Lichens of the former manors in the Smolensk Region of Russia Текст научной статьи по специальности «Биологические науки»

Lichens of the former manors in the Smolensk Region of Russia

L. V. Gagarina1, S. V. Chesnokov1, L. A. Konoreva1, 2, I. S. Stepanchikova1, 3, A. P. Yatsyna4, O. A. Kataeva1, A. A. Notov5, M. P. Zhurbenko1

'Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia 2Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute, Murmansk Region, Kirovsk 3St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia 4V. F. Kuprevich Institute of Experimental Botany, Minsk, Belarus 5Tver State University, Tver, Russia Corresponding author. L. V. Gagarina, gagarinalv@binran.ru

Abstract. The lichen checklist of the former manors in the Smolensk Region of Russia is presented. It comprises 139 species, including 1 lichenicolous lichen and 4 non-lichenized calicioid fungi. Arthonia didyma, Arthrosporum populorum, Athallia pyracea, Bacidina arnoldiana, Calicium glaucel-lum, Calogaya decipiens, Candelaria pacifica, Candelariella lutella, Chaenotheca furfuracea, Coenogo-nium pineti, Eopyrenula leucoplaca, Lecania erysibe, Lecanora compallens, L. expallens, L. umbrina, Melanohalea septentrionalis, Myriolecis hagenii, M. perpruinosa, Parmelina tiliacea, Placynthiella dasaea, P. icmalea, Ramalina europaea, Rinodina sophodes, R. subparieta, Scutula dedicata, Stran-gospora pinicola, and Trapeliopsis flexuosa are new to the Smolensk Region.

Keywords: lichen flora, new records, biodiversity, ecology, list of species.

Лишайники усадебных парков Смоленской области (Россия)

Л. В. Гагарина1, С. В. Чесноков1, Л. А. Конорева1, 2, И. С. Степанчикова1, 3, А. П. Яцына4, О. А. Катаева1, А. А. Нотов5, М. П. Журбвико1

1Ботанический институт им. В. Л. Комарова РАН, Санкт-Петербург, Россия 2Полярно-альпийский ботанический сад-институт им. Н. А. Аврорина КНЦ РАН,

Кировск, Россия

3Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Санкт-Петербург, Россия 4Институт экспериментальной ботаники им. В. Ф. Купревича НАН Беларуси,

Минск, Беларусь 5Тверской государственный университет, Тверь, Россия Автор для переписки. Л. В. Гагарина, gagarinalv@binran.ru

Резюме. Приведен чек-лист лишайников усадебных парков Смоленской обл. Выявлено 139 видов, включая 1 лихенофильный гриб и 4 нелихенизированных калициоидных гриба. Arthonia didyma, Arthrosporum populorum, Athallia pyracea, Bacidina arnoldiana, Calicium glaucellum, Calogaya decipiens, Candelaria pacifica, Candelariella lutella, Chaenotheca furfuracea, Coenogonium pineti, Eopyrenula leucoplaca, Lecania erysibe, Lecanora compallens, L. expallens, L. umbrina, Melanohalea septentrionalis, Myriolecis hagenii, M. perpruinosa, Parmelina tiliacea, Placynthiella dasaea, P. icmalea, Ramalina europaea, Rinodina sophodes, R. subparieta, Scutula dedicata, Strangospora pinicola и Trapeliopsis flexuosa являются новыми для Смоленской обл.

Ключевые слова: лихенофлора, новые находки, биоразнообразие, экология, список видов.

https://doi.org/10.31111/nsnr/2020.54.1.93

93

Old parks are known to be biodiversity "hot spots" in many regions, especially in Europe where old-growth forests are rare, and the history of human colonization is very long. The Smolensk Region is one of almost deforested areas with great prevalence of agricultural landscapes, only the northern part of this territory still has some old forests. In such case the old manor parks are of great importance for the study of the regional lichen diversity. The history of lichen studies in the Smolensk Region is quite long, but until the beginning of our research any information about the lichens in Smolensk manors was absent in literature and herbaria.

Although the lichen diversity of the Smolensk Region has been studied since the beginning of 20th century, it is known only fragmentary. Alexandr A. Elenkin reported altogether 73 species (in modern circumscription) from the Smolensk Governorate (Elenkin, 1904, 1906-1911), but only 17 of them refer to the Smolensk Region in its present limits, and 71 were found near the former village Kortunovo (55°21'30"N, 35°42'30"E) which now belongs to the Moscow Region. Mikhail P. Tomin published two special papers on the lichens of the Smolensk Region (Tomin, 1918a, b) containing 113 species altogether, among them common widespread species are along with rare habitat specialists like Ramalina baltica Lettau, R. thrausta (Ach.) Nyl., Usnea florida (L.) F. H. Wigg. Moreover, Lecania alexandrae Tomin (= L. ephedrae Elenkin, see Boom, Khodosovtsev, 2004), and Lecanora virescens Tomin (Tomin, 1918b) were described from the Smolensk Region. In 20th century, Lev G. Byazrov reported 83 species mostly from the northern part of the region (Byazrov, Golubkova, 1967; Byazrov, 1969, 2001), including stenotopic forest lichens Calicium quercinum Pers., Cetrelia cetrarioides (Duby) W. L. Culb. et C. F. Culb., Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm., Pertusaria coccodes (Ach.) Nyl., Thelotrema lepadinum (Ach.) Ach., and rare terricolous species Cladonia zopfii Vain. (Byazrov, 2001; LE, confirm. T. Ahti, 2018). In early 2000s the northern part of the Smolensk Region was studied by Ilya S. Zhdanov who reported 81 lichen species from the national park "Smolenskoe Poo-zer'e" (Zhdanov, 2006, 2007, 2009). Seven more species were reported from the Smolensk Region by Muchnik et al. (2018), among them Menegazzia terebrata (Hoffm.) A. Massal. A few additional species were listed in taxonomic papers (Golubkova, 1999; Titov, 2006).

Altogether until the beginning of our research only 205 lichen species were known from the Smolensk Region, including two doubtful records: Cladonia scabri-uscula (Delise) Nyl. (Byazrov, Golubkova, 1967), known as oceanic species, and Buellia lauricassiae (Fée) Müll. Arg. (Byazrov, 1969, as Buellia lauri-cassiae), tropical species; confirming specimens were not found in LE for both lichens. Additionally, Lecidea erythrophaea Flörke ex Sommerf. and Tetramelas triphragmioides (Anzi) A. Nordin et Tibell were erroneously cited by Zhdanov (2007). Lobaria pulmonaria and Usnea florida are red-listed species in the Smolensk Region (Krasnaya..., 1997); both these species and Menegazzia terebrata are red-listed in Russian Federation (Krasnaya... , 2008).

Study area

The Smolensk Region is a part of the Central Federal District of Russia. The Smolensk Governorate was founded in 1708. In 1919-1929 its western part belonged to the Republic of Belorussia. In 1929-1937 Smolensk was the center of Western Region, which included former Smolensk, Bryansk, and Kaluga Governorates, parts of Tver, Moscow, and Leningrad Governorates. Since 1944, the Smolensk Region exists in its contemporary limits (Fig. 1).

The region has a rather advantageous economic location, which is determined by its border position with Vitebsk and Mogilev regions of Belarus, and Pskov, Tver, Moscow, Kaluga, and Bryansk regions of Russia. Geographically, the region is located within the East European Plain. The climate of the Smolensk Region is moderately continental with warm and humid summers and moderately cold winters characterized by fairly stable snow cover. The Smolensk Region is included in the zone of mixed co-niferous-broadleaved forests, with spruce, oak and linden dominating. Birch and black alder groves are also quite common; secondary forests consist mainly of birch, aspen, and gray alder (Evdokimov et al, 2012).

