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13Таким образом,
BlM = Sм = ^xм + (R — ум) ;
вм = ^м ) = V(xв — xм ) + ( уб — yм ) . (11)
Тогда скорость точки М (абсолютная скорость) вдоль неподвижного
ножа статора, в момент времени t
V = ^м = хм ' хм — (R — ум)' ум (12)
м~ Л ~ Sм 9
Лхм Лхм „ • Лум ■ Лум „
где хм = —Г~ • ф = ~Г~ ■ ® ; ум =^— • ф = —Г~ ■ ® .
Лф Лф Лф Лф
УДК 631.372
В. Зыхович, А. Гендек (W. Zychowicz, А. Gendek) Варшавский университет естественных наук, кафедра сельскохозяйственных и лесных машин, Варшава, Польша (WULS-SGGW, Warsaw University of Life Sciences- SGGW Department of Agricultural and Forest Machinery, Warsaw, Poland)
СБОР ЛЕСОСЕЧНЫХ ОТХОДОВ С ПРИМЕНИНИЕМ
СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОГО ТРАКТОРА И ПРИЦЕПА
(LOGGIING OF TREE RESIDUES BUDNSLES WITH USE OF AGRICULTURAL TRACTOR AND LOG TRAILER - CASE STUDY)
Представлены основные показатели эффективности работы при сборе лесосечных отходов машины состоящей из сельскохозяйственного трактора и прицепа. Производительность машины при сборе лесосечных отходов оказалась сопоставима с производительностью аналогичных машин, работающих на заготовке круглых лесоматериалов.
The basic indicators of efficiency of bundles hauling machine unit consisting of agricultural tractor and self-loading trailer are presented in this paper. Productivity is similar to that obtained when hauling round wood.
In Poland logging residues are increasingly used by power industry as renewable source of energy. So far the usage for local heating purposes has prevailed. In this case branches and tops are collected manually and after rough compacting are transported with use of agricultural tractors and trailers with enlarged capacity of loading space. Efficiency of this technology is mean, but in the case of material low price and when buyers do all the work by themselves in their free time it can be still remunerative. Such a methods are gradually
superseded by fully mechanized technologies - forest biomass is collected and treated by slash bundlers or self-mobile chippers with chip bin and further transported with use of specialized tractors or trucks equipped with proper stake bunks or containers for bulk materials [1].
In our study forest tree residues (that occurs during harvesting) are collected with use of slash bundler Timberjack 1410D and transported by agricultural tractor Zetor Forterra 115 coupled with self-loading log trailer FaoFar 1142. The essential technical data of these machine unit are presented in the Table 1.
Table 1
Tractor Zetor Forterra 115 and trailer FaoFar 1142 specifications
Tractor power (kW) 81
Maximal speed (km/h) 40
Tractor weight (kg) 4309 - 4562
Tractor clearance (mm) 320 - 480
Trailer load capacity (kg) 11 000
Trailer weight with crane (Nokka 4970) (kg) 3060
Length of load area (cm) 404 + 86
Trailer width (cm) 233 - 243
Trailer clearance (mm) 580 - 650
The rough characteristic of harvested forest area and parameters of logging process are presented in the Table 2. The logging distance is quite typical for small harvesting areas that are common in Poland. Parameters of transported bundles are also typical for this type of bundling machine.
Table 2
Characteristic of harvest area and logging parameters
Logging distance (m) 100 - 140
Number of bundles transported in trailer 27 (range 23 - 33)
Volume of bundles transported in trailer (m3) 11,0 (range 9,3 - 13,4)
Length of bundle (m) 3
Diameter of bundle (m) 0,6
Daily distance of access to the site (km) 17
Driving speed on road (km/h) 23
The operational productivity is determined by length and structure of machine unit working cycle. The mean value of operation cycle duration and durations and share od cycle components are presented in Table 3. The duration of operation cycle varied from 21,3 to 58,8 minutes. The loading and unloading activities takes main share in operation cycle duration, it takes 59,9 % and
JIECA POCCMM MX03HMCTB0 B HMX№1 (44). 2013
combined with driving with partial load (performed interchangeably with loading) it takes 71,6 %. This cycle structure is caused short driving times that results from small distance of wood assortments hauling (110 - 140 meters).
