LINGUISTIC ANNOTATIONOF GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF SAKHA: NOUNS Текст научной статьи по специальности «Языкознание и литературоведение»

Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 2022 15(3): 329-336

DOI: 10.17516/1997-1370-0360 УДК 811.512.157'366

Linguistic Annotation

of Grammatical Categories of Sakha: Nouns

Gavril G. Torotoev* and Sandaara G. Torotoevа

M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University Yakutsk, Russian Federation

Received 07.11.2018, received in revised form 21.11.2018, accepted 05.12.2018

Abstract. This paper shows the work to create instruments for linguistic annotation of grammatical categories of Sakha language (Sakha language and Yakut language are full synonyms). It describes the basic inflectional characteristics of Nouns of Sakha language (numbers, personal endings, possessive endings, cases), which are based on Leipzig Glossing Rules. As a result of scientific research (2014-2018) the system of tags was developed, which reflects all word forming potential of the Nouns in the Sakha language, including 247 morphological indicators in its arsenal. It should be noted that the standardized system of morphological tagging of Turkic languages, developed by the Turkologists, is far from perfect, there are various treatments concerning reflection and interpretation of grammatical categories in different Turkic languages. Despite this, the article summarizes constructive and progressive ideas of our colleagues on this matter.

Keywords: linguistic annotation, grammatical categories, Sakha, nouns, numbers, possessiveness, simple declension, possessive declension, diminutive, tags.

Research area: philology

Citation: Torotoev, G.G., Torotoeva, S.G. (2022). Linguistic annotation of grammatical categories of Sakha: nouns. J. Sib. Fed. Univ. Humanit. Soc. Sci., 15(3), 329-336. DOI: 10.17516/1997-1370-0360.

© Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved

* Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected]

ORCID:

Introduction

Linguistic annotation of grammatical categories of languages is an up-to-date issue in modern computational linguistics. Artificial intelligence opens an opportunity to get innovative results in theoretical linguistics (acquiring new knowledge about language structure), as well as in applied linguistics (modernization of linguistic research methods, implementation of new technologies for automated language processing).

Today, due to the intensive development of computer technologies, there is a need in tagging system for the automatic analysis of electronic corpora of Turkic texts. To improve the effectiveness of comparative studies and acquisition of objective language data as a representative linguistic instrument, it is necessary to apply a standardized morphological tagging system to the corpora of texts in Turkic languages.

A working version of standardized morphological tagging of Turkic languages was accepted in 2014 during UniTurk workshop ("Unification of Grammatical Annotation Systems in the Electronic Corpora of Turkic Languages") in Kazan. The database is built on the morphemic structure of Turkic word forms and is made to reflect structural-semantic model of Turkic languages as precisely as possible. The uniform standard of linguistic information representation opens a unique opportunity for Turkic languages to join the common information space. (Zheltov, 2015: 329).

Problem statement

As a result, it is necessary to develop a tag system which would adequately reflect all grammatical categories of the Yakut language. The work in this area has been in progress for five years to conclude that there are some grammatical categories of the Yakut language that have not been fully reflected in the previous publications. The computer processing of text, which requires complete formalization of knowledge about language and its grammar, reveals some interesting language facts and implicit (hidden) linguistic details, not covered by the classic works by the Yakut scholars.

The computational linguistics researchers have been paying special attention to the inflectional and derivational morphology. Consequently, first it is required to describe and mark all regular inflectional and active derivational indicators of the Yakut language. Secondly, it is necessary to develop rules for the allomorph selection and sandhi rules for automatic word form analysis (morphonological processes in morphemic boundaries; phonetic processes within one word form).

Methods

The study is descriptive. To find the maximum number of inflectional allomorphs of nouns in the Sakha language, the quantitative method was used. As a result of the empirical analysis, nine tables were compiled, forming the basis for the interpretation and reflection of the grammatical categories of nouns in the Sakha language. The research results may be used for filling lacunas in the existing studies of the Sakha Language.

Discussion

For morphological annotation of grammatical categories of the Sakha language the system of tags based on the Leipzig glossing rules is used. Tags indicating parts of speech in the Sakha are presented in Table 1.

Table 1

Tags Full term

N Noun

POSS Possessive

PRO Pronoun

NUM Numeral

ADJ Adjective

V Verb

PCP Participle

CONV Converb

ADV Adverb

MOD Modal word

INTJ Interjection

CONJ Conjunction

PART Particle

POST Postposition

IMIT Imitative word

From the point of view of the Sakha language glossing, in this article the grammatical category of nouns was considered. Such inflectional characteristics of the noun as number, case, possessiveness and personality have been carefully analyzed.

1. Number

In the Yakut language, the plural affix -lar is represented by 16 forms (Korkina, 1982: 125126). In the selection of the optimal allomorph,

the key role is played by the vowel harmony rules of the Yakut language. Phonetic compatibility of morphemes also depends on assimilation rules (progressive, regressive, progressive-regressive assimilation of consonants) and accommodation. Thus, sandhi rules are devel-

oped in accordance with vowel harmony rules, rules of assimilation and accommodation, and demonstrate the sound changes at the morphemic boundaries.