Manor parks were established in the Smolensk Region in 18-19th centuries. The development of landscape art is associated with the name of Peter I, who, after visiting the palace and park ensembles of Europe, took a number of steps to create similar ensembles in Russia. All nobility estates in the Smolensk Region had manor parks, which were formed over many decades. In 1918-1919 in the Smolensk Region were registered more than 300 noble estates. By the beginning of the 20th century many parks remained in good condition, but later most of them were completely or almost completely destroyed, for instance, many old trees were cut down during Second World War (Znamenitye..., 2011). Currently, 253 former estates are known in the Smolensk Region, of which 30 estates are represented now only by churches, and 177 have only parks or their fragments (Chizhov, Gurskaya, 2009).

Material and methods

The material was collected in the Smolensk Region during several field trips (2017-2018) by L. Gagarina and E. Ogurev, altogether 29 former manors were studied (Fig. 1). The specimens are deposited in the lichenological herbarium of the Koma-rov Botanical Institute (LE). Microscopical examination was carried out using Zeiss STEMI-2000 CS and Axio Imager A1 microscopes. Lichen substances were analyzed by standard technique of thin-layer chromatography with the use of solvent systems A and B (Orange et al, 2001). Illustrations were made using dissecting microscope Carl Zeiss STEMI-2000 CS with camera AxioCam ICc3.

The list of the investigated localities and the map of their location within the Smolensk Region are presented below and in Figure 1, respectively. Geographical coordinates are given in spatial reference system WGS 1984. The number of waypoints (geographical coordinates) depended on the size of the manors, in most cases only one waypoint lies within one manor, whereas larger manors were marked with 2-3 waypoints.

30° E 35° E

Modern regional borders Border of Smolensk Governorate, 1821

Fig. 1. The study area, Smolensk Region, with location of former manors.

Sampling localities: 1 — Bogoroditskoe, 18 km NW of the town of Vyaz'ma, Vyaz'ma District; 55°18'24.7"N, 34°04'27.6"E; 55°18'26.9"N, 34°04'34.4"E, 28 VI 2017; 2 — Stanishche, 32 km SW of the town of Vyaz'ma, Vyaz'ma District, 55°01'14.9"N, 33°53'14.7"E, 28 VI 2017; 3 — Prechistoe, 10 km N from the town of Gagarin, Gagarin District, 55°39'14.5"N, 34°56'30.1"E; 25 VI 2017; 4 — Vasil'evskoe, 13 km SW of the town of Gagarin, Gagarin District, 55°31'04.0"N, 34°45'16.7"E, 25 VI 2017; 5 — Samuilovo, 25 km N of the town of Gagarin, Gagarin District; 55°45'50.8"N, 35°00'24.5"E; 55°45'51.1"N, 35°00'20.6"E; 55°45'50.1"N, 35°00'16.1"E, 24 VI 2017; 6 — Divo, 18 km SE of the town of Demidov, Demidov District, 55°11'39.9"N, 31°49'08.2"E, 2 VII 2017; 7 — Pokrovskoe, 28 km NE of the town of Demidov, Demidov District, 55°29'21.5"N, 31°45'10.4"E, 3 VII 2017; 8 — Fe-dorovka, 5 km SE of the town of Dorogobuzh, Dorogobuzh District; 54°51'59.3"N, 33°13'14.6"E; 54°51'57.9"N, 33°13'15.7"E, 4 X 2018; 9 — Korobets, 18 km SE of the town of Yel'nya, Yel'nya District, 54°30'40.9"N, 33°27'09.9"E, 4 X 2018; 10 — Man'kovo, 4 km NE of Krasnyi Village, Krasnyi District, 54°35'42.8"N, 31°27'46.7"E, 7 X 2018; 11 — Lipetsy, 7 km SW of Novodugino Village, No-

vodugino District, 55°36'17.7"N, 34°10'22.4"E, 1 X 2018; 12 — Dokudovo, 25 km SE of the town of Pochinok, Pochinok District, 54°21'02.4"N, 32°50'21.2"E, 10 X 2018; 13 — Zharyn', 20 km SE of the town of Roslavl', Roslavl' District, 53°47'25.3"N, 33°03'08.7"E, 5 X 2018; 14 — Zareche, 21 km SE of the town of Roslavl', Roslavl' District, 53°48'20.4"N, 33°06'51.8"E, 5 X 2018; 15 — Bessono-vo, 32 km E of the town of Safonovo, Safonovo District, 55°05'23.4"N, 33°46'47.7"E, 29 VI 2017; 16 — Gorodok, 11 km SE of the town of Safonovo, Safonovo District, 55°03'05.8"N, 33°25'03.4"E, 29 VI 2017; 17 — Krukovo, 22 km NW of the town of Safonovo, Safonovo District, 55°15'25.0"N, 33°32'52.5"E, 30 VI 2017; 18 — Vonlyarovo, 22 km W of the city of Smolensk, Smolensk District, 54°46'12.0"N, 31°38'22.9"E, 2 VII 2017; 19 — Upokoi, 23 km SW of the city of Smolensk, Smolensk District, 54°31'22.2"N, 31°57'49.8"E, 9 X 2018; 20 — Dugino, 17 km S of the town of Sychevka, Sychevka District; 55°41'41.1"N, 34°11'37.9"E; 55°41'28.0"N, 34°12'03.0"E, 1 X 2018; 21 — Vesh-ki, 20 km NE of Ugra Village, Ugra District, 55°56'51.7"N, 34°27'15.2"E, 3 X 2018; 22 — Kholm, 43 km NW of Kholm-Zhirkovskii Village, Kholm-Zhirkovskii District, 55°30'28.2"N, 33°28'36.6"E, 2 X 2018; 23 — Kamenets, 15 km E of Kholm-Zhirkovskii Village, Kholm-Zhirkovskii District, 55°31'19.7"N, 33°43'29.6"E, 2 X 2018; 24 — Nakhimovskoe, 17 km E of Kholm-Zhirkovskii Village, Kholm-Zhirkovskii District, 55°31'45.6"N, 33°45'23.6"E, 2 X 2018; 25 — Russkoe, 10 km W of Shumyachi Village, Shumyachi District, 53°51'12.4"N, 32°16'00.7"E, 6 X 2018; 26 — Petrovichi, 21 km NW of Shumyachi Village, Shumyachi District, 53°58'24.8"N, 32°09'03.1"E, 6 X 2018; 27 — Vorotyshino, 7 km NW of the town of Yartsevo, Yartsevo District, 55°06'45.6"N, 32°32'59.4"E, 30 VI 2017; 28 — Zasizh'e, 18 km SE of the town of Yartsevo, Yartsevo District, 55°01'15.2"N, 32°58'53.0"E, 1 VII 2017; 29 — Tushino, 12 km S of Kardymovo Village, Kardymovo District, 54°46'45.9"N, 32°28'13.7"E, 11 X 2018.

