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УДК 504.05: 504.064
DOI: 10.21209/2227-9245-2022-28-10-33-37
LOCATION AND IMPACT OF ADJACENT POWERFUL WOODLANDS ON THE AIR QUALITY OF RUSSIAN CITIES WITH THE SAME
COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS
ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЕ ПРИЛЕГАЮЩИХ МОЩНЫХ ЛЕСНЫХ МАССИВОВ НА КАЧЕСТВЕННЫЙ СОСТАВ АТМОСФЕРНОГО ВОЗДУХА УРБАНИЗИРОВАННЫХ ГЕОСИСТЕМ С ОДИНАКОВЫМИ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЯМИ
ТЕХНОГЕННОЙ НАГРУЗКИ
The object of the study is to conduct comparative studies of the location and impact of adjacent powerful woodlands on the air quality of Russian cities with the same characteristics. During the study the following methods have been used: cartographic, analysis based on interactive maps of GPS subsatellite observation, analytical (philosophical) method (hypothesis and comparison), environmental and mathematical. Results and their discussion. Four cities in Russia with the same characteristics in terms of population and technogenic load (emissions from industry and motor transport) have been selected and studied. Using interactive maps of GPS subsatellite observation, the locations of adjacent powerful forests in relation to cities and the main directions of the wind rose are determined, the patterns of influence on air quality indicators are determined. Conclusion. Comparative studies of the location and impact of adjacent powerful forests on the air quality of Russian cities with the same characteristics have shown that the positive or negative environmental situation, in terms of air quality, is affected not by the volume of emissions from industry and motor transport, but by the presence or absence of a powerful forest area in the main direction of the wind rose, which is a global supplier of oxygen masses, a processor of carbon dioxide and other harmful substances
Key words: powerful woodlands, cities, comparative characteristics, air environment, pollution, quality indicators
Цель исследования - провести сравнительные исследования расположения и воздействия прилегающих мощных лесных массивов на качественный состав атмосферного воздуха урбанизированных геосистем с одинаковыми показателями техногенной нагрузки. Методы исследования - картографический, анализ по интерактивным картам подспутникового наблюдения GPS, аналитический (философский) метод (гипотеза и сравнение), экологический и математический. Результаты и их обсуждение: выбраны и изучены четыре города России с одинаковыми характеристиками по количеству населения и техногенной нагрузке (объемам выбросов от промышленности и автотранспорта). По интерактивным картам подспутникового наблюдения GPS определены места расположения прилегающих мощных лесных массивов по отношению к городам и основных направлений розы ветров, определены закономерности влияния на показатели качества воздушной среды. Проведенные сравнительные исследования расположения и воздействия прилегающих мощных лесных массивов четырех модельных объектов с одинаковыми характеристиками показало, что на положительную или отрицательную экологическую ситуацию, по качеству воздушной среды, влияют не объемы выбросов от неподвижных и подвижных источников, а наличие или отсутствие на основном направлении розы ветров мощного лесного массива, являющегося глобальным поставщиком кислородных масс, переработчиком углекислого газа и других вредных веществ
Ключевые слова: мощные лесные массивы, города, сравнительные характеристики, воздушная среда, загрязнение, показатели качества
А. П. Щербатюк,
Забайкальский государственный университет, г. Чита
A. Scherbatyuk,
Transbaikal State University, Chita [email protected]
33
© А. П. Щербатюк, 2022
/ntroduction. Recently, an important role in determining the impact of urbanization processes on geosystems, in particular on the quality of the air environment, has been played by the study of environmental conditions using maps, especially the use of satellite maps, GIS and other information systems [1, 2, 3].
Urban air pollution is a major environmental problem of our time. The reasons that create the possibility of accumulation of harmful substances in the atmospheric air are different. These are geographical reasons associated with the processes of urbanization, overpopulation, emissions of the heat and energy complex and motor transport.[4, 5, 6].
One of the powerful natural sources of confrontation with urban air pollution is the adjacent large forests located in the main directions of the wind rose, which reduce the volume of carbon dioxide in the atmospheric air, processing it into oxygen, reduce the amount of heavy metals and adsorb a large amount of dust on the leaf surface [7, 8, 9].
Various variants of the issues of environmental safety of the air environment of urbanized geosystems, for various conditions, have been repeatedly considered in the works of the author1.
