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4774 Wschodnioeuropejskie Czasopismo Naukowe (East European Scientific Journal) #5(33), 2018 ЗИЛ
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Bozorov Zokir Mekhrikulovich
Doctoral student of Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages, Uzbekistan
LINGUISTIC APPROACH IN INVESTIGATION OF HYPERBOLE IN THE ENGLISH AND UZBEK
LITERARY TEXTS
Abstract. The article studies the theory of hyperbole in different contexts and in everyday conversation. The occurrence of hyperbole in ironic utterances and its relation with irony is analyzed thoroughly. The views of leading linguists of the world about hyperbole and its connection with other Stylistic Devices are analyzed as well.
Key words: hyperbole, types of hyperbole, stylistic device, literary text, function, origin, emotional meaning.
Аннотация. В статье изучается теория гиперболы в разных контекстах и в повседневной беседе. Появление гиперболы в иронических высказываниях и ее связь с иронией тщательно рассмотрены. А также, в статье анализируются взгляды ведущих лингвистов на гиперболу и ее связь с другими стилистическими приемами.
Ключевые слова: гипербола, типы гиперболы, стилистический приём, художественный текст, функция, происхождение, эмоциональное содержание.
Actuality of the theme of investigation. Our research work is dedicated to the nature of a stylistic device of hyperbole in English. We devote our life to science, that is why we tried to investigate this theme deeply and dealt with the connection of hyperbole with other stylistic devices. We found out the similarities and dissimilarities of hyperbole and showed the difference of types of hyperboles in English and Uzbek with samples. We devoted much time to the studies of hyperbole and were sure that this theme would be always under discussion and every time scientists felt great interest to it.
The tasks to be investigated:
1. The similarity and dissimilarity of hyperbole with other stylistic devices;
2. The function and the nature of hyperbole;
3. The origin and types of hyperbole.
The aim of the research is to analyze the stylistic nature of hyperbole, to investigate the origin and types of hyperbole, also to show the connection of hyperbole with other stylistic devices.
The scientific novelty of our research work is the basic interpretation of the origin of hyperboles. We tried to investigate, firstly, origination and its usage in the literary texts. We dealt with the process of developing of hyperbole from step by step. Another major scientific novelty is types of hyperbole. We've analyzed the linguistic and rhetorical types of hyperboles in English.
The method of research work is based on the com-ponential and contextual analysis of words denoting stylistic features of hyperbole.
The main content of the article:
Hyperbole (also referred to as exaggeration or overstatement) has been studied in rhetoric and in literary contexts, but only relatively recently in banal, everyday contexts. It is often associated with irony, but the present article also examines it in the broader context of exaggerated assertions for a variety of types of interpersonal meaning.
Much useful insight into hyperbole may be found in the literature on irony and sarcasm, and, indeed, hyperbole seems to be a recurring phenomenon in ironic utterances. According to Gibbs both hyperbole and understatement are closely related to irony in traditional rhetoric ''in that each misrepresents the truth'' [1, 391] Also he found that irony and hyperbole co-occurred in discourse contexts where the goals were humour, emphasis and clarification. One linking characteristic between hyperbole and irony is what Kreuz and Roberts call 'nonveridicality', a discrepancy between an utterance and reality, what we refer to as counter factuality [2, 163]. Hyperbole, the non-veridicality condition and the ironic tone of voice (e.g. heavy stress, nasality) all contribute to ironic interpretations of utterances. In terms of linguistic items, Kreuz and Roberts offer a list of intensifying adverbs which, they claim, characteristically combine with a set of ''extreme positive adjectives'' [2, 25] to produce hyperbolic irony. The adverbs include absolutely, certainly, just, etc., and the adjectives include amazing, adorable, brilliant, etc., so that collocations such as just amazing, absolutely brilliant, and so on, will often occur with hyperbolic-ironic intent.
Wschodnioeuropejskie Czasopismo Naukowe (East European Scientific Journal) #5(33), 2018 75
While this list may indeed generate a number of collocations that may occur in ironic contexts, quite clearly a good deal of contextual information is required to support the ironic interpretation, and many more intensifying adverb plus extreme adjective collocations could serve the same ends.
A significant contribution to the linguistics of hyperbole is offered by Spitzbardt, who supports the need to look at hyperbole in everyday speech (as opposed to its occurrence in literature) and who focuses on the lexico-grammatical repertoire for hyperbole. As in this article, Spitzbardt attempts to list common lexical and grammatical features used in hyperbolic utterances, such as numerical expressions, expressions of spatial extent (miles, oceans), intensifying and extreme adjectives and adverbs, verbs such as dying to, comparatives and superlatives, extreme metaphors and similes, and so on. Spitzbardt also makes a cultural claim that American English is more hyperbole-prone than British English.
