88LITERARY TRANSLATION AS A BRANCH OF TRANSLATOLOGY
Nasiba Khushbakova
Department of Foreign Language and Literature Termez State University
ABSTRACT
This article defines the main definitions of translation and literary translation in modern linguistics. Besides current article supplies the importance of that literary translation is specific phenomenon which plays an important role in the spiritual and cultural development of the nation. Through literary translations, readers will be informed of certain nation's culture, traditions, and most importantly, recognizes the representative of that country.
Keywords: translatology, literary translation, literary text, realia, source language, target language.
INTRODUCTION
Translation is a very ancient human activity. So with its roots, it goes back to those distant times when the proto-language began disintegrate into separate languages and there was a need for many people who knew several languages and were able to act as a middlemen when communicating with representatives of different language communities. Starting by establishing linguistic correspondences between the original language and language of translation, the theory of translation followed the path of thinking of the translation process as a multidimensional phenomenon, in which not only linguistic forms are compared, but also languages a new vision of the world, communication situations and extra-linguistic factors, which are defined by the concept of "culture".[5]
Translation plays an important role in increasing awareness and understanding among diverse cultures and nations. Literary translations in particular help these different cultures reach a compromise. The increasing interest in the literature of other languages has required a more studious regard for the problems of literary translation. A translator deals with a text which involves linguistic, pragmatic and cultural elements. Such factors often pose problems to target readers.[1]
METHODOLOGY
In linguistics, the term translation is used in a broader sense and in a narrower sense, In a broader sense, translation is the process of providing in a language an
equivalent of a word, utterance or text expressed in another language. In a narrower sense, which is generally used, including this paper, the term translation is only used if the equivalent is given in writing, while the term interpretation, or interpreting, is used when the process is oral.
In both translation and interpretation, a text in a language A is replaced by an individual X by its equivalence in another language B. In both cases, language A is the source language (SL) and language B the target language (TL). The difference between translation and interpretation and whether X is a translator or an interpreter is determined by the choice of communication used by X: if the communication is written, the activity is an instance of translation and X is a translator and if the communication is oral, the activity is an instance of interpretation and X is an interpreter.
RESULTS
When we want to read the literary text of another language, it should be translated from source language into target one. And it is called literary translation. Literary translations ought to be translated by translatoers.
There are several types of translation, including the following from a list provided by Newmark: word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, adaptation and free translation, which he explains as follows
"Word-for-word translation:
This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with The TL immediately below the SL words. The SL word-order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of word-for-word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or construe a difficult text as a pre-translation process."
"Faithful translation
A faithful Translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It 'transfers' cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical 'abnormality' (deviation from SL norms) in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realization of the SL writer."
"Adaptation
This is the 'freest' form of translation. It is used mainly for plays (comedies and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture converted to the TL culture and the text rewritten. The deplorable practice of having a play or poem
literally translated and then rewritten by an established dramatist or poet has produced many poor adaptations, but other adaptations have 'rescued' period plays."
"Free translation
Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original, a so-called 'intra-lingual translation, often prolix and pretentious, and not translation at all."
"Literal Translation
The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problems to be solved."
Literal translation is generally said to be wrong but this judgment is not always right because whether literal translation is right or wrong depends on the objective of the translation: it is wrong if the objective is to give the equivalent in the TL of a text written in the SL and it may be right if the objective is, for example, to show whether there are grammatical differences, including differences in word order, between two languages when conveying the same meaning or communication, but then, the literal translation is expected to be followed by the 'faithful translation'. [4]
Literary translation is as essential as any other types of translation and it is included in Translatology. Through literary translation, we are allowed to enjoy and understand different literary works from all parts of the world and be introduced with an author's ideas and values which are most often than not, a reflection of his origin's culture and tradition.
DISCUSSION
Literature is a reflection of a certain nation's culture. Writers and poets represent specific features of their people's life such as natural conditions, geographical location, historical development, social as well as political structure, the tendency of social thought, science, and art in their works. Literary translations are as bridge between countries and nations usually transforms of certain nation's culture, traditions, and most importantly, recognizes the representative of that country1, helps nations become closer and get to know each other better. Moreover, heterogeneous functions of literary translation, in the sense of ideological framework, lead to an essential importance in the social, political and cultural context, and translation was utilized for different purposes by different agents in the literary process in the Soviet Empire. Thus, literary translations play an important role: 1) in the recognition of the nation in the social and
political context; 2) in the development of the people from spiritual and cultural point; 3) in learning the world from different point of colors and points.[1]
One of the most difficult problems in literary translation is specific cultural items, which could include objects, historical references, customs and habits, in other words all the specific things of certain people. In the theory of translation word and expressions for culture-specific material elements represented in a certain nation's literary text calls Realia. Translating of realia in short stories has always been a problematic issue because it involves figurative meanings of texts, idioms, similes, culture-specific items and other either linguistics or cultural units that make the task of a translator challenging. Besides, translating culturally marked words from one language into another also demand from translator skillfulness, knowledge, experience. Yet the translators as well as readerships' cultural backgrounds always play a major role in the translation process.
