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https://doi.org/10.30853/filnauki.2020.12.43
Крамаренко Ольга Леонидовна, Богданова Оксана Юрьевна
Лексикографический аспект лексических единиц военно-политического дискурса в двуязычном учебном словаре
Цель исследования - рассмотреть военно-политический дискурс как особый дискурсивный тип, выявить особенности и основные группы лексических единиц военно-политического дискурса, определить совокупность лексикографических параметров, релевантную для описания лексических единиц военно-политического дискурса в учебном словаре. Научная новизна заключается в определении данных параметров на основании современных требований, предъявляемых исследователями к жанру учебных словарей в целом и к культурологическому аспекту учебной лексикографии в частности. Полученные результаты позволяют сделать выводы, что представленная в настоящей работе совокупность лексикографических параметров является исчерпывающей и пригодной для описания лексических единиц военно-политического дискурса, что даёт пользователям возможность читать и понимать тексты военно-публицистической направленности. Адрес статьи: www .gramota. net/m ate rials/2/2020/12/43.html
Источник
Филологические науки. Вопросы теории и практики
Тамбов: Грамота, 2020. Том 13. Выпуск 12. C. 213-217. ISSN 1997-2911.
Адрес журнала: www.gramota.net/editions/2.html
Содержание данного номера журнала: www .gramota.net/mate rials/2/2020/12/
© Издательство "Грамота"
Информация о возможности публикации статей в журнале размещена на Интернет сайте издательства: www.aramota.net Вопросы, связанные с публикациями научных материалов, редакция просит направлять на адрес: phil@aramota.net
Functioning of New Written Majoritarian Languages of Dagestan in the Sphere of School Education and in the Periodical Press
Kirilenko Svetlana Vladimirovna, PhD
Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow svetlanavk@inbox. ru
The research objectives are as follows: to analyse the modern state of new written majoritarian languages of Dagestan and to reveal current tendencies in this sphere. Scientific originality of the paper lies in the fact that the author for the first time examines functioning dynamics of the languages under study in the sphere of school education and in the periodical press over a quarter of a century, compares recent data with the data of 1995. The research findings are as follows: the author traces functioning dynamics of the languages under study in the sphere of school education and in the mass media sphere, which allows concluding on their actual vitality. Relying on the findings, the researcher identifies possible factors influencing language vitality.
Key words and phrases: new written languages; functioning of languages; sphere of education; mass media sphere; language vitality.
https://doi.org/10.30853/filnauki.2020.12.43 Дата поступления рукописи: 22.10.2020
The study aims at considering the military-political discourse as a special discursive type, identifying the distinctive features and the main groups of military-political discourse lexical units and determining the set of lexicographic parameters relevant for the description of military-political discourse lexical units in the educational dictionary. The scientific novelty of the research is based on determining these parameters according to modern requirements imposed by researchers on the genre of educational dictionaries in general and on the cultural aspect of education-nal lexicography in particular. The attained results have shown that the lexicographic parameters set presented in this work is comprehensive and suitable for describing the military-political discourse lexical units, which allows users to read and understand the texts of military-political orientation.
Key words and phrases: military-political discourse; lexical units; lexicographic parameters; educational dictionary.
Kramarenko Olga Leonidovna, PhD Bogdanova Oksana Yurievna, PhD
Yaroslavl Higher Military Institute of the Air Defense of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation petruper@mail.ru; dictema@mail.ru
Lexicographical Aspect of Military-Political Discourse Lexical Units in a Bilingual Educational Dictionary
Military-political discourse is one of the institutional discourse forms. It began to attract the researchers' attention recently: the first works devoted to its media representation appeared only in the late XX - early XXI century. Thus, the poor knowledge of this discourse type and the study of its lexical units features determine the relevance of the presented article. The military-political discourse, having an integrative nature, gravitates towards political discourse in terms of strategies, genres, precedent texts, linguistic and stylistic features, which is associated with the need for the emotive impact of both types of discourse on the target audience. At the same time, the target and value attitudes of the military-political discourse, being original, make it possible to consider it as a relatively independent type of discourse [15].
According to the main objective of the article, the authors have set up the following tasks:
- to consider the military-political discourse language and vocabulary features;
- to study the educational lexicography requirements for dictionary entry and a set of parameters which are relevant for the lexicographic description of the military-political discourse vocabulary.