Results and Discussion

An annotated list of species is presented below. The nomenclature of taxa generally follows Nordin et al. (2011), Hafellner, Türk (2016), and, in case of Ramalina euro-paea, Gasparyan et al. (2017). For each species the substrates and numbers of localities are listed. The references are given for the species published from Smolensk manors in our previous papers (Gagarina et al., 2018a, 2018b, 2019a, 2019b). For the species new to the Smolensk Region distribution in neighbouring regions and diagnostic characters are presented. Lichen substances are given for TLC-analyzed species. The species reported for the first time for the Smolensk Region are marked with !, lichenicolous lichen with #, non-lichenized calicioid fungi with +.

Acrocordia cavata (Ach.) R. C. Harris — on bark of Quercus robur L.; 20.

A. gemmata (Ach.) A. Massal. — on bark of Acerplatanoides L., Tilia cordata Mill., Ulmus laevis Pall.; 5 (Gagarina et al, 2019b), 8, 10, 12, 25. Habitat specialist of biologically valuable forests in North-Western European Russia (Vyyavlenie..., 2009).

Alyxoria varia (Pers.) Ertz et Tehler — on bark of Alnus incana (L.) Moench, Fraxinus excelsior L., Quercus robur, Salix spp., Tilia cordata, Ulmus laevis, on wood of Tilia cordata; 1, 5, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18-22, 25, 29.

Amandinea punctata (Hoffm.) Coppins et Scheid. — on bark of Acer platanoides, A. saccharinum L., Betula pendula Roth, Fraxinus excelsior, Picea abies (L.) Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Populus alba L., Prunus padus L., Quercus robur, Sorbus aucuparia L., Tilia cordata, Ulmus laevis, on wood of Tilia cordata, Quercus robur, 1, 2, 4, 6-22, 24-29.

Anaptychia ciliaris (L.) Körb. — on bark of Acer platanoides, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata; 13, 19, 26.

Anisomeridium polypori (Ellis et Everh.) M. E. Barr — on bark of Tilia cordata; 10, 12, 14, 28 (Gagarina et al., 2018b).

Arthonia atra (Pers.) A. Schneid. — on bark of Populus tremula L., Tilia cordata; 1.

!A. didyma Körb. — on bark of Acer platanoides; 10. Distribution in neighbouring regions of Russia: Tver (Notov et al, 2011) and Kaluga (Fertikov et al, 2017) regions. Distribution in Baltic countries and Belarus: Estonia (Randlane et al., 2019), Latvia (Äbolina et al, 2015), Lithuania (Motiejünaite, 2017), Belarus (Yatsyna et al, 2019). The species has crustose thallus with Trentepohlia sp. photobiont and small dark brown irregular-shaped apothecia with hymenium K- or K+ pale purple. The K+ morph is separated from small morphs of Arthonia spadicea Leight. by its larger ascospores, and from A. vinosa Leight. by flat, shallower apothecia (The lichens..., 2009).

A. helvola (Nyl.) Nyl. — on bark of Quercus robur, Tilia cordata; 16, 20 (Gagarina et al, 2019a). Indicator species of biologically valuable forests in North-Western European Russia (Vyyavlenie..., 2009).

A. mediella Nyl. — on bark of Tilia cordata; 27 (Gagarina et al, 2018b).

A. radiata (Pers.) Ach. — on bark of Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur, Sorbus aucuparia, Tilia cordata; 1, 4-7, 16, 17.

A. ruana A. Massal. — on bark of Acer platanoides, Fraxinus excelsior; 5 (Gagarina et al, 2019b).

!Arthrosporum populorum A. Massal. — on bark of Populus tremula; 22. Distribution in neighbouring regions of Russia: Kaluga (Fertikov et al, 2017), Moscow (Byazrov, 2009), Pskov (Istomina, Likhacheva, 2010), and Tver (Notov et al, 2011) regions. Distribution in Baltic countries and Belarus: Estonia (Randlane et al., 2019), Lithuania (Motiejünaite, 2017), Belarus (Tsurykau, 2018; Yatsyna et al., 2019). The species is characterized by apothecia to 0.8 mm diam. with black disc, anastomosing paraphyses and 4-celled, bean-shaped spores (Foucard, 2001).

!Athallia pyracea (Ach.) Arup et al. — on bark of Populus tremula, (Quercus robur; 7, 19, 22. Distribution in neighbouring regions of Russia: Bryansk (Muchnik et al, 2017), Kaluga (Fertikov et al, 2017), Moscow (Muchnik, Cherepenina, 2018), and Tver (Notov et al, 2011) regions. Distribution in Baltic countries and Belarus: Estonia (Randlane et al, 2019), Latvia (Äbolina et al., 2015), Lithuania (Motiejünaite, 2017), Belarus (Tsurykau, 2018; Yatsyna et al, 2019). Epiphytic species similar to Athallia holocarpa (Hoffm.) Arup et al. (Arup et al, 2013).

Bacidia rubella (Hoffm.) A. Massal. — on bark of Acer platanoides, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur, Thuja occidentalis L., Tilia cordata; 1, 4, 5, 18, 20, 22, 25, 26. Indicator species of biologically valuable forests in North-Western European Russia (Vyyavlenie... , 2009).

!Bacidina arnoldiana (Körb.) V. Wirth et Vezda — on walls of old stony church; 14. Distribution in neighbouring regions of Russia: Tver Region (Notov, Himelbrant, 2015; Notov et al., 2016). Distribution in Baltic countries and Belarus: Estonia (Randlane et al., 2019), Lithuania (Motiejünaite, 2017), Belarus (Tsurykau, 2018; Yatsyna et al, 2019). The species is characterized by colourless or pale brown upper part of hymenium (K+ green-brown). Of Bacidina spp. growing on stones, it is only likely to be confused with B. egenula (Nyl.) Vezda, which also has a distinctly brown hypothecium, but a green pigment in the epithecium and a brown (K+ purplish) pigment in the proper exciple (Ekman, 1996).

Biatora efflorescens (Hedl.) Räsänen — on bark of Tilia cordata; 27 (Gagarina et al, 2018b).

B. globulosa (Flörke) Fr. — on bark of Betula pendula, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata; 5, 7, 12, 18, 20.

Buellia disciformis (Fr.) Mudd — on bark of Acer platanoides, Tilia cordata; 4, 5, 7, 17.

B. griseovirens (Turner et Borrer ex Sm.) Almb. — on bark of Acerplatanoides, Alnusgluti-nosa (L.) Gaertn., Betulapendula, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata; 1, 4, 6, 7, 16, 18, 27.

B. schaereri De Not. — on bark of Larix sp., Ulmus laevis; 20 (Gagarina et al., 2019a), 24.

!Calicium glaucellum Ach. — on bark of Quercus robur; 15. Distribution in neighbouring

regions of Russia: Kaluga (Fertikov et al, 2017), Moscow (Byazrov, 2009), and Tver (Notov et al, 2011) regions. Distribution in Baltic countries and Belarus: Estonia (Randlane et al, 2019), Latvia (Äbolina et al., 2015), Lithuania (Motiejünaite, 2017), Belarus (Tsurykau, 2018; Yatsy-na et al, 2019). The lichen is similar to Calicium trabinellum (Ach.) Ach. but differs from that species by white pruina on exciple and stalk; also close to C. abietinum Pers. from which it differs by brownish stalks and larger spores with an ornamentation of minute warts (Tibell, 1999).

