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The Portable Filtration System FA 2-3 were used for cleaning. This system was modified with filter element SDFC 1888 (Super Duty Filter Cartridge). The element can absorb water (max. 0,56 litre) and it removes of particle (> 3 |m, ß3=100) from hydraulic oil HM32.
Experimental results of off-line filtration are shown in Figure 6.
Conclusion
Controlling water is like controlling cholesterol: it is not something you can attempt occasionally and expect good results. It requires a change in lifestyle,
Time of Filtration by FA 2-3 (hours) Figure 6. Oil servicing and cleaning of hydraulic system KN-251
modifications. However, given the damage water can cause, the change is well worth the effort. The Proactive maintenance is presented as an important means to cure failure root causes and extend machine life. We have to realise it periodically. The water contaminant monitoring and cleaning provides "the first defence" against corrosion, degradation of oil and mechanical failure.
References
1. Fitch, J.: Oil Analysis and Proactive Maintenance, Diagnetics, Inc.: Tulsa, OK, USA 1994.
2. Kopecky, Z.: Condition Based maintenance & Contamination Control Hydraulic Systems-Key to its Reliability. In.: Proceedings of the 2nd International Scientific Conference Fortechen-vi. Brno 2003.
3. Stecki, J.S.: Total Contamination Control, Fluid Power Publications, Melbourne 2000. The paper was processed consistent with solving project Ministry of Defence the Czech Republic, MO 50170596302. The author thanks in the course of the financial grant.
Dr. Tolga OZTURK; Dr. Necmettin SENTURK - University of Istanbul1 EVALUATION OF TIMBER EXTRACTION MACHINES IN TURKEY
In forestry, like every kind of production, production works require a productive power. This productive power can be provided by both human power or animal and machines
1 Faculty of Forestry, Department of Construction and Transportation. 34473 Bahcekoy-Istanbul / TURKEY. Phone: +90.212.226 11 03. Fax: +90.212.226 11 13. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
УкраТнський державний лкотехшчний унiверситет
which are used by human beings. The production of wood raw material are formed various stages that continues from the productive place to market center. These work stages depend on each other like rings of a chain. Success and failures in each stage effect the next stage.
However the increasing of forest product that is formed in our country recently, now hauling has been still made with old patterns, such as sliding, throwing, circling, transport with human, skidding with animals on direct ground. Besides special forest tractors and skylines are used in some areas. In this study researched technical features and work performances of MB Trac tractors and skylines in our country.
Keywords: Tractor, Skyline, Timber, Extraction, Turkey
Др. Толга ОЗТУРК; Др. Некметш СЕНТУРК - Стамбульський
ун-т, Туреччина
Ощнка лкотранспортних машин, як1 використовуються в Туреччиш
Для виконання виробничих завдань у люовому господарсга, як i в шших галузях економши, застосовуеться робоча енерпя тварин, людей чи машин. Процес люозаготь вельно! дiяльностi можна представити, як сукупнють декшькох стадш, подiбно до ланок одного ланцюга, де устх i невдачi на однш д^нщ впливають на юнцевий результат.
Незважаючи на зростання обсяпв люозаготсвельного виробництва, первинне транспортування деревини в нашш крш'ш проводиться за старими схемами: ризуван-ня, скочування, трелювання тваринами до люово! дороги. Крiм цього, у деяких регь онах використовуються спещальш лiсопромисловi трактори та линвове обладнання. Дослщжено технiчнi можливост та продуктивнiсть тракторiв МВ Трас та линвового обладнання, яю використовуються для трелювання деревини в Туреччиш.
Ключов1 слова: трактор, линвове обладнання, деревина, трелювання, Туреччина.
1. Introduction
The production of wood raw material are formed various stages that continues from the productive place to market center. These work stages depend on each other like rings of a chain. Success and failures in each stage effect the next stage.
The transport of forestry products is realized in two stages. The first one is the primary transport stage which involves the haulage of timbers, while the second one is the secondary transport stage involving the main stage of transport of timbers, generally realized by trucks on forest roads [1].
However the increasing of forest product that is formed in our country recently, now hauling has been still made with old patterns, such as sliding, throwing, circling, transport with human, skidding with animals on direct ground. Besides special forest tractors and skylines are used in some areas. The level of harvesting mechanization in developed countries is higher than Turkey. While mechanical harvesting is about percent 86 in Austria that is similar to Turkey, this ratio is about percent 9 in Turkey [2].
