень образования занятого и безработного населения Приволжского федерального округа в сравнении с данными в целом по Российской Федерации. Определены проблемы формирования рынка труда во взаимосвязи с развитием рынка образовательных ресурсов.
Ключевые слова: рынок образовательных ресурсов, рынок труда, рабочая сила, занятое население, безработное население.
The world community understands more and more the increasing role of a human capital. Many scientists do researches in this area. In period of establishing of postindustrial society the educational resources are regarded as strategic resources, i.e. knowledge determines the pace of society development. Educational resource becomes a necessary premise of effective functioning and renovation of production. The quality of educational resources market management is becoming more important. The role of highly qualified labor and creative personality increase and at the same time the links between spheres of personnel training and production become more complicated.
According to the World Bank analysts, production constituent of GDP of developed countries - is only 18-20%, the rest 80% depends on quality of the objects of educational resources market. Labor qualification level is one of the key factors, influencing the formation of a basic element of labor market - job offer. Analyzing the situation of educational structure of the population of Privolzhsky federal region (PFR), one may note the following peculiarities. In general the educational level of current structure of employed population (2008 year) of PFR is identical to the Russian trends [4] (table 1).