!Calogaya decipiens (Arnold) Arup, Fröden et Sochting — on walls of old stony church; 23. This species was the only one found in Serednevo (Krasninsk District, 54°36'37.3"N, 31°29'48.8"E). Distribution in neighbouring regions of Russia: Bryansk (Saphrankova, Anishchenko, 2014), Kaluga (Fertikov et al., 2017), Moscow (Byazrov, 2009), Pskov (Istomina, Likhacheva, 2010), and Tver (Notov et al, 2011) regions. Distribution in Baltic countries and Belarus: Estonia (Randlane et al, 2019), Latvia (Äbolina et al, 2015), Lithuania (Motiejünaite, 2017), Belarus (Tsurykau, Khramchankova, 2011; Yatsyna et al, 2019). The species differs from С. saxicola (Hoffm.) Vondrak by monotonous yellow thallus and lip-shaped to capitate soralia (Opredelitel'..., 2004).

Caloplaca cerina (Hedw.) Th. Fr. — on bark of Alnus incana, Corylus avellana H. Karst., Populus alba, P. tremula, Pyrus communis L., Sorbus aucuparia; 4, 5, 14, 15, 18, 22.

Candelaria concolor (Dicks.) Stein — on bark of Tilia cordata; 2.

!C. pacifica M. Westb. et Arup — on bark of Tilia cordata; 12. Distribution in neighbouring regions of Russia: Kaluga (Gudovicheva et al, 2015; Fertikov et al, 2017), Moscow (Muchnik, Cherepenina, 2018), and Tver (Notov et al, 2011) regions. Distribution in Baltic countries and Belarus: Estonia (Randlane, Martin, 2011), Lithuania (Motiejünaite et al, 2013), Belarus (Tsurykau, 2018; Yatsyna et al, 2019). The species differs from from C. concolor in the presence of 8-spored asci and absence of lower cortex (Westberg, Arup, 2011).

Candelariella aurella (Hoffm.) Zahlbr. — on bark of Pyrus communis, on walls of old stony church; 5, 14, 23.

C. efflorescens R. C. Harris et W. R. Buck — on bark of Acer platanoides, Betula pendula, Corylus avellana, Fraxinus excelsior, Larix sp., Picea abies, Quercus robur, Salix spp., Tilia cordata, Ulmus laevis; 1 (Gagarina et al, 2018a), 3-5, 7, 8, 12, 14-22, 24-28.

!C. lutella (Vain.) Räsänen — on bark of Populus tremula; 7. Distribution in neighbouring regions of Russia: Kaluga (Gudovicheva et al, 2015), Pskov (Istomina et al, 2018), and Tver (Notov et al, 2011) regions. Distribution in Baltic countries and Belarus: Estonia (Randlane et al, 2019), Lithuania (Motiejünaite, 2017). The species differs from C. vitellina (Hoffm.) Müll. Arg. by smaller apothecia (up to 0.4 mm diam.) with indistinct proper margin and thinner areolate thallus, forming small patches to 5 mm wide (Westberg, 2007; Westberg et al, 2011).

C. reflexa (Nyl.) Lettau — on bark of Tilia cordata; 28 (Gagarina et al, 2018b).

C. vitellina (Hoffm.) Müll. Arg. — on bark of Acer platanoides, Larix sp., Populus tremula, Quercus robur; 8, 19, 20, 22.

C. xanthostigma (Ach.) Lettau — on bark of Acer platanoides, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, Ulmus laevis; 8-10, 21.

Catillaria nigroclavata (Nyl.) Schuler — on bark of Fraxinus excelsior, Larix sp., Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, on wood of Tilia cordata; 1, 11, 18, 20, 22 (Gagarina et al, 2018a).

Chaenotheca brachypoda (Ach.) Tibell — on bark of Tilia cordata; 1 (Gagarina et al, 2018a). Indicator species of biologically valuable forests of North-Western European Russia (Vyyavlenie..., 2009).

C. brunneola (Ach.) Müll. Arg. — on wood of Tilia cordata; 27.

C. chrysocephala (Turner ex Ach.) Th. Fr. — on bark of Larix sp., Quercus robur; 15, 20 (Gagarina et al., 2019a).

C. ferruginea (Turner ex Sm.) Mig. — on bark of Larix sp., Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris; 11, 20 (Gagarina et al, 2019a), 22.

!C. furfuracea (L.) Tibell — on bark of Tilia cordata; 12. Distribution in neighbouring regions of Russia. Kaluga (Fertikov et al., 2017), Moscow (Byazrov, 2009), Pskov (Istomina, Likhacheva, 2010), and Tver (Notov et al, 2011) regions. Distribution in Baltic countries and Belarus: Estonia (Suija et al, 2007), Latvia (Motiejünaité et al, 2016), Lithuania (Motiejünaité, 2017), Belarus (Tsurykau, 2018; Yatsyna et al, 2019). The species differs from C. brachypoda (Ach.) Tibell in having usually a well-developed thallus, a lighter mazaedium and a different ornamentation of the spores (Tibell, 1999).

C. trichialis (Ach.) Th. Fr. — on bark of Acer saccharinum, Picea abies, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, on wood of Tilia cordata; 10, 12, 18, 20, 25, 27.

+Chaenothecopsis pusilla (Ach.) A. F. W. Schmidt — on bark of (Quercus robur, on wood of Tilia cordata; 15, 27.

+C. pusiola (Ach.) Vain. — on wood of Picea abies; 5 (Gagarina et al., 2019b). Indicator species of biologically valuable forests in North-Western European Russia (Vyyavlenie..., 2009).

+C. viridialba (Kremp.) A. F. W. Schmidt — on wood of Tilia cordata; 27 (Gagarina et al., 2018b). Indicator species of biologically valuable forests in North-Western European Russia (Vyyavlenie... , 2009).

Cladonia chlorophaea (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Spreng. — on bark of Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula, Populus tremula, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata; 1 (Gagarina et al, 2018a), 2, 6, 12, 15, 22, 25, 27.

C. coniocraea (Flörke) Spreng. — on bark of Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, on wood; 5, 6, 8, 15, 21, 22, 26, 28.

C. cornuta (L.) Hoffm. — on soil; 27.

C. fimbriata (L.) Fr. — on bark of Betula pendula, Larix sp., Populus tremula, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, on wood of Tilia cordata, on soil; 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 11, 12, 15, 18, 20, 22, 26-28.

C. macilenta Hoffm. — on bark of Betula pendula; 12.

!Coenogonium pineti (Ach.) Lücking et Lumbsch — on bark of Quercus robur; 6. Distribution in neighbouring regions of Russia: Kaluga (Fertikov et al, 2017), Pskov (Istomina, Likhacheva, 2010), and Tver (Notov et al, 2011) regions. Distribution in Baltic countries and Belarus: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania (Gagarina, 2015), Belarus (Tsurykau, 2018; Yatsyna et al., 2019). The species is characterized by thin, scurfy, grey to green thallus, apothecia 0.1-0.5 mm diam. with pale yellow to pale orange-yellow disk, ascospores 9-14 x 2-4 ^m (Gagarina, 2017).

!Eopyrenula leucoplaca (Wallr.) R. C. Harris — on bark of Acer platanoides; 8. Distribution in neighbouring regions of Russia: Bryansk (Muchnik et al., 2017), Kaluga (Gudovicheva et al., 2015; Fertikov et al, 2017), Moscow (Muchnik, 2016), Pskov (Istomina, Likhacheva, 2010), and Tver (Notov et al., 2011) regions. Distribution in Baltic countries and Belarus: Estonia (Jüriado et al., 2002), Latvia (Motiejünaité et al., 2016), Lithuania (Motiejünaité, 2017). The species is characterized by whitish crustose thallus, globose black perithecia and ellipsoid to fusiform, 3-5(7)-septate, brown ascospores (The lichens..., 2009).