Table 3
Structure of machine unit working cycle
Cycle components Designation Duration [s] Share [%]
driving without load t21 3,89 8,2
loading t22 18,48 38,7
driving with partial load t23 5,60 11,7
driving with load t24 5,78 12,1
unloading t25 10,10 21,2
operation interruptions t26 3,85 8,1
Total 47,70 100,0
The main indicators of efficiency of investigated machine unit are presented in Table 4. The operational productivity that is effected directly by duration of working cycle and actual carried load is equal 13,9 m /h. Overall productivity is significantly smaller 11,4 m /h (82,0%), this is caused mainly by long access distance and consequently long duration of access rides.
Table 4
Indicators of efficiency of bundles haulage by tractor with self-loading trailer
operational productivity (m3/h) 13,9
overall productivity (m3/h) 11,4
operational time, by shift (h) 6,88
duration of the technological breaks, by shift(h) 0,63
duration of access rides to the site, by shift (h) 1,25
duration of breaks entitled to the operator, by shift (h) 0,42
The achieved productivity is close, a little greater, to that obtained during hauling short round wood with use of similar machine unit [2]. The productivity of this unit is approximately 40 - 50% lower than productivity of medium class specialized hauling vehicle - forwarder. On the other hand the productivity of investigated hauling machine unit can be considered as satisfactory. It is close to the productivity that typically has been achieved by self-propelled slash bundling machines operating in Polish forests - 10,3 cubic meters of wood per hour (18 bundles per hour) [3]. Productivity of machines of this type declared by producers is higher - around 20 cubic meters of wood per hour, but this is realistic for spruce tree stands, in Polish forests, dominated by pine trees, productivity is much smaller.
The hauling of slash bundles with use of agricultural tractor coupled with self-loading trailer can be acknowledged as satisfactory, because of reasonable productivity and low costs of exploitation. This is advisable choice especially for small contractors that are not able to bear the substantial investment outlays.
Bibliography
1. Gendek A., Zychowicz W.: Pozyskiwanie odpadow zrçbowych na cele energetyczne w postaci pakietow // Technika Rolnicza Ogrodnicza Lesna. № 11. Warszawa 2006. P. 19-21
2. Zychowicz W.: Analysis of effectiveness of all-purpose tractor utilization in skidding of short wood. Annals of Warsaw Agricultural University, Agriculture (Agricultural Engineering) No 45. Warsaw Agricultural University Press, Warszawa 2004. P. 29 - 38
3. Zychowicz W., Sosnowska A.: Efektywnosc eksploatacji maszyny do pakietowania pozostalosci zrçbowych Timberjack 1410D. Technika Rolnicza Ogrodnicza Lesna, No 4. Poznan 2007. p 8 - 11
УДК 630*311
М.А. Пискунов (M.A. Piskunov) ПетрГУ, Петрозаводск (PetrSU, Petrozavodsk)
КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ ДЕЙСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ СХЕМ РАЗМЕЩЕНИЯ
ВОЛОКОВ НА ЛЕСОСЕКЕ
(CLASSIFICATION OF ACTUAL SKID TRAILS SCHEMES ON
CUTTING AREAS)
Представлен подход к классификации схем волоков на лесосеках при сортиментной технологии лесозаготовок.
The approach to classification of skid trails scheme on cutting areas for cut-to-length logging technology is presented in the paper.
Традиционно при рассмотрении схем размещения волоков на лесосеке оперируют некоторым набором типовых схем. Эти схемы разрабатывались в период доминирования на лесозаготовках хлыстовой технологии, и одним из основных принципов их построения является то, что в процессе трелёвки хлыстов или деревьев трелёвочный трактор должен совершать преимущественно прямолинейные проходы и сокращать до минимума количество поворотов при трелёвке пачки.