Object and methods of research. The object of the study is the air environment of four cities of the Russian Federation with the same characteristics (population, emissions from industry and motor transport).
The purpose of the study is to study the presence and location of powerful forests adjacent to the cities under study, located in the main directions of the wind rose, which have or do not affect the quality of the air environment.
Natural factors were studied using geographical, cartographic, mathematical and ecological methods, as well as remote observations (satellite technologies of geoinformation Internet resources: interactive map of Russia with heights, etc.), the comparison method.
Statistical data from the following official sources were used for the research: The Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (www.gks.ru), CJSC "Regional Information Center" of Russia,
official websites of subjects of federal districts and their municipalities, Annual state reports "On the state and environmental protection of the Russian Federation", annual collections "Social status and standard of living of the population of Russia" (www.rgd.ru).
Research results and their discussion. The presence of large forest areas adjacent to urbanized geosystems (cities), if they are located in the main directions of the wind rose, is a powerful source of oxygen supply to urban neighborhoods.
It is known that the percentage of oxygen in the atmospheric air over one hectare of a large forest area is up to 80 %, and over ordinary urban quarters, with weak landscaping, up to 20 %. It turns out that there is almost a four-fold excess between these volumes of oxygen masses in the atmospheric air. (Shcherbatyuk, 2021)
Four large cities of Russia with an average population of about 300 thousand people, approximately the same annual emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere and the presence of large forest areas in the immediate vicinity were taken for scientific research.
The city of Orel (Oryol region). The population is 308.8 thousand people. Emissions - 32.2 thousand tons, stationary sources-21.5%, motor transport-78.5 (Fig. 1)
As the cartogram shows, the main large forest areas are located quite far from the central districts of the city of Orel and oxygen plumes reach only partially the north-western outskirts, which determines the fourth place in terms of air quality.
The city of Kaluga (Kaluga region). The population is 332 thousand people. Emissions - 31.8 thousand tons, stationary sources-12.5%, motor transport-87.5 %. (Fig. 2)
You can see it on the cartogram. that the maximum concentration of the forest is located far from the central districts of Kaluga and the oxygen plume only partially coincides with the south-eastern outskirts, which determines the third place in terms of air quality.
The city of Vologda (Vologda region). The population is 308.2 thousand people. Emissions - 26.6 thousand tons, stationary sources-14.6 %, motor transport-85.4 %. (Fig. 3)
1 Щербатюк А.П. Варианты инженерно-экологической защиты города в зависимости от ландшафта // Кулагинские чтения: материалы XIV Междунар. науч.-практ. конф. - Чита: ЗабГУ, 2014. - Ч. 3. - С. 358-363; Щербатюк А.П. Влияние выбросов от автотранспорта на качество атмосферного воздуха городов России // Вестник Забайкальского государственного университета. - 2014. - № 5. - С. 58-64; Щербатюк А. П. Геоэкологические аспекты функционирования природно-технических систем в условиях внутриконтинентальных межгорных котловин // Проблемы региональной экологии. - 2017. - № 4. - С. 82-88.
Fig. 1 Areal cartogram: a) the main large forest areas located near the city of Orel; b) the main annual directions of the wind rose: (c) estimated areas of oxygen plumes / Рис. 1. Площадная картограмма: а) основные крупные лесные массивы, расположенные рядом с г. Орел; b) основные годовые направления розы ветров: с) предполагаемые площади кислородных шлейфов
Fig. 2 Areal cartogram: a) the main large forest areas located near the city of Kaluga; b) the main annual directions of the wind rose: (c) estimated areas of oxygen plumes / Рис. 2 Площадная картограмма: а) основные крупные лесные массивы, расположенные рядом с г. Калуга; b) основные годовые направления розы ветров: с) предполагаемые площади кислородных шлейфов
Fig. 3 Areal cartogram: a) the main large forest areas located near the city of Vologda; b) the main annual directions of the wind rose: (c) estimated areas of oxygen plumes / Рис. 3 Площадная картограмма: а) основные крупные лесные массивы, расположенные рядом с г. Вологда; b) основные годовые направления розы ветров: с) предполагаемые площади кислородных шлейфов
On the cartogram, you can determine that the maximum concentration of the forest is located in the south-western part of the city in relation to the central districts of Vologda and the oxygen plume covers almost half of the city's territory, which coincides with the second place in the rating for air quality .