Evernia mesomorpha Nyl. — on bark of Tilia cordata; 5, 15, 28.

E. prunastri (L.) Ach. — on bark of Larix sp., Malus domestica Borkh., Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, Ulmus laevis; 1, 2, 11, 13, 15, 18, 20, 21, 25-27.

Graphis scripta (L.) Ach. — on bark of Acer platanoides, Betulapendula, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, on wood of Acer platanoides, Fraxinus excelsior; 1, 5, 7, 16.

Hypocenomyce scalaris (Ach.) M. Choisy — on bark of Betula pendula, Larix sp., Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata; 6, 11, 15, 20, 22, 25, 28.

Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. — on bark of Acer platanoides, Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula, Larix sp., Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, Pyrus communis, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, on wood of Quercus robur; 1, 2, 5, 6, 11, 12, 15, 20, 21, 24-28.

Inoderma byssaceum (Weigel) Gray — on bark of Quercus robur, Tilia cordata; 11, 18, 20, 22 (Gagarina et al, 2018a). Habitat specialist of biologically valuable forests in North-Western European Russia (Vyyavlenie..., 2009).

Lecania cyrtella (Ach.) Th. Fr. — on bark of Alnus incana, Fraxinus excelsior, Tilia cordata, Ulmus laevis, on wood of Tilia cordata; 5 (Gagarina et al, 2019b), 10, 17, 29.

Lecania cyrtellina (Nyl.) Sandst. — on bark of Salix spp., Tilia cordata; 3, 17.

!L. erysibe (Ach.) Mudd — on walls of old stony church; 14, 23. Distribution in neighbouring regions of Russia: Pskov (Istomina, Likhacheva, 2010) and Tver (Notov et al., 2011) regions. Distribution in Baltic countries and Belarus: Estonia (Suija et al., 2007), Latvia (Motiejünaité et al., 2016), Lithuania (Motiejünaité, 2017), Belarus (Tsurykau, 2018; Yatsyna et al, 2019). L. erysibe differs from closely related species by 1-septate ascospores and minutely blastidiate, non-pruinose thallus (The lichens..., 2009).

L. fuscella (Schaer.) A. Massal. — on bark of Larix sp.; 20.

L. naegelii (Hepp) Diederich et van den Boom — on bark of Acer platanoides, Alnus incana, Betula pendula, Corylus avellana, Larix sp., Picea abies, Quercus robur, Sorbus aucuparia, Tilia cordata; 2, 4, 7, 15, 17-21, 24.

Lecanora albella (Pers.) Ach. — on bark of Acer platanoides, Tilia cordata; 10.

L. albellula (Nyl.) Th. Fr. — on bark of Acer platanoides, Betula pendula, Populus alba, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, Ulmus laevis, on wood of Quercus robur; 1 (Gagarina et al., 2018a), 2, 8, 13-15, 17, 19, 21.

L. allophana Nyl. — on bark of Acer platanoides, Populus tremula, Quercus robur; 5-7, 17.

L. argentata (Ach.) Malme — on bark of Acer platanoides, Populus tremula; 7, 22.

L. carpinea (L.) Vain. — on bark of Acer platanoides, Corylus avellana, Populus tremula, Prunuspadus, Quercus robur, Sorbus aucuparia, Tilia cordata; 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 10-12, 17-20, 22, 24, 26, 27, 29.

L. chlarotera Nyl. — on bark of Acer platanoides, Populus tremula, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata; 1, 6, 7, 19, 27.

!L. compallens van Herk et Aptroot — on bark of Pinus sylvestris, Quercus robur; 16, 17. Thalli contain usnic acid and zeorin. The species is not known in neighbouring regions, in European Russia it is known from the Leningrad (Kuznetsova et al., 2016), Ryazan, and Yaroslavl (Muchnik, Sliwa, 2013) regions. Distribution in Baltic countries and Belarus: Estonia (Randlane et al., 2019), Latvia (Motiejünaité et al., 2016), Lithuania (Motiejünaité, 2017), Belarus (Tsurykau, 2018; Yatsyna et al, 2019). The species is characterized by crustose usually immersed thallus with yellow-green soralia soon becoming confluent and covering almost the whole thallus except for a marginal zone (The lichens., 2009).

!L. expallens Ach. — on bark of Larix sp., Picea abies, Tilia cordata; 20, 24, 25. Distribution in neighbouring regions of Russia: Pskov Region (Istomina, Likhacheva, 2010). Distribution in Baltic countries and Belarus: Estonia (Randlane et al., 2019), Latvia (Äbolina et al.,

2015), Lithuania (Motiejünaité, 2017), Belarus (Tsurykau, 2018; Yatsyna et al, 2019). Specimens contain usnic and thiophanic acids, cf. arthothelin, unidentified xanthone called 'expallens unknown', and zeorin. Lecanora expallens is very similar to L. compallens from which it differs by superficial effuse and granular to rimose thallus and secondary metabolites (The lichens..., 2009).

L. populicola (DC.) Duby — on bark of Acerplatanoides; 26.

L. pulicaris (Pers.) Ach. — on bark of Betulapendula, Quercus robur; 6, 28.

L. symmicta (Ach.) Ach. — on bark of Acer platanoides, Betula pendula, Corylus avellana, Fraxinus excelsior, Larix sp., Populus alba, Prunus padus, Pyrus communis, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, Ulmus laevis, on wood of Quercus robur; 1, 2, 4-8, 11, 14, 15, 17, 20-22, 27.

!L. umbrina (Ach.) A. Massal. — on bark of Acer platanoides, Betula pendula, Populus tremula, Quercus robur; 7, 19, 22, 26. Distribution in neighbouring regions of Russia: Moscow (Tolpysheva, 1993), Pskov (Istomina, Likhacheva, 2010), and Tver (Notov et al., 2011) regions. Distribution in Baltic countries and Belarus: Belarus (Tsurykau, 2018; Yatsyna et al., 2019). The species is characterized by apothecia 0.2-0.8 mm diam. without pruina and with numerous crystals in epihymenium (Foucard, 2001).

Lecidea turgidula Fr. — on bark of Quercus robur, on wood of Tilia cordata; 18.

Lecidella elaeochroma (Ach.) M. Choisy — on bark of Populus tremula; 5.

L. euphorea (Flörke) Hertel — on bark of Populus tremula, Tilia cordata; 2, 22.

L. flavosorediata (Vezda) Hertel et Leuckert — on bark of Tilia cordata; 1 (Gagarina et al, 2018a), 18, 28. Thalli contain arthothelin and granulosin.

Lepra albescens (Huds.) Hafellner — on bark of Acer platanoides, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata; 1, 4, 5, 12.

L. amara (Ach.) Hafellner — on bark of Quercus robur, Tilia cordata; 1, 12, 15, 22, 25, 29. Thalli contain picrolichenin.

Lepraria elobata Tensberg — on bark of Tilia cordata; 1 (Gagarina et al, 2018a), 2, 9, 15, 27.

L. finkii (B. de Lesd.) R. C. Harris — on bark of Acer platanoides, Betula pendula, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, on brick bridge; 5, 10, 11, 16, 18, 25.

L. incana (L.) Ach. — on bark of Acer platanoides, A. saccharinum, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata; 1, 2, 4, 5, 11, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 25. Thalli contain zeorin, divaricatic acid, ±atranorin.