Literary works are known to fall into a number of genres. Literary translations may be subdivided in the same way, as each genre calls for a specific arrangement and makes use of specific artistic means to impress the reader. Translators of prose, poetry or plays have their own problems. Each of these forms of literary activities comprises a number of subgenres and the translator may specialize in one or some of them in accordance with his talents and experience. The particular tasks inherent in the translation of literary works of each genre are more literary than linguistic. The great challenge to the translator is to combine the maximum equivalence and the high literary merit. The translator of a belles-lettres text is expected to make a careful study of the literary trend the text belongs to, the other works of the same author, the peculiarities of his individual style and manner and so on. This involves both linguistic considerations and skill in literary criticism. A good literary translator must be a versatile scholar and a talented writer or poet. Moreover, some notions have been given for literary translation. For example: Landers argues that literary translation, at least in the English-speaking world, faces a difficulty that texts originally written in English do not: resistance by the public to reading literature in translation... In technical translation, for example, style is not a consideration so long as the informational content makes its way unaltered from SL to TL. In literary translation, the order of the cars - which is to say the style - can make the difference between a lively, highly readable translation and a stilted, rigid, and artificial rendering that strips the original of its artistic and aesthetic essence, even its very soul.[3]
Literary translation is a type of translation (translatology) which is distinguished from translation in general. A literary translation must reflect the imaginative,
intellectual and intuitive writing of the author. In fact, literature is distinguished by its aesthetics. Little concern has been devoted to theaesthetics of literary translations because these translations are popularly perceived as unoriginal. Belhaag summarizes the characteristics of literary translations:
- expressive
- connotative
- symbolic
- focusing on both form and content
- subjective
- allowing multiple interpretation
- timeless and universal
- using special devices to 'heighten' communicative effect
- tendency to deviate from the language norms
In addition, literary translations must reflect all the literary features of the source text such as sound effects, morphophonemic selection of words, figures of speech ...etc. [6]
Gutt stresses that in translating a literary work one should preserve the style of the original text. In accordance with Gutt, this wider, stylistic dimension of communication is, of course, of special interest to literary studies, and so it is not surprising that theorists concerned with literary translation have paid considerable attention to the preservation of the stylistic properties of texts".[2]
A writer's style is known "from the words he chooses or the way he constructs his sentences" [2]. According to Savory, literal translation of a literary work does not reproduce the effect of the original.
Because literature allows multiple interpretation, there should be freedom in literary translations to consider a wide range of implicatures. Thus, rendering the equivalent effect of the original requires freedom to explore different interpretations. That approach is meant to achieve relevance in translation.[2]
CONCLUSION
Translation is an important phenomenon in increasing awareness and understanding among various cultures as well as nations. So, Literary translations ,in particular, help these different cultures reach a compromise. The increasing interest in the literature of other languages has required a more studious regard for the problems of literary translation. By the help of literary translation, we can understand and learn other heterogeneous languages' cultures. In other words, literary translation can give
opportunities of understanding different literary works from all parts of the world. In this field, some scholars have given their own notions concerning to literary translation. But all of them intend to give an idea of that literary translation is the approach which achieves relevance in translation.
REFERENCE
1.Florin, S. (1993). Realia in translation. In P Zlateva (Ed.), Translation as Social Action. Russian and Bulgarian Perspective. (122-128)
2.Gutt, E. (1991). Translation and relevance: Cognition and context. Oxford: Blackwell
3.Landers, Clifford E. (2001) Literary Translation: A Practical Guide. Multilingual Matters.
4.Newmark, P. (1988). Approaches to Translation. Hertfordshire, UK: Prentice Hall.
5. PROSHINA.Z. (2008).THEORY OF TRANSLATION (ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN)3d edition, revised,Vladivostok Far Eastern University Press
6.Riffaterre, M. (1992) 'Transposing presuppositions on the semiotics of literary translation', in R. Schulte and J. Biguenet (eds) Theories of Translation, C hicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 204-217.
7.Theodore Savory "The Art of Translation" (1957) (ID:86944)