Norrick usefully summarizes three basic characteristics of hyperbole: its affective dimension, its pragmatic nature, and its function as amplificatio, a vertical-scale metaphor (as opposed to horizontal metaphors of the kind X is an angel), where the utterance is marked as saying ''more than necessary or justified'' [4, 169]. Norrick sees the affective involvement of the speaker as crucial to the interpretation of hyperbole. While hyperbolic utterances are usually perfectly well-formed lexico-grammatically, they appear odd in context, and this disjunction with context emanates from the speaker's production of the hyperbole as a personal, affectively involved, overstated simulacrum of reality.
Thus, in Norrick's view, hyperbole is a pragmatic category, and one which can be realized in any word class or lexico-grammatical configuration.
Loewenberg looks at three frequent linguistic items relevant to our present concerns and considers their ability to signal counter factuality and hyperbole: really, literally and actually [5, 193]. On the face of it, literally might seem the very opposite of a signal of a non-factual, figurative assertion, but Loewenberg explains its hyperbolic use in terms of an assertion by the speaker that the hyperbole could not be closer to the truth in its intense descriptive power. As we shall see below, literally does indeed repeatedly have this force, and it has come to be a characteristic conversational marker of hyperbole. Along with literally, other adverb modifiers, especially nearly and almost may also be possible signals of overstatement.
Referring to what she terms extreme case formulations, Pomerantz examines data containing a number of features of conversation that chime in with the notion of hyperbole as understood in the present paper [6,219]. Pomerantz's examples include utterances such as He didn't say one word, and Whenever he's around he's utterly disparaging of our efforts, where entities and events are described in the most extreme way possible. Such extreme assertions (involving lexical items such as completely, perfectly, forever, every time, everyone, etc.) regularly occur in contexts where speakers wish to set up a defense against challenges to complaints, accusations and so
on, or where they attribute the cause of a state of affairs to some (perhaps only vaguely identified) other party, or, thirdly, when they wish to state behaviours which the speaker holds to be right or wrong. Thus for Pomerantz, the evaluative context of extreme formulations is central, and particular lexico-grammatical configurations correlate with such formulations. There is clearly overlap between extreme formulations and counter factuality, but the difference may lie in the affective context: extreme formulations are not necessarily heard as absurd or counterfactual and often display a degree of conventionality (e.g. x was absolutely covered in mud).
Conclusion
The literal and the figurative Counter factuality in ironic utterances is linked to the question of literal versus figurative interpretations. While the counter factuality condition orients listeners towards figurative hearings, there is evidence that literal meanings are not entirely obliterated by the figurative process. Dews and Winner see both literal and figurative meaning as significant in the effectiveness of ironic utterances, and stress the interplay of both in the listener's reaction [7, 233]. Similarly, Giora asserts the importance of salient meanings [8, 9l] (i.e. the meanings retrievable from the mental lexicon rather than from specific context, in other words the prototypical and literal meanings) in the interpretation of metaphor and irony. However, receivers are quick to latch on to counter factuality in the online processing of metaphors, and use it as a key factor in interpretation. The contrast between reality (or expectation) and utterance that irony so often depends on is central to its effect, and Colston and O 'Brien argue that as a result irony asserts greater contrast, and thereby greater force, than does under- statement or literal statement, in the achievement of discoursal goals such as humour, condemnation, unexpectedness, etc. They propose a scale of strength of effect running from the literal, through understatement, to irony.
List of literature:
1. Gibbs, R. (1994). The poetics of mind: Figurative thought, language, and understanding. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2. Roberts, R. M., & Kreuz, R. J. (1994). Why do people use figurative language? Psychological Science
3. Spitzbardt, H.(1963) Overstatement and Understatement in British and American English / H. Spitzbardt // Philologica Pragensia
4. Norrick, Neal. (1982) The semantics of overstatement. In: Detering, K., Schmidt, R.-J
5. Loewenberg, Ina, 1982. Labels and hedges: the metalinguistic turn. Language and Style
6. Pomerantz, Anita, 1986. Extreme case formulations: a way of legitimizing claims. Human Studies 9, 219
7. Dews, Shelly, Winner, Ellen, 1999. Obligatory processing of literal and nonliteral meanings in verbal irony. Journal of Pragmatics 31
8. Giora, Rachel, 1999. On the priority of salient meanings: studies of literal and figurative language, Journal of Pragmatics 31, 91