Melanelixia glabratula (Lamy) Sandler et Arup — on bark of Acer platanoides, Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, on wood of Tilia cordata; 1 (Gagarina et al, 2018a), 2, 5, 6, 12, 14-16, 18, 25, 27.

M. subargentifera (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. — on bark of Acer platanoides, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata; 1, 12, 20, 21, 26. Indicator species of biologically valuable forests in North-Western European Russia (Vyyavlenie..., 2009).

M. subaurifera (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. — on bark of Acer platanoides, Betula pendula, Populus tremula, Prunus padus, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata; 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 11, 16, 18, 22, 25-27.

Melanohalea exasperata (De Not.) O. Blanco et al. — on bark of Tilia cordata; 2, 10, 13.

M. exasperatula (Nyl.) O. Blanco et al. — on bark of Tilia cordata, Ulmus laevis; 2, 15, 28.

M. olivacea (L.) O. Blanco et al. — on bark of Betula pendula; 28.

!M. septentrionalis (Lynge) O. Blanco et al. — on bark of Tilia cordata; 2. Distribution in neighbouring regions of Russia: Pskov (Istomina, Likhacheva, 2010) and Tver (Notov et al., 2011) regions. Distribution in Baltic countries and Belarus: Estonia (Randlane et al., 2019), Latvia (Äbolina et al., 2015), Lithuania (Motiejünaité, 2017), Belarus (Tsurykau, 2018; Yatsyna et al., 2019). The species differs from M. olivacea by marginal, elongated to somewhat irregular

pseudocyphellae, smaller thallus and spores, and the presence of apothecia close to the lobe ends (Westberg, Thell, 2011).

+Mycocalicium subtile (Pers.) Szatala — on bark of Fraxinus excelsior, Tilia cordata; 2, 5.

Myriolecis dispersa (Pers.) Sliwa, X. Zhao et Lumbsch — on bark of Salix spp., on wood of Quercus robur, on walls of old stony church; 14, 21, 23, 26.

M. hagenii (Ach.) Sliwa, X. Zhao et Lumbsch — on bark of Betula pendula, Tilia cordata; 13, 14. Distribution in neighbouring regions of Russia: Bryansk (Saphrankova, Anishchenko, 2014), Kaluga (Fertikov et al., 2017), Moscow (Tolpysheva, 1993; Muchnik, Cherepenina, 2018), Pskov (Istomina, Likhacheva, 2010), and Tver (Notov et al., 2011) regions. Distribution in Baltic countries and Belarus: Estonia (Randlane et al., 2019), Latvia (Äbolina et al., 2015), Lithuania (Motiejünaite, 2017), Belarus (Tsurykau, 2018; Yatsyna et al, 2019). Mostly epiphytic species characterized by distinct thalline margin, at least in young stages, and continuous pruina on apothecial disc and/or margin (The lichens., 2009).

!M. perpruinosa (Fröberg) Sliwa, X. Zhao et Lumbsch — on walls of old stony church; 14, 23. Distribution in neighbouring regions of Russia: Tver Region (Notov et al., 2011). Distribution in Baltic countries and Belarus: Estonia (Randlane et al, 2019). M. perpruinosa has epilithic thin greyish thallus and black to dark brown pruinose apothecia with pale grey thalline rim. The species is unique in the Lecanora dispersa complex due to its distinctive superficial thallus as well as the structure of the amphithecial cortex and paraphyses (Sliwa, 2007).

Ochrolechia arborea (Kreyer) Almb. — on bark of Tilia cordata; 12.

Pachyphiale fagicola (Hepp) Zwackh — on bark of Acer platanoides, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, Ulmus laevis; 5, 7, 8, 12, 19, 20 (Gagarina et al., 2019a), 21, 24, 26.

Parmelia sulcata Taylor — on bark of Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula, Corylus avellana, Fraxinus excelsior, Larix sp., Malus domestica, Populus tremula, Prunus padus, Quercus robur, Salix spp., Sorbus aucuparia, Tilia cordata, Ulmus laevis, on wood of Quercus robur, Tilia cordata; 1-7, 9-12, 14, 15, 17-22, 24-29.

!Parmelina tiliacea (Hoffm.) Hale — on bark of Acer platanoides; 26. Distribution in neighbouring regions of Russia: Bryansk (Krasnaya..., 2016), Kaluga (Fertikov et al, 2017), Moscow (Byazrov, 2009; Muchnik, Cherepenina, 2018), Pskov (Istomina, Likhacheva, 2010), and Tver (Notov et al, 2011) regions. Distribution in Baltic countries and Belarus: Estonia (Randlane et al., 2019), Latvia (Äbolina et al., 2015), Lithuania (Motiejünaite, 2017), Belarus (Tsurykau, 2018; Yatsyna et al., 2019). The species is characterized by silvery colour and large amount of cylindrical isidia on the upper part of the thallus (Thell, 2011). Indicator species of biologically valuable forests in North-Western European Russia (Vyyavlenie... , 2009).

Peltigera canina (L.) Willd. — on wood; 15, 22.

P. didactyla (With.) J. R. Laundon — on soil; 27.

P. polydactylon (Neck.) Hoffm. — on wood; 1 (Gagarina et al, 2018a).

P. praetextata (Flörke ex Sommerf.) Zopf — on bark of Tilia cordata, on wood of Populus tremula, Tilia cordata; 1, 5.

P. rufescens (Weiss) Humb. — on soil; 27 (Gagarina et al, 2018b).

Phaeophyscia ciliata (Hoffm.) Moberg — on bark of Populus alba, P. tremula, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, on wood of Quercus robur; 5, 13, 14, 21.

P. nigricans (Flörke) Moberg — on bark of Acer platanoides, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, Ulmus laevis, on wood of Acer platanoides; 5, 8, 13, 14, 18-21, 28, 29.

P. orbicularis (Neck.) Moberg — on bark of Acer platanoides, Alnus incana, Betula pendula, Fraxinus excelsior, Picea abies, Populus alba, Quercus robur, Salix spp., Tilia cordata, Ulmus laevis, on walls of old stony church; 3, 7-10, 12-21, 23-29.

Phlyctis argena (Spreng.) Flot. — on bark of Acer platanoides, A. saccharinum, Alnus incana, Betula pendula, Corylus avellana, Fraxinus excelsior, Malus domestica, Picea abies, Populus tremula, Prunus padus, Quercus robur, Salix spp., Sorbus aucuparia, Tilia cordata, Ulmus laevis, on wood of Tilia cordata; 1, 2, 4-13, 15-22, 24-29.

Physcia adscendens H. Olivier — on bark of Acer platanoides, Alnus incana, Betulapendula, Larix sp., Fraxinus excelsior, Malus domestica, Picea abies, Prunus padus, Pyrus communis, Quercus robur, Salix spp., Tilia cordata, Ulmus laevis, on wood of Acer platanoides; 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 20, 21, 24, 26-29.

P. aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Fürnr. — on bark of Acer platanoides, Populus alba, P. tremula, Quercus robur, Sorbus aucuparia, Tilia cordata, Ulmus laevis; 2, 7, 14, 15, 18, 20, 22, 26-28.