2. Possessiveness

In the Sakha language, the initial form of the possessiveness category is represented by 58 morphological indicators. These forms are frequently used, as they express various logical relations and connections between objects, that

are often different from the concept of possession (Korkina, 1982: 129).

3. Cases in the Yakut language

In the interpretation of grammatical categories and their indication with corre-

Tags Description Allomorphs Morphemes

POSS_1SG Possessive, 1 person, singular ('my') -m -m

POSS_2SG Possessive, 2 person, singular ('your')

POSS_3SG Possessive , 3 person, singular ('his/her/its') after consonants: -a/-o/-e/-ö after vowels: -ta/-to/-te/-tö -A -tA

POSS_1PL Possessive, 1 person, plural ('our') -byt/-bit/-but/-büt -pyt/-pit/-put/-püt -myt/-mit/-mut/-müt -BYT

POSS_2PL Possessive, 2 person, plural ('your') -xyt/-xit/-xut/-xüt -xyt-xit/-xut/-xüt -kyt/-kit/-kut/-küt -gyt/-git/-gut/-güt -gyt-git/-gut/-güt -xYr

POSS_3PL Possessive, 3 person, plural ('their') -lara/-lora/-lere/-lörö -nara/-noro/-nere/-nörö -dara/-doro/-dere/-dörö -tara/-toro/-tere/-törö -LArA

Table 2

Tags Description Allomorphs Morphemes

SG singular - -

PL plural -lar/-lor/-ler/-lör -nar/-nor/-ner/-nör -dar/-dor/-der/-dör -tar/-tor/-ter/-tör -LAr

Table 3

sponding tags we relied upon the work of the academician O.N. Boethlingk "About the language of the Yakuts" published in 1851. He registered ten cases in the Yakut language: Casus Indefinitus, Accusativus Indefinites, Dativ, Accusativus Definitus, Ablativ, Lokativ, Instrumental, Casus Ad-verbialis, Comitativ, Casus Comparativus (Boethlingk, 1990: 278-285). As it can be seen from the case names, there is no significant difference between the modern terms and those used by O.N. Boethlingk. In the modern Yakut language there are eight cases, Lokativ and Casus Adverbialis are not included into the case paradigm.

Simple declension

There are two types of declension in the Yakut language: simple and possessive (Korkina, 1982: 129-147). In simple declension, all morphemes have 4 allomorphs each, for example: -TA (-ta/-to/-te/-to).

Possessive declension

In total, simple (88) and possessive declensions (87) have 175 morphological indicators in the Yakut language. It all shows the huge functional capacity of nouns in the Yakut language as a special lexical and grammatical word class.

4. Personal endings of nouns

Nouns in the Yakut language can act as a predicate in sentences. In such cases, predica-tivity affixes are added to the word root, except the third person singular.

5. Diminutive

Diminutiveness category is an understudied aspect in the Sakha language. Table 7 shows common diminutive affixes -cYk, -cAAn, -kAAn with their allomorphs.

In addition to these affixes, the Yakut lexical units can consist of fossil affixes such as -yja, -cce, -ka, considered to be of little efficiency at the moment. In Table 8, they are rep-

Table 4

Tags Description Allomorphs Morphemes

NOM Nominative - -

PAR Partitive -ta/-to/-te/-to -la/-lo/-le/-lo -na/-no/-ne/-no -da/-do/-de/-do -TA

DAT Dative -ra/-ro/-re/-ro -xa/-xo/-xe/-xo -ga/-go/-ge/-go -ga/-go/-ge/-go -ka/-ko/-ke/-ko -xA

ACC Accusative after consonants: -y/-i/-u/-u after vowels: -ny/-ni/-nu/-nu -y -ny

ABL Ablative after consonants: -tan/-ton/-ten/-ton after vowels: -ttan/-tton/-tten/-tton -tAn -ttAn

INS Instrumental -nan/-non/-nen/-non -nAn

COM Comitative -lyyn/-liin/-luun/-luun -nyyn/-niin/-nuun/-nuun -tyyn/-tiin/-tuun/-tuun -dyyn/-diin/-duun/-duun -LYYn

COMP Comparative -taarap/-to orop/-teerer/-to oror -naarap/-noorop/-neerer/-nooror -daarap/-doorop/-deerer/-dooror -laarap/-loorop/-leerer/-looror -TAAxAr

resented downward from the diminutive point of view.

6. Derivation

Word-forming potential of nouns in the Sakha language requires a specific approach and a deep study. Without going into details, it should be noted that dozens of productive and non-productive affixes such as -hyt (-syt, -cyt, -djyt, -njyt), -byl (-bil, -bul, -bül), -lag (-leg, -log, -lög), -lta (-lte, -lto, -ltö) and others take

part in noun formation in the Sakha language. As an example of derivational affixes, let us consider three frequently used morphemes used to derive verbal nouns.