The city of Yoshkar-Ola (Mari El). The population is 260.3 thousand people. Emissions - 26.2 thousand tons, stationary sources-45.4%, motor transport-54.6 %. (Fig. 4)
The cartogram shows that the maximum concentration of a powerful forest almost completely covers the city from the western, southern and south-western sides, corresponding to the main directions of the annual wind rose indicators, in relation to the central districts of Yoshkar-Ola, and the oxygen plume covers almost the entire territory of the city, which coincides with the first place in the rating for air quality.
Thus, the results of comparative studies have shown a huge impact on the quality of the air
Fig. 4 Areal cartogram: a) the main large forest areas located near the city of Yoshkar-Ola; b) the main annual
directions of the wind rose: (c) estimated areas of oxygen plumes / Рис. 4 Площадная картограмма: а) основные крупные лесные массивы, расположенные рядом с г. Йошкар-Ола; b) основные годовые направления розы ветров: с) предполагаемые площади кислородных шлейфов
environment of model urban ecosystems located along the wind rose and in the immediate vicinity of large forest areas
Mathematical modeling of the processes of formation of the air quality of model urbanized geosystems. Based on the conducted scientific studies of the comparative assessment of the air quality of four model urbanized geosystems, an integral criterion of environmental safety (a mathematical model) has been developed.
Since the analysis of the constructed cartograms characterizing the influence of powerful woodlands on the air quality of model urbanized geosystems takes into account the influence of several indicators, therefore, when assessing the level of self-saturation of atmospheric air with oxygen, they should be based on the integral (general) criteria of environmental safety. The summation of the following values is proposed:
CitPi - the concentration of impurities of SV (pollutants) released into the atmospheric air of the city from sources generated by the i-types of the object (stationary sources and motor transport), forming the current flow of emissions;
£¡(0^ - increase in the volume of oxygen entering the atmospheric air of the city from the powerful forests that form an oxygen plume.
The following restrictions are introduced for the mathematical model:
1) for the conditions of geosystems with a large forest area in the main direction of the wind rose.
2) for the conditions of urbanized geosystems with a large forest area in the main direction of the wind rose.
The integral criterion of environmental safety for assessing the improvement of the air quality of urbanized geosystems with an adjacent large forest area in the main direction of the wind rose (mathematical model) is proposed to be determined by the formula:
¿Ci = I;..:./ +::■■..:..;: - max, (1)
k=1
Conclusion. As a result of the conducted comparative studies, it was found that there are many cities on the territory of the Russian Federation with the same indicators in terms of population, emissions from industry and motor transport and adjacent powerful forests.
It was determined that in the immediate vicinity of the studied cities there are powerful woodlands located differently in relation to the sides of the horizon and the main directions of the wind rose.
The result of the research was the determination that the main positive impact on the quality of the air environment is provided by the presence of a powerful forest area adjacent to the city, located in the main directions of the wind rose. It was this reason that influenced the results of the rating, since the volumes of man-made load on the air environment of all the studied cities are approximately the same.
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Information about the author_ Информация об авторе
Andrey Shcherbatyuk, candidate of engineering sciences, associate professor, Transbaikal State University, Chita, Russia. Sphere of scientific interests: geoecology, geography
Щербатюк Андрей Петрович, канд. техн. наук, доцент, Забайкальский государственный университет,
г. Чита, Россия. Область научных интересов: геоэкология, география
Для цитирования_
Scherbatyuk А. Location and impact of adjacent powerful woodlands on the air quality of russian cities with the same comparative characteristics // Transbaikal state university journal, 2022, vol. 28, no. 10. рр. 33-37. DOI: 10.21209/2227-9245-2022-28-10-33-37.
Щербатюк А. П. Воздействие прилегающих мощных лесных массивов на качественный состав атмосферного воздуха урбанизированных геосистем с одинаковыми показателями техногенной нагрузки // Вестник Забайкальского государственного университета. 2022. Т. 28, № 10. С. 33-37. DOI: 10.21209/22279245-2022-28-10-33-37.
Статья поступила в редакцию: 17.10.2022 г Статья принята к публикации: 02.12.2022 г.