P. caesia (Hoffm.) Fürnr. — on bark of Quercus robur; 21.

P. dubia (Hoffm.) Lettau — on bark of Quercus robur, Tilia cordata; 13, 21.

P. stellaris (L.) Nyl. — on bark of Malus domestica, Tilia cordata; 26, 28.

P. tenella (Scop.) DC. — on bark of Acer platanoides, A. saccharinum, Betula pendula, Corylus avellana, Fraxinus excelsior, Larix sp., Malus domestica, Picea abies, Populus alba, P. tremula, Prunus padus, Quercus robur, Salix spp., Sorbus aucuparia, Tilia cordata, Ulmus laevis, on wood of Quercus robur; 1, 2-5, 7-15, 17-21, 24, 26-29.

Physconia detersa (Nyl.) Poelt — on bark of Acer platanoides, Alnus incana, Fraxinus excelsior, Picea abies, Salix spp., Sorbus aucuparia, Tilia cordata; 1-5, 9, 10, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 28.

P. distorta (With.) J. R. Laundon — on bark of Alnus incana, Fraxinus excelsior, Populus tremula, Quercus robur, Salix spp., Tilia cordata, Ulmus laevis; 3, 9, 11, 14, 15, 17, 19-22, 24, 29.

P. enteroxantha (Nyl.) Poelt — on bark of Acer platanoides, Alnus incana, Betula pendula, Corylus avellana, Fraxinus excelsior, Larix sp., Malus domestica, Populus alba, Prunus padus, Quercus robur, Salix spp., Tilia cordata, Ulmus laevis, on wood of Tilia cordata; 1 (Gagarina et al, 2018a), 2-5, 8-20, 22, 24-29.

P. perisidiosa (Erichsen) Moberg — on bark of Acer platanoides, Fraxinus excelsior, Populus tremula, Quercus robur, Salix spp., Tilia cordata; 13, 14, 20, 22, 26.

!Placynthiella dasaea (Stirt.) Tensberg — on bark of Betula pendula, Tilia cordata; 2, 26. Distribution in neighbouring regions of Russia: Bryansk (Muchnik et al., 2017), Moscow (Muchnik, 2016), Pskov (Istomina et al., 2018), and Tver (Notov et al., 2011) regions. Distribution in Baltic countries and Belarus: Estonia (Randlane et al., 2019), Latvia (Äbolina et al., 2015), Lithuania (Motiejünaité, 2017), Belarus (Tsurykau, 2018; Yatsyna et al, 2019). Distinguished from P. ichmalea by presence of globose soredia (The lichens., 2009).

!P. icmalea (Ach.) Coppins et P. James — on bark of Tilia cordata; 2. Distribution in neighbouring regions of Russia: Bryansk (Muchnik et al., 2017), Kaluga (Fertikov et al., 2017), Pskov (Istomina, Likhacheva, 2010), and Tver (Notov et al., 2011) regions. Distribution in Baltic countries and Belarus: Estonia (Randlane et al., 2019), Latvia (Äbolina et al, 2015), Lithuania (Motiejünaité, 2017), Belarus (Tsurykau, 2018; Yatsyna et al, 2019). The species is characterized by brown, shiny, isidiate crustose thallus (C+ red), often scattered, and infrequent dark brown apothecia (The lichens., 2009).

Pleurosticta acetabulum (Neck.) Elix et Lumbsch — on bark of Tilia cordata; 12, 13.

Polycauliona candelaria (L.) Fröden et al. — on bark of Larix sp., Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, on wood of Quercus robur; 13, 14, 19, 21, 24, 28, 29 (Gagarina et al., 2018b).

P. polycarpa (L.) Fröden et al. — on bark of Acer platanoides, Picea abies, Populus alba, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, Ulmus laevis; 2, 10, 13-15, 19, 26-28.

Pseudoschismatomma rufescens (Pers.) Ertz et Tehler — on bark of Tilia cordata; 1.

Ramalina europaea Gasparyan, Sipman et Lücking — on bark of Larix sp., Quercus robur, Thuja occidentalis, Tilia cordata; 12, 16, 20, 22, 24 (LE L-23432). In Russia is known from the Urals (Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk regions), Caucasus (Republic of Adygeya) (Gasparyan et al., 2017), and Tver Region (Czernyadjeva et al., 2019). The species is probably widespread in Baltic countries and Belarus, but treated there as a synonym of Ramalina pollinaria and therefore not published as a separate species. Ramalina europaea is a recently described species which differs from related species by numerous small, spine-like branchlets with punctiform soralia (Gasparyan et al, 2017) (Fig. 2).

R. farinacea (L.) Ach. — on bark of Pinus sylvestris, Quercus robur, Thuja occidentalis, Tilia cordata; 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 11, 15, 16, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 29.

R. fraxinea (L.) Ach. — on bark of Tilia cordata; 1 (Gagarina et al, 2018a).

R. pollinaria (Westr.) Ach. s. str. — on bark of Quercus robur, Tilia cordata; 12, 13, 15, 19, 25, 29.

Rinodina laevigata (Ach.) Malme — on bark of Tilia cordata; 1 (Gagarina et al, 2018a).

R. pyrina (Ach.) Arnold — on bark of Populus alba, on wood of Quercus robur; 14, 21.

R. septentrionalis Malme — on bark of Populus tremula, Tilia cordata; 2, 7, 22.

Fig. 2. Ramalina europaea (LE L-23432). Scale bar — 0.5 cm.

!R. sophodes (Ach.) A. Massal. — on bark of Tilia cordata; 9. Distribution in neighbouring regions of Russia: Moscow (Insarov, Muchnik, 2007) and Pskov (Istomina, Likhacheva, 2010) regions. Distribution in Baltic countries and Belarus: Estonia (Randlane et al., 2019), Latvia (Motiejünaite et al., 2016), Lithuania (Motiejünaite, 2017), Belarus (Tsurykau, 2018; Yatsyna et al, 2019). The species is characterized by having a well-developed, usually reddish brown, cracked-areolate thallus on a black prothallus, crowded, immersed to subimmersed apothecia, thick 1+ bluish cortex of the apothecial margin, and small ascospores of Milvina-type, constricted at the septum (Mayrhofer, Moberg, 2002).

!R. subparieta (Nyl.) Zahlbr. — on bark of Tilia cordata; 7. Distribution in neighbouring regions of Russia: Tver Region (Notov et al, 2016). Distribution in Baltic countries and Belarus: Estonia (Randlane et al., 2019), Lithuania (Motiejünaite, 2017). The species is distinct by the flat, adnate to raised, whitish grey to greenish grey areolae with marginal, more or less labriform or diffuse soralia, ascospores of Physcia-type, and the presence of atranorin and zeorin (Mayrhofer, Moberg, 2002).

Scoliciosporum sarothamni (Vain.) Vezda — on bark of Acer platanoides, Betula pendula, Fraxinus excelsior, Picea abies, Populus alba, P. tremula, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, Ulmus laevis; 2, 4, 7-10, 13, 16-21, 27-29 (Gagarina et al, 2018b).

!#Scutula dedicata Triebel, Wedin et Rambold — on thallus of Peltigera praetextata; 1 (LE 309876). Distribution in Russia: Leningrad Region, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Chukotka Autonomous Area (Zhurbenko, 2009; Himelbrant et al., 2017). Distribution in Baltic countries and Belarus: Lithuania (Motiejünaite, 2017). This is a lichenicolous lichen growing on species of Peltigera. It produces rather conspicuous epikapylic thallus composed by small non-cortical areolae with green algae as photobiont, apothecia, and three types of conidiomata with conidia of various sizes (Triebel et al, 1997). The examined specimen of the species was represented by its mesoconidal state of Libertiella-type (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Scutula dedicata (mesoconidial state) (LE 309876). 1 — thallus with conidiomata; 2 — conidiogenous cells in water; 3 — conidia in water. Scale bars: 1 — 200 |m; 2, 3 — 10 |m.