Examples of linguistic annotation of nouns

To validate the tag system developed for the linguistic annotation of the word forming potential of nouns in the Yakut language, let us analyze few examples.

Table 5

Tags Description Allomorphs Morphemes

NOM Nominative See Table 3 See Table 3

PAR Partitive -yna/-ine/-una/-une - ynA*

DAT Dative after consonants: -ar/-or/-er/-or after vowels: -gar/-ger -Ap -gAr

ACC Accusative -yn/-in/-un/-un -yn

ABL Ablative -ttan/-tten -ttAn

INS Instrumental -nan/-nen -nAn

COM Comitative -nyyn/-nuun/-neen non-literary version: -naan/-niin -nyyn

COMP Comparative -naarap/-neerer -nAAxAp

Tags Description Allomorphs Morphemes

P_1SG 1 person, singular ('I am') -byn/-bin/-bun/-bün -myn/-min/-mun/-mün -pyn/-pin/-pun/-pün -Byn

P_2SG 2 person, singular ('you are') -Yyn/-yin/-yun/-yün -xyn/-xin/-xun/-xün -kyn/-kin/-kun/-kün -gyn/-gin/-gun/-gün -gyn/-gin/-gun/-gün -yyn

P_3SG 3 person, singular ('he/she is') - -

P_1PL 1 person, plural ('we are') after -LAr: -byt/-bit/-but/-büt -byt

P_2PL 2 person, plural ('you are') after -LAr: -gyt/-git/-gut/-güt -gyt

P_3PL 3 person, plural ('they are') -lar/-lor/-ler/-lör -nar/-nor/-ner/-nör -dar/-dor/-der/-dör -tar/-tor/-ter/-tör -LAr

"currently out of use.

Table 6

Table 7

Tags Description Allomorphs Morphemes

DIM Diminutive -cyk/-cik/-cuk/-cük -cyk

-caan/-coon/-ceen/-cöön -cAAn

-kaan/-koon/-keen/-köön -kAAn

Table 8

Size L Size M Size S Size XS Size XXS

Lexeme -yja -cce -ka -caan

kuol 'lake' kölüje kölücce kölüke kölükeceen

urex 'small river' ürüje ürücce - ürüjeceen

xolbo 'box' xolbuja - xolbuka xolbujacaan

Table 9

Tags Description Allomorphs Morphemes

AN Agens noun -aaccy/-eecci/-ooccu/-ööccü -AAccy

VN Verbal noun -yy/-ii/-uu/-üü -yy

-aahy n/- eehin/-oohun/-ööhün -AAhyn

(1) xarandaac+(y)nan ^ xarandaahynan (uruhujduur)

pencil-INS

'(he draws) with a pencil'

(2) oro+q+un ^ ororun (koroor) child-POSS_2SG -ACC

'(look after) your child'

(3) ubaj+lar+byt+(y)gar ^ ubajdar-bytygar (bierbippit)

brother-PL -POSS_1PL -DAT '(we gave) our brothers'

(4) at+lar+ryt+(y)naarar ^ attargy-tynaarar (turgen)

horse-PL-POSS_2PL-COMP '(faster) than your horses'

(5) ije+te+neen ^ ijetineen (kelle) mother-POSS_3SG-COM

'(he came) with his mother'

Conclusion

During the research (2014-2018), all grammatical categories of nouns in the Sakha language have been analyzed. Through this process, the system, consisting of the conventional symbols (tags) used to reflect the inflectional potential of nouns in the Sakha language, including 247 affixes, has been fully completed.

To enable a computer to automatically analyze texts of any complexity presented in the electronic corpora of the Sakha language, it is necessary to provide standardized tags to all grammatical categories of the Sakha language. The solution of this problem would make it possible to develop new computer programs, such as online translators, automatic text analyzers, speech synthesizers and others.

References

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Лингвистическое аннотирование грамматических категорий языка саха: имя существительное

Г.Г. Торотоев, С.Г. Торотоева

Северо-Восточный федеральный университет им. М.К. Аммосова Российская Федерация, Якутск

Аннотация. Статья посвящена работе по созданию инструментария для лингвистического аннотирования грамматических категорий языка саха. Базируясь на Лейпцигских правилах глоссирования, описываем основные словоизменительные характеристики имени существительного в якутском языке (число, персональность, посессивность, падежная система). В результате научно-изыскательских работ (2014-2018) создана система тэгов, отображающая весь словоизменительный потенциал имени существительного в якутском языке, включающий в своем арсенале 247 морфологических показателей. Разрабатываемая тюркологами унифицированная система морфологической разметки тюркских языков далеко не совершенна, существуют различные трактовки по части отображения и интерпретации грамматических категорий в разных тюркских языках. Несмотря на это, в статье обобщены конструктивные идеи коллег по данной проблематике.

Ключевые слова: лингвистическое аннотирование, грамматические категории, язык саха, имя существительное, число, посессивность, простое склонение, притяжательное склонение, диминутив, тэги.

Научная специальность: 10.00.00 - филологические науки.