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12SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS VOLUME 4 I ISSUE 5 I 2023 _ISSN: 2181-1601
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LEXICOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF ENGLISH-UZBEK BILINGUAL
DICTIONARIES' MICROSTRUCTURE
Orzigul Sa'dulla qizi Jumanova
English teacher Department of Foreign languages, ShSPI jumanovaorzigul@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Functional relevance of dictionaries is further increased in developed and underdeveloped countries with perceptible growth of education, in other words with advancement of mass literacy among the newly literate people across the world. So, compiling comprehensive dictionary demands hard work and great knowledge from lexicographers. A normal text of a bilingual dictionary is usually composed of three parts: front matter, dictionary text and back matter. This article highlights microstructure of bilingual dictionaries on the basis of theories by some outstanding lexicographers.
Key words: microstructure, the lemma article (entry), headword, pronunciation, part of speech, inflections, grammatical register, definitions, illustrations, word origin.
Most dictionaries consist of four different parts under term of megastructure: "before the dictionary text, inside the dictionary text, after the dictionary text, and beyond the dictionary text" While the first three levels of structure can be observed in all types of dictionaries, the last one just suitable to the bilingual type. Heming Young offered to collect "before the dictionary text (front matter)" and "after the dictionary text (back matter)" under one general heading "outside matter structure" while the paradigmatic and syntagmatic structures "inside the dictionary text" will be discussed in "macrostructure" and "microstructure". However Jackson's structural division is a bit different, he describes the structure of dictionaries from the two perspective of its "macro-structure", and "microstructure". The former consists of the front matter, the body, and the appendices, the last covers the arrangement of the information within the entries. We described structure of English-Uzbek bilingual dictionaries like that: front matter and back matter under outside matter structure, entry texts of the dictionary (the body) under microstructure and outside matter and microstructure under macrostructure.
The microstructure of bilingual dictionary means the arrangement of the information within the entries. According to Yong Hemin's description microstructure is "the lemma article (entry) starts with the headword, which is followed by its orthographical, phonological, morphological, syntactical, pragmatic and, most important
SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS VOLUME 4 I ISSUE 5 I 2023 _ISSN: 2181-1601
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of all, semantic descriptions". It usually ends with etymology, which is found especially in unabridged bilingual dictionaries.
Sequence of the lemma article can be diagrammed as follows: headwords pronunciations part of speechs inflections^ grammatical, register and other codess definitions^ illustrations^ word origin.
The type and extend of information within an entry will vary according to the kind of headword, but will typically include like following ones in English-Uzbek dictionaries:
Spelling: The headword is normally indicator of the spelling that help dictionary users to spell correctly.
Pronunciation: Square [ ], round ( ) or slash // brackets, as well as other variations enclose pronunciation of head word, it is also called as the transcription of the dictionary.
Word class: Parts of speech, which are linguistic form classes are usually signed by abbreviations like "n" for noun, "adj" for adjective, "adv" for adverb, "pron" for pronoun, "part" for particle, "conj/cj" for conjunction, "prep" for preposition, "det" for determiner, "int/interj" for interjection, "num.card" for numeral cardinal, "num ord" for numeral ordinal. Numerals may also be combined into the noun class. Mostly, there are above mentioned ten parts of speech are distinguished in the English-Uzbek bilingual dictionaries.
Inflections: The next followed part is the inflectional form if the headword is an irregular noun, verb, adjective or adverb as well as some spelling adjustments such as doubling of consonants, dropping of "e" or changing "y" to "i" For example: child [] n (pl children) - irregular plural form of the noun; do [] v (did; done) - irregular forms of the verb; dry [] (press part drying; 3rd pers sing pres dries; pt,pp dried) qurimoq quritmoq; good [] a (better; best) - irregular degree forms of the adjective etc. (Sh. Butayev. & A. Irisqulov English-Uzbek dictionary)
Senses: If a lexeme has more than one meaning (a polysemic word) or the lexeme came from the same root but depends on different word class/subclass, each sense is usually numbered with Arabic numerals in different way according to compiler's structuring. In the English-Uzbek dictionary by Shavkat Butayev and Abbos Irisqulov the entry of the word grant is entered like that:
grant [] 1. n 1) hadya, tortiq; 2)ruxsat; 3) pl stipendia; 4)kelishuv; 2. v 1) tortiq qilmoq; 2) ruxsat bermoq. (P. 238)
We can see the headword has four meaning as a polysemic word in the sphere of the noun class, as well as two meaning relate to the verb class and they are lined up by bracket bordered numerals. The lexeme depends on two word classes and to mean they are depend on two different word class, they are nominated with bold type numerals and a full stops. Difinition (sense) structure is ordered by usage or frequency, rather than
SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS VOLUME 4 I ISSUE 5 I 2023 _ISSN: 2181-1601
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historical and logical order in English-Uzbek dictionaries analyzed. Futhermore, if the headword is homonymic word that is spelled and pronounced in the same way but is different in meaning, this is indicated before the sense(s) concerned with Roman numerals and entered as a separate entry in this dictionary:
char I [] 1. n kundalik ish; 2. v kundalik ishni bajarmoq.
char II [] 1. n kuyib ko 'mirga aylangan narsa; 2. v ko 'mirga aylantirmoq. (P.
