CC BY
7
UDC 336.71
Askerova G.N.
1st year graduate student, Faculty of Economics
Dagestan State University Makhachkala
LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT OF COMMERCIAL BANK
Abstract: In article it is told about importance of liquidity in the course of "activity" of commercial banks. Application of various theories promoting formation of reserve base of bank. The norms of reservation provided for commercial banks are considered. As well as the property of the Bank: assets, liabilities.
Keywords: liquidity, reserve, theories, commercial bank, risk, assets, liabilities.
Аскерова Г.Н.
Магистрант 1 года обучения, Экономический факультет Дагестанский государственный университет
Махачкала
УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ЛИКВИДНОСТЬЮ КОММЕРЧЕСКОГО БАНКА
Аннотация: В статье описывается значение ликвидности в процессе деятельности коммерческих банков. Применение различных теорий, способствующих формированию ресурсной базы банка. Рассмотрены нормы резервирования, предусмотренные для коммерческих банков. А также имущество банка: активы, пассивы
Ключевые слова: ликвидность, резерв, теории, коммерческий банк, риск, активы, пассивы
Liquidity is a bank's circulatory system. A bank, which has a sufficient reserve of liquid assets to maintain current liquidity, may lose it over time due to the excess of the flow of liabilities over the flow of investments in liquid assets. In order to avoid negative consequences, banks should develop a credit policy that would take into account three goals: maximum profit, minimum risk, optimal liquidity.
The role of liquidity is very important both for commercial banks and for the country's economy as a whole. According to the Bank of Russia, the liquidity of the banking sector has been very poor in recent years. The actions of the Government of the Russian Federation and the Bank of Russia to overcome the liquidity crisis in the banking sector differ not only in the scale, but also in the usage of various instruments of liquidity regulation.4 The possibilities of using refinancing instruments were significantly expanded, and the decision to launch a mechanism without collateral lending, in fact, revived the banking sector. In the conditions of a powerful outflow of deposits of the population, the lack of opportunities for Russian banks to receive loans abroad, the collapse of the
4 Banking / Under. edited by G. N. Beloglazova, L. P. Kroleveckiy-Moscow, 2014
interbank lending market without collateral loans of the Bank of Russia were essentially the only possible mechanism for rapid and large-scale replenishment of ruble liquidity of the banking sector.5 In domestic practice, it is necessary to use the positive experience of foreign countries in the management of commercial banks of their liquidity, such as the experience of limiting the concentration of capital in the hands of a few credit institutions, the prevention of monopoly control over the money market.
Liquidity acts as a necessary and mandatory condition for the Bank's solvency and reliability. The development and constant complexity of the financial and banking systems have changed the economic essence of the concept of liquidity. Bank liquidity is closely intertwined with the liquidity of the market, where it is more stable, diverse, capacious and competitive. The bank's liquidity is the ability of the bank to ensure timely fulfillment of its obligations.6 Liquidity management in a commercial Bank is considered to be a complex, multifactorial process of the Bank's activities, requiring extraordinary balance and validity of management decisions, comprehensive analysis and forecasting of development trends, risk assessment, knowledge of formal methods and mathematical procedures.
The time factor is one of the most important in assessing liquidity, as the Bank's obligations and investments are urgent and often do not coincide in terms of time. This is due, firstly, to the fact that the Bank is an intermediary in the financial market, accumulating resources, liabilities, and placing them in different kinds of active operations, and secondly, the fact that the Russian economy does not allow banks to have a long term resource base with very high requirements in long-term investments, as well as other circumstances of the activities of banks.7
The main theoretical approaches that analyze the liquidity management of commercial banks are
• theory of commercial loans;
• the theory of moving;
• the theory of expected income;
• theory-driven liabilities.
Let us consider briefly each of these theories. The Central idea of commercial loans is the predominance in the bank's assets of short-term loans for inventories or working capital, minimal investment in real estate, securities and a slight development of consumer credit. The theory of movement is the relationship of liquidity with the speed of asset realization. According to the theory of expected income, the liquidity of the Bank can be predicted or even simply planned, if the basis of the repayment schedule of loans to put the future income of borrowers. This position does not deny the previous theories, but believes that linking the timing of the issuance of loans income borrowers is safer, rather than, for example,
5 Beloglazova G. N. Banking. The organization of the commercial Bank, M., 2013
6 Banks and non-Bank credit organizations and their operations: the textbook / Under the editorship of E. F. Zhukov. - M.: 2013
7 Sarkisian, A. G. Analysis of liquidity and ratings of banks / / Auditor. 2015. No. 11.
the orientation of the deposit. In accordance with the theory of managed liabilities, liquidity management of a commercial Bank is carried out through constant external borrowing.8
The bank's ability to provide liquidity requires highly liquid and easily transferable financial assets.
Liquid financial assets refer to assets that are capable of rapid implementation at a nominal or no significant loss of personal or non-cash money. Assets have some degree of liquidity. The greater the degree of liquidity an asset has, the easier it can be realized with the least loss of its value.[3]
Turning to other aspects of Bank liquidity, we note that, based on the scope of banking operations as the passive, connected with the attraction of resource, and active, associated with its location, the Bank has a range of contractual relationships with various counterparties, it is possible to conclude that the Bank has the obligation not only to depositors but also to all other counterparties associated with it contractual relations.
Thus, it can be concluded from the above that liquidity is the ability of the Bank to timely and fully fulfill its payment obligations to depositors, as well as a prerequisite for the solvency and reliability of the Bank. When studying liquidity, it is necessary to consider the types, standards and methods of liquidity management.
References:
1. Banking / Under. edited by G. N. Beloglazova, L. P. Kroleveckiy-Moscow, 2014
2. Beloglazova G. N. Banking. The organization of the commercial Bank, M., 2013
3. Bobin S. S. Development of the banking system in Russia // Finance and credit.-2014.- №7
4. Banks and non-Bank credit organizations and their operations: the textbook / Under the editorship of E. F. Zhukov. - M.: 2013
5. Kuznetsova V. V. Banking. M.: KNORUS, 2015
6. Sarkisian, A. G. analysis of liquidity and ratings of banks / / Auditor. 2015. No. 11.
8 Kuznetsova V. V. Banking. M.: KNORUS, 2015
