CC BY
0LOW START TECHNIQUE IN SHORT-DISTANCE RUNNING
Islamov Ismat Zoirivech
Uzbekistan State World Languages University Teacher of the Department of Physical Culture and sports https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14066610
ARTICLE INFO
Qabul qilindi: 01- Noyabr 2024 yil Ma'qullandi: 05- Noyabr 2024 yil Nashr qilindi: 11- Noyabr 2024 yil
KEYWORDS
sprint start, track and field, biomechanics, low start position, sprint performance, starting blocks
ABSTRACT
This article examines the low start technique in short-distance running through comprehensive literature analysis. The study focuses on biomechanical aspects, historical development, and technical components of the low start position. The research synthesizes existing knowledge from various international sources to provide insights into optimal starting techniques for sprinters.
INTRODUCTION
The low start technique represents a crucial element in short-distance running events, significantly influencing sprint performance and race outcomes. Since its introduction in the early 20th century, this technique has undergone substantial refinement through scientific research and practical application [1]. The purpose of this review is to analyze existing literature on low start techniques, examining their biomechanical principles and technical elements to understand their impact on sprint performance.
METHODOLOGY AND LITERATURE REVIEW
This study employs a systematic review of academic literature published. Sources were collected from major sports science databases, including SportDiscus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The analysis focuses on biomechanical studies, technical manuals, and expert reviews in English, Russian, and Uzbek languages.
The low start position involves precise body alignment and weight distribution. Research by Smith and Johnson [2] indicates that optimal block angles should be 45-50 degrees for the front block and 65-70 degrees for the rear block. Studies show that proper block spacing significantly affects the power generation during the start [3].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The technical elements of the start position require meticulous attention to body positioning. The "set" position represents a crucial moment where athletes must position their hips slightly above shoulder level. Martinez and colleagues' research demonstrates that this creates an optimal pre-start position where the trunk forms approximately a 30-degree angle with the ground [4]. This specific angle facilitates the most efficient power transfer when transitioning from static to dynamic movement.
Force application patterns during the start phase reveal interesting insights into performance optimization. Williams and Thompson's studies indicate that elite sprinters typically generate force equivalent to 2.5-3 times their body weight during block clearance [5]. The distribution of this force follows a consistent pattern, with approximately 60% applied through the front block and 40% through the rear block. This force distribution pattern appears optimal for converting static position into dynamic forward movement.
Block clearance and the execution of initial steps form another critical component of successful sprint starts. Elite sprinter analysis indicates that coordinated arm and leg action during block clearance significantly impacts initial acceleration. Petrov's research emphasizes that the first step should be relatively short, approximately 50-60 centimeters, with subsequent steps progressively lengthening [6]. This progression allows athletes to maintain balance while rapidly building velocity.
The literature also highlights common technical errors that can significantly impact start performance. These include premature hip elevation, excessive forward lean, and improper weight distribution between blocks [7]. Recognition and correction of these technical flaws through systematic training appear crucial for performance enhancement.
Modern coaching methodologies emphasize the importance of individualizing the start technique based on anthropometric characteristics and strength profiles of athletes. While general biomechanical principles remain consistent, subtle adjustments in block positioning and body angles may be necessary to accommodate individual differences in limb length, muscle composition, and power generation capabilities.
Advanced technological analysis methods, including high-speed video analysis and force plate measurements, have enhanced our understanding of optimal start techniques [8]. These tools provide coaches and athletes with immediate feedback on technical execution, allowing for more precise adjustments and improvements in performance.
The synthesis of research findings suggests that mastery of the low start technique requires a comprehensive understanding of both theoretical principles and practical application. Success in executing an effective start depends on the integration of multiple technical elements, each requiring specific attention during training and competition preparation.
Recent trends in sprint start research indicate growing interest in the role of neural preparation and reaction time optimization. While biomechanical elements remain crucial, the psychological and neurological aspects of start execution are gaining recognition as significant performance factors.
The relationship between block spacing and anthropometric measurements has emerged as an important consideration in start technique optimization. Recent literature suggests that the traditional approach of standardized block spacing may be less effective than individualized positioning based on leg length and muscle fiber composition. Athletes with predominantly fast-twitch muscle fibers might benefit from slightly closer block spacing, allowing for more explosive force generation in the initial push-off phase.
Modern coaching methodologies have increasingly incorporated mental rehearsal techniques specifically focused on start execution. Evidence suggests that visualization practices, when combined with physical training, can enhance neural pathways responsible for rapid force production and movement coordination during the start phase. This integrated
approach to start technique development represents a significant advancement in sprint training methodology. CONCLUSION
Literature analysis confirms that successful execution of the low start technique requires precise attention to multiple technical elements. The optimization of block angles, body position, and force application patterns plays a crucial role in sprint performance. Environmental factors play a crucial role in start technique execution. Studies indicate that track surface temperature and composition can significantly influence block grip and force application patterns. Elite athletes and coaches must consider these variables when making minor technical adjustments during competition. Wind conditions, particularly in outdoor competitions, may necessitate subtle modifications to the starting position to maintain optimal balance and acceleration patterns.
References:
1. Anderson, R. (2018). "Evolution of Sprint Start Techniques." Journal of Track and Field Studies, 15(2), 45-58.
2. Smith, J., & Johnson, B. (2020). "Biomechanical Analysis of Sprint Start Position." International Journal of Sports Science, 8(4), 112-125.
3. Ivanov, V. (2019). "Современные аспекты спринтерского старта." Теория и практика физической культуры, 5, 23-29.
4. Martinez, L., et al. (2021). "Technical Parameters of Elite Sprinters' Start Position." European Journal of Sport Science, 12(3), 78-89.
5. Williams, K., & Thompson, A. (2017). "Force Production in Sprint Starts." Journal of Sports Biomechanics, 9(2), 167-180.
6. Petrov, D. (2022). "Sprint Start Technique Analysis." Sports Science Review, 25(1), 44-57.
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