88)
Usage sign: If the headword is related to a exact sphere or restricted in its contextual use or drived from a language, it is labelled with abbreviations. In the English-Uzbek dictionary by U. Isakov with collobaration of others abbreviations such as geog. for geography, math. for mathematics, zool. for zoology, bot. for botany, poet. for poetry, anat. for anatomy, gram. for grammar, tech. for technical, mill. for military, mus. for music, Brit for British English, US for American English and etc are given in English language. While in English-Uzbek dictionary by Sh. Butayev and A. Iriskulov they are intered in Uzbek language: adab. for adabiyot, anat. for anatomiya, din. for dinga oid so'z, esk. for eskirgan so'z, ibora, farm. for farmasevtika, folk. for folklore, hind. for hindcha, nem. for nemischa, shotl. for shotland tili q.x. for qishloq xo'jaligi, so Zl. for so'zlashuv tilidagi so'z, ibora, sheva. shevaga oid so'zlar and etc.
Translation/definition: Every sense is given a translation, that is an explanation of its meaning in Uzbek language. Moreover, in English-Uzbek dictionary by U. Isakov and at al extra definitions are given in brackets to make more clear meaning of a word etc.. They can be written in the italic or ordinary type according to dictionary compilation:
face mask n [C] maska (himoyalovchi niqob) face pack n [C] kosmetik niqob (yuzga surtilgan narsa qatlami) Besides in most English-Uzbek dictionaries such as in English-Uzbek dictionary by Sh. Butayev the mark of tilde are also used not to repeat the headword while its meaning is defined with phrases whose one part is that headword: history [] n tarix; ~ lesson tarix darsi; modern ~ yangi tarix.
In translation synonymic words are sparated with comma, if they have partial difference in meaning, they are disjoined by semicolon:
far-away [ ] a uzoq, yiroq, olis; uzoqdagi, olisdagi, yiroqdagi. [Sh. Butayev P.200] abandon [ ] n voz kechmoq; o'zini tuta olmaslik, bemalolik. [S. Jumayev P. 14]
Examples (illustrations): where the elucidation of a sense benefits from an illustrative phrase or sentence, usually given in italic type. Elucidation of senses is explained by phrases in English-Uzbek dictionary by Sh. Butayev, while English-Uzbek dictionary by U. Isakov (just for functional words which have no translational equivalent) and Wisdom electronic dictionary wide range of examples are observed.
SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS VOLUME 4 I ISSUE 5 I 2023 _ISSN: 2181-1601
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF 2022=5.016) Passport: http://sjifactor.com/passport.php?id=22257
Run-ons: undefined derivatives (with a word class label), idioms, phrasal verbs (if they are not included as headwords), usually in bold type.
Etymology: conventionally in square brackets as the final item in the entry. But in English-Uzbek dictionaries origin of words are not taken consideration. Even above mentioned categories are the most important ones, some dictionaries may include other additional information as a microstructure aspect.
To conclude, English-Uzbek bilingual dictionaries consist of front matter and back matter collected under outside matter structure, entry texts of the dictionary is(the body) discussed under the title microstructure, and macrostructure contains microstructure and outside matter. In this article macrostructure of English-Uzbek bilingual dictionaries has been described, however, microstructure of the dictionaries will be the topic of our next article.
The first component of outside structure the front matter comes before the dictionary text. It usually covers the title page, table of contents, preface or articles written by editors and authorities, guide to the use of the dictionary, principles of pronunciation, explanation of abbreviations, alphabets of the languages and some other materials. The second one, back matter may composed of linguistic, encyclopedic and referential materials. Tables of verb conjugation, tense formation rules, the list of irregular verbs, rules of concord, pronunciation rules, orthography rules, transcription rules and some other special notes can be understand as linguistic materials. While, encyclopedic material cover geographical, personal names, family relations, chemical elements, weights and measures, numbers, time and dates, and others. Referential means indexes that are not observed in English-Uzbek dictionaries. Comparative survey of outside structure in seven dictionaries shows that all materials of both front and back matter can not be contained at the same time.
USED LITERATURE:
1. Isoqov U and at al. English-Uzbek dictionary. -Tashkent: Yangi asr avlodi, 2013
2. Butayev Sh and Irisqulov A. English-Uzbek and Uzbek-English dictionary of 70000 words and expressions. -Tashkent: Fan, 2009.
3. Jumayev S. and et al. English-Uzbek, Uzbek-English dictionary of 100000 words and expression. -Toshkent: Bilim va intellectual salohiyat, 2019.
4. Howard J. Lexicography: An Introduction. -London: 11 New Fetter Lane, 2002.
5. Yong H. and Peng J. Bilingual Lexicography from Communicative Perspective. -Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 2007.