!Strangospora pinicola (A. Massal.) Körb. — on bark of Quercus robur 19. Distribution in neighbouring regions of Russia: Moscow (Byazrov, 2012) and Tver (Notov et al, 2011) regions. Distribution in Baltic countries and Belarus: Estonia (Randlane et al., 2019), Latvia (Motiejünaite et al., 2016), Lithuania (Motiejünaite, 2017), Belarus (Yatsyna et al, 2019). The species is distinct by its reddish-brown apothecia (becoming darker and blackish when mature), yellow to red-brown epithecium, and paraphyses 1.5-2 ^m wide (The lichens., 2009).

Toniniopsis subincompta (Nyl.) Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby et S. Ekman — on bark of Acer platanoides, Fraxinus excelsior, Populus tremula, Salix spp., Tilia cordata; 1, 5, 10, 11, 15, 18.

!Trapeliopsis flexuosa (Fr.) Coppins et P. James — on bark of Acer platanoides, Quercus robur; 18. Distribution in neighbouring regions of Russia: Bryansk (Muchnik et al., 2017),

Kaluga (Fertikov et al, 2017), Pskov (Istomina, Likhacheva, 2010), Moscow (Byazrov, 2012), and Tver (Notov et al, 2011) regions. Distribution in Baltic countries and Belarus: Estonia (Randlane et al., 2019), Latvia (Abolina et al., 2015), Lithuania (Motiejunaite, 2017), Belarus (Tsurykau, 2018; Yatsyna et al, 2019). The species resembles Trapeliopsisgranulosa, which has larger ascospores and grows on soil and rotting wood (The lichens., 2009).

T. granulosa (Hoffm.) Lumbsch — on wood; 8.

Verrucaria muralis Ach. — on walls of old stony church; 23.

Vulpicida pinastri (Scop.) J.-E. Mattsson et M. J. Lai — on wood of Quercus robur 21.

Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. — on bark of Acer platanoides, Alnus incana, Betula pendula, Corylus avellana, Fraxinus excelsior, Larix sp., Picea abies, Populus alba, P. tremula, Pyrus communis, Quercus robur, Salix spp., Sorbus aucuparia, Tilia cordata, Ulmus laevis, on concrete; 3-5, 7, 12, 14, 15, 18-22, 24, 26-29.

The currently known lichen biota of former manors in the Smolensk Region comprises 139 species, including 1 lichenicolous lichen and 4 non-lichenized calicioid fungi. Of them, Arthonia didyma, Arthrosporumpopulorum, Athalliapyracea, Bacidina ar-noldiana, Calicium glaucellum, Calogaya decipiens, Candelaria pacifica, Candelariella lutella, Chaenotheca furfuracea, Coenogonium pineti, Eopyrenula leucoplaca, Lecania erysibe, Lecanora compallens, L. expallens, L. umbrina, Melanohalea septentrionalis, Myriolecis hagenii, M. perpruinosa, Parmelina tiliacea, Placynthiella dasaea, P. icmalea, Ramalina europaea, Rinodina sophodes, R. subparieta, Scutula dedicata, Strangospora pinicola, and Trapeliopsis flexuosa are new for the Smolensk Region. Thus, the number of species documented for the region has increased to 231. Some of the species newly recorded from the Smolensk Region, for instance Athallia pyracea, Calogaya decipiens, Candelariella lutella, Chaenotheca furfuracea, Trapeliopsis flexuosa, are widespread in European Russia, Baltic countries and Belarus, that indicates insufficient knowledge of the regional lichen biota. A relatively small number of detected species can be explained by significant anthropogenic impact on the studied manor parks for a long time. Starting from the times of the Second World War to the present day, there have been tree cuttings. Moreover, all the parks are located within or near the villages and are intensively visited by local residents.

Widely distributed in former manors are 7 species: Amandinea punctata (26 manors), Candelariella efflorescens (21), Parmelia sulcata (25), Phaeophyscia orbicularis (22), Phlyctis argena (26), Physcia tenella (24), and Physconia enteroxantha (25). At the same time, 47 species (34% of the total number) were collected only once.

The species Acrocordia gemmata, Arthonia helvola, Bacidia rubella, Chaenotheca brachypoda, Chaenothecopsis pusiola, C. viridialba, Inoderma byssaceum, Melanelix-ia subargentifera, and Parmelina tiliacea are indicators or habitat specialists of biologically valuable forests in North-Western European Russia (Vyyavlenie..., 2009). These species are known in the neighbouring Pskov Region (except for Chaenothe-copsis pusiola and C. viridialba which have not been reported from this region yet) and very probably can be used in the same role in the Smolensk Region as well. In most cases, we found one or two such species per manor. No one of the studied

parks can be classified as biologically valuable community (Vyyavlenie..., 2009), all of them are too disturbed.

The majority of the recorded 139 species inhabit bark of trees (124 species, 89% of lichen biota), far fewer species were found on wood (33, 24%), soil (5, 4%), and walls of old church (8, 6%). Among phorophytes, the richest in species are linden (107 lichen species), oak (78), and maple (49). Within two manors (Korobets and Serednevo) lichens were found only on walls of old churches, because homestead parks were totally absent.

The number of species found in one manor varies from 7 (Kamenets) to 41 (Dugi-no). The average number of species in the manor is 26. The largest numbers of species were found in the manors Dugino (41 species), Bogoroditskoe (39), Bessonovo and Samuilovo (37 in each), Kholm (34), Vonlyarovo and Vorotyshino (33 in each), Stani-shche (31). Five parks are protected areas: Vonlyarovo (42.3 hectares, the Regional Natural Monument), Nachimovskoe (15.5 hectares, the Regional Natural Monument), Dugino (36 hectares, the Regional Natural Monument), Bessonovo (31.4 hectares, Local Protected Natural Area), Zasizh'e (7 hectares, Local Protected Natural Area). No significant difference in lichen diversity and richness was recorded between protected areas and other manors, for instance in Nachimovskoe and Zasizh'e protected areas only 19 and 27 species respectively were found.

Altogether 19 former manor parks were completely destroyed or became private territories, so we were not able to get data on their lichen diversity. These are Kar-manovo (Gagarin District); Belomir (Vyaz'ma District); Rai, Drutsk, Gerchiki, Apol'e (Smolensk District); Zhelan'e, Kombain (Ugra District); Knyashchina, Brazhino, Se-mendyaevo (Dorogobuzh District); Bychki, Shibnevo (Shumyachsk District); Ka-zimirovo, Khrapaki (Rudninsk District); Krasnoe Znamya, Shantalovo (Pochinok District); Peresvetovo (Kardymov District) and Gryazenyat' (Roslavl' District).

The lichen biota of manor parks of the Smolensk Region appears to be unexpectedly poor. However, these areas of great historical importance are valuable for biodiversity conservation compared to adjacent agricultural lands. Some manors still have remains of old parks with sparse habitats suitable for some rare and indicator species which are worthy to be included in the regional Red Data Book. Probably further protection and reconstruction of old manors could help to conserve and increase biodiversity of such places.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to anonymous reviewer for valuable advices. The study was financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project 17-54-04030) and carried out within the framework of the institutional research project "Flora of lichens and bryophytes of Russia and phytogeographically important regions" (AAAA-A19-119020690077-4) of the Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

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Литература

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