Protuctive forest are generally, found in mountainous areas which have %40-80 gradient in Turkey. Timbers hauglage studies are usually practised with tractor winches that have double or single drums. Timbers are skidded directly on the surface with tha shape of cable hauling by tractor winches. Another way of timber haulage is to benefit from skylines. Tractors are used in areas winch have % 30-35 slope gradient. But skylines are used in areas that have % 55-75 slope gradient [3].
Koller K300, URUS MIII and Gantner skylines are used in East Blacksea forest areas. Special forest tractors like MB Trac 800 - 900 - 1000 - 1100 and farm tractors. Like steyr 768, Ferguson are used in almost every forest areas in Turkey [4].
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Лкова iнженерiя: техшка, технолопя i довкшля
2. Materials and Methods
Turkey, with 97 % of its land in Asia and 3 % in Europe continents, is located between 42 ° 06' - 35 ° 51' N altitude and 25 ° 40' - 44 ° 48' E longitudes. Turkey is surrounded with the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, the Marmara and the Aegean Sea, has an area of 77 945 200 hectares [5].
Table 1. Amount of extraction machines used in Turkey (2004 year)
Administration of forest 4 x 4 Tractors 4 x 2 Tractors Sky] ines al t o H
Mb Trac 800 Mb Trac 900 Mb Trac 1000 Mb Trac 1100 Fiat 1180 Unimog Steyr Ford Fordson M.Ferguson Tumosan Universal Urus MIII Gantner Koller K300 Romork K300
Adana 3 3
Adapazari 1 5 2 8
Amasya 2 10 1 6 1 20
Ankara 6 1 2 2 4 2 17
Antalya 6 10 1 3 3 1 1 1 26
Artvin 2 3 4 3 3 1 16
Balikesir 7 2 9
Bolu 1 12 1 3 1 1 19
Bursa 2 5 3 1 2 2 15
Canakkale 3 8 2 5 1 1 20
Denizli 1 1 2
Elazig 3 3
Erzurum 1 1 3 2 7
Eskisehir 1 2 1 4
Giresun 6 9 1 2 1 19
Isparta 5 1 6
Istanbul 2 2 4
Izmir 1 6 1 3 3 14
K.Maras 3 3
Kastamonu 5 11 2 2 5 1 26
Konya 1 1
Kutahya 2 1 3
Mersin 1 2 1 1 1 6
Mugla 7 1 1 2 11
Sinop 1 5 2 1 1 1 11
Trabzon 2 5 1 8
Zonguldak 9 1 1 11
Total 33 139 6 5 3 1 45 19 2 1 1 15 3 15 4 292
Gen. Total 18 i7 68 37 292
As of the end of 2003, the total forest area in Turkey is 20 703 122 hectares. This Figure is 26.6 % of Turkey's area. High quality forests and coppice forests spread over 10 547 987 hectares account for 50.9 %o of the total forest area, coppice forests spread over 10 155 135 hectares account for 49.1 % of the total forest area. According to 2003 figures, the percent of coniferous forest in the total forest area is 53.9 and that of deciduous forest is 46.1. Production capacities are
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approximately 12 039 718 m3/year in high quality forests and 8 837 705 m3/year in coppice forests, respectively [6].
Overall ratio of mechanization is relatively low. Approximately percentage of man power, animal power, machine power and skyline harvesting are 72 %, 15 %o, 8 % and 5 %o, respectively. The need for forest roads in total in Turkey was 201810 km and that 133693 km portion on which, corresponding to 66.25 % constructed by end of 2002 [7].
Mechanical park has been improved 187 MB Trac tractors, 68 farm tractors (adapted), 19 Koller K300 skyline, 15 URUS MIII skyline and 3 Gantner skyline machines as of 2004 as illustrated in Table 1.
3. Technical Features and Work Performance of Tractors
These tractors go into the yarder side with skidding roads and strips. In this areas tractors are used in two ways. The first way is; while tractors is staying on the road, to draw the prodact up to the road, which is found under the road or on the road, with the help of winch line. The second way is; to timber haulage the product directly on the surface, with skidding, while tractor is entering up to the yarder side.
MB Trac 800 - 900 - 1000 - 1100 tractor types are being used especially at mountain areas in Turkey. These tractors are showed technical features Table 2.
Table 2. Technical _ features of MB Trac tractors
Features MB Trac 800 MB Trac 900 MB Trac 1000 MB Trac 1100
Machine Power 75 HP (55 kW) 85 HP (63 kW) 95HP (70 kW) 110 HP (81 kWN
Weight 6000 kg 6000 kg 7000 kg 9000 kg
Drawing Power 60 HP (44,2 kW) 72,9 HP (53,7 kW) 76 HP (56 kW) 89 HP (66 kW)
Speed 30/ 40 km/hour 30/ 40 km/hour 30/ 40 km/hour 30/ 40 km/hour
Cylinder 4 cylinder 4 cylinder 6 cylinder 6 cylinder
Cylinder Capacity 3780 cm3 3780 cm3 5675 cm3 5675 cm3
Cooling System Water Cooling Water Cooling Water Cooling Water Cooling
Speed
- front 25 - 40 km/hour 25 - 40 km/hour 25 - 40 km/hour 25 - 40 km/hour
- back 20 km/hour 20 km/hour 20 km/hour 20 km/hour
Vinch Mark CG2M2ZD CG2M2ZD CG2M2ZD CG2M2ZD
Cable Diameter 12 mm 12 mm 12 mm 12 mm
Cable Length 100 m 100 m 100 m 100 m
Cable Speed
- 540 tour 33/ 61 m/min 33/ 61 m/min 33/ 61 m/min 33/ 61 m/min
-1000 tour 19/ 35 m/min 19/ 35 m/min 19/ 35 m/min 19/ 35 m/min
Lift up Power 2000 daN 2000 daN 5000 daN 5000 daN
Depot Capacity 120 lt 120 lt 170 lt 170 li
Machine Type OM 314 OM 314 OM 352 OM352
In areas which has % 30-55 gradient, MB trac forest tractors can work comfortably. But farm tractors can work generally in areas which has a gradient until % 30. Weight and dimension of the product that is skidded by forest tractors, is more than the weight dimension of the product that is skidded by farm tractors. And also the movement capacity of forest tractors is higher than the movement capacity of farm tractors. Forest tractors have many axle height. Because of this they move more comfortably in skidding strips and roads. Yield values of work which had done with tractors and the study informations of machines are given in Table 3.
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HiivKOBiiii BiciiiiK, 2004, BHn. 14.3
Table 3. Data of the MB Trac and _ farm tractors in Turkey
Machines Average Distance (m) Average Output (m3/h) Average Output (m3/day) Average Fuel Consume (lt/h) Average Slope (%)
Pulling with cable
MB Trac 800 50 8,336 66,688 3-4 48
MB Trac 900 50 6,328 50,624 3-4 53
MB Trac 900 30 8,813 70,504 3-4 35
Steyr 768 50 4,382 35,056 3-4 42
Skidding on roads with tractors
MB Trac 900 100 3,813 30,504 4-5 10
M Ferguson 400 6,360 50,880 5-6 15
4. Technical Features and Work Performance of Skylines
In Turkey, forest skylines are various types such as 1) Koller K300 skylines (300 m), 2) URUS MIII skylines (300-600 m), 3) Gantner skylines (1500-2000 m). Also, MB Trac 800-900-1000-1100 tractor types are being used especially at mountain areas.
If the distance of maximum 300 m, Koller K300 skyline makes a transport. If the distance is max. 600m, we use URUS MIII skyline and if the distance is between 1500 and 2000m, Gantner skyline is used for transport. Koller K300 skyline and Gantner skyline which is assembles to trailer, transport from below to above also above to below.
Skylines types are being used especially at mountain areas in Turkey. These skylines are showed technical features Table 4.
Table 4. Technical_features of Gantner, URUS MIII and Koller K300 skylines [8]
Technical features Koller K300 Urus MIII Gantner
Base Machine Ford 1180 DTH Mercedes 1500T trucks -
3ower of machine 50 HP 70 HP 45 HP
Maximum cable speed — 6 m/sec 7,5 m/sec
Maximum skyline length 300 m 600 m 2000 m
Total weight 1600 kg 8500 kg 1420 kg
Height of tower 7 m 8,7 m -
Brake type Mechanic Mechanic Mechanic
Maximum number of drums 2 4 1
Carriage Koller SKA 1 Koller SKA 2,5 Koller SKA 2,5
Cables (thickness x length)
- Skyline 16 mm/ 300 m 22 mm/ 600 m 24 mm/ 2000 m
- Main line 16 mm/ 300 m 12 mm/ 600 m 16 mm/ 2000 m
- Guyline 15 mm/ 3 x 30 m 16 mm/ 50 m 15 mm/ 3 x 30 m
- Haulback line — 12 mm/ 1200 m -
- Auxiliary line - 10 mm/ 600 m -
Koller and URUS skyline are mobile. Mounting and dismounting periods of these skylines are short. And also they are transported from a yarder side another very quickly. Mounting and dismounting periods of Gantner skylines are so long because of long institution and condition of lands. Koller and URUS skylines generally transport the product which is in the timber condition like this: One of the tip of product is transported in surface and the other is in hook by these skylines. But Gantner skyline transports the timber completely in hook. In to positions, average times of timber haulage works and yields of machines are shown in Table 5.
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Table 5. Data of the different skylines in Turkey [9]
Machines Average Distance (m) Ortalama Yan-dan £ekme (m) Average Output (m3/h) Average Output (m3/day) Average Fuel Consume (lt/h) Ortalama Bir Sefer Süresi (dak) Maliyet ($/m3)
Koller K300 225 15 2,889 23,114 2,5 11,58 4,49
Koller K300 150 10 10,012 80,096 2,5 6,10 3,48
URUS MIII 250 11 12,931 103,448 3,5 5,30 4,13
URUS MIII 350 15 7,906 63,248 3,0 17,13 5,24
Gantner 300 20 6,423 51,384 3,0 12,12 4,10
Gantner 800 17 2,234 37,032 3,0 15,28 5,06
d) URUS MIII Skyline Figure 1. Tractors and skylines
As it is show in the figure, it has been found that the yield of Koller skyline in % 20 gradient is 6,500m3/hour when the distance is 200m in average. But in average of 300 m distance, the yield of the skyline, has been found 5,250 m3 per hour. Under these conditions, the fuel consumption of skylines change between 3 and 4 lt/hour. In skylines, average of 3-4 workers are worked according to land conditions of loading area, species of product which is timber haulaged and the intensity of work in the ramp.
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5. Conclusions and Recommendations
Cleaning the route of tractor, which makes drawing, from the obstacles and to make sufficient for drawing will be increase the yield of tractor. Choosing the ramp from nearer and wide areas also increase the yield of tractor.
During the cable hauling, when the distance increases, the yield generally decreases. Skidding the total condition of tree, is more difficult, when the distance increases. The cause of this is; total condition of trees pull other trees and stems in stand and this makes transport more difficult. And also it damages the product which is skidding. Because of this, it is more suitable to draw in the condition of timber for long distances.
During the skidding of product with the help of tractors, trees and sapling which are found in the environment and also soil of forest can be damaged. Because of this, if it is suitable, skidding strips and road must be opened in a place where the tractors are used. So, the roading in forest is increased but the drawing distance of tractors is decreased.
Skidding roads and strips must be done in a definite plan. These plans must be definetly suitable for an area and also practices must be put in order according to these plans.
A wrong way, which is followed in the stage of timber hauling, causes spending more power and more money and also spending more time in timber hauling. It also causes less amount and quality of product. In addition, it will be damaged the soil of forest and youth.
References
1. Ozturk, T.; Aykut, T.; Acar, H.H., 2001: The Time Analyses on Koller K300 Mobile Skylines in Artvin Region. Workshop on New Trends in Wood Harvesting with Cable Systems for Sustainable Forest Management in the Mountains. 18-24 June 2001, Ossiach-Austria.
2. Aykut, T.; Acar, H.H.; Senturk, N. 1997: An Investigation on the Comparison of Koller K300, Urus MIII and Gantner Skylines Used for Extraction from Compartment in Artvin Region. Review of the Faculty of Forestry, University of Istanbul, Series A, Volume 47, Number 2, Istanbul.
3. Demir, M.; Ozturk, T. 2002: The Evulation of Forest Roads in Turkey, 2002. International Conference Logistics of Wood Technical Production in the Carpathian Mountains, Page: 39-45, ISBN 80-228-1170-X, 09-10 September 2002, Zvolen, The Slovak Republic.
4. Acar, H.H., 2000: Forest Skyl ines. Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Forestry Paper No: 62, Trabzon.
5. SIS: The Prime Ministry State Institute of Statistics (SIS) of The Republic of Turkey, www.die.gov.tr, Ankara, Turkey. (2003).
6. GDF: Turkish General Directorate of Forestry, www.ogm.gov.tr, Ankara, Turkey. (2003).
7. STO: The Prime Ministry State Planning Organization of The Republic of Turkey, www.dpt.gov.tr, Ankara, Turkey. (2003).
8. Ozturk, T., 1996: The Possibilities of Using Skyline Cranes in Artvin Forests in Turkey. I.U. Review of the Faculty of Forestry, Series A, Volume 48, Number 1, Istanbul.
9. Ozturk, T.2002: The Time Analysis on Urus MIII Mobile Skylines in Artvin Region, Logistics of Wood Technical Production in the Carpathian Mountains, 9-10 September 2002, Zvolen.