The practical value of the work is due to the possibility of using the research results in the courses of higher educational institutions in lexicology, lexicography, cultural studies, regional studies, theory and practice of intercultural communication, as well as in the compilation of educational dictionaries of various types. For this reason, the authors of this article consider it important and necessary to present the research materials in English based on the translation of some theoretical statements taken from the thesis "Educational Dictionaries in Intercultural Communication" [12] including some additions.
The main research method of the study is the method of lexicographic analysis by L. P. Stupin [14] and O. M. Kar-pova [5], theoretical provisions of the parametric analysis of dictionaries by Yu. N. Karaulov [4], theoretical provisions of lexicographic portraiture and typification by Yu. D. Apresyan [1], as well as a number of ideas for the lexicographic representation of culturally marked lexical units by M. S. Kolesnikova [6] and O. M. Karpova [5]. The study material is the lexicographic aspect of the military-political discourse lexical units taken from different bilingual educational dictionaries [12]. The theoretical background of this work is the modern theory of intercultural communication, linguistic and cultural theory of the word.
The military-political discourse language, as well as the political one, is characterized by the use of numerous techniques at the stylistic level (epithets, metaphors and comparisons), which is associated with the emotive component
necessary to achieve the required impact on the target audience. At the same time, the military discourse language is emotionless with a predominance of clichés, army regulations wordings and military commands.
The military-political vocabulary, being extremely receptive to changes taking place in the socio-political sphere, is characterized by a certain degree of duality, since, on the one hand, it is represented mainly by terms with a specific sphere of use characteristic of them, naming accuracy and the absence of connotative elements; but, on the other hand, the socio-political terminology is to some extent ideologized, since it often reflects the peculiarities of the social structure of the state, and can receive a different assessment of a given linguocultural community, thus acquiring connotations that are uncharacteristic for most terms. This feature of the military-political discourse vocabulary gave researchers the opportunity to introduce the concept of ideologeme into everyday life, by which the author of this term M. Bakhtin understands explication, a way of representing one or another ideology [2, c. 145]. Converting this initially literary term into the field of linguistics, E. G. Malysheva, following N. A. Kupina, interprets the ideologe-me as a verbal unit directly related to the political denotation, which has received a stable ideological increment, recorded by normative explanatory dictionaries [8, c. 34].
The researchers divide ideologemes into two main types:
1) concepts, the semantic content of which is differently interpreted by supporters of different political views in connection with the emotional coloring of this lexical unit, due to the assessment of the corresponding phenomenon. Thus, during the Cold War, supporters of Marxism gave an unquestionably positive assessment of the phenol-mena designated by the ideologemes of socialism, the proletariat and communism, and unconditionally negatively assessed the concepts designated by the ideologemes of capitalism and the bourgeoisie. At the same time, their political opponents expressed a diametrically opposite attitude towards these concepts: socialism and communism were assessed sharply negatively, capitalism received an unquestionably positive assessment, and the proletariat and bourgeoisie were used without any axiological peculiarities;
2) names used only by supporters of certain political views and conveying a specific attitude towards a certain concept. For example, the ideological allies of the USSR were called the states of the world socialist system or the socialist community by the supporters of Soviet ideology, while in the West these states were defined as Soviet satellites [Ibidem, c. 36-38].
The military-political discourse vocabulary is also characterized by the use of related concepts, which are the result of politics and military affairs spheres natural interaction. Thus, the complex term cease-fire talks - negotiations on a cease-fire - is the result of the merger of the military term cease-fire (armistice) and the diplomatic term talks (negotiations) [7, c. 102].
The military-political discourse lexical units are limited by the time frame and verbalize concepts that are relevant or have not lost their relevance at a given time. These may include the names of combat units currently in service, tactical techniques, and methods of warfare with their use and others [Ibidem, c. 103].
In military-political discourse, lexical units have the property of not only temporal, but also spatial correlation. Statements by political leaders contain terms that are related to a specific conflict.
According to M. N. Latu, the use of military terms that verbalize general concepts, and not isolated ones, is also significant for the military-political discourse, in order to avoid unnecessary specifics and misunderstanding by the target audience that does not have special knowledge in the field of military affairs [Ibidem].
Let us turn further to the consideration of the military-political discourse lexical units dictionary description issues.
The lexicographic reference book as a special genre of linguistic description first came to the attention of researchers in the 70s of the XX century. In his work "Linguistic Construction and the Thesaurus of the Literary Language" Yu. N. Karaulov put forward a hypothesis that the dictionary can reflect the linguistic structure in its entirety and with varying degrees of detail, depending on the combination of parameters reflected in the reference book [4, c. 42-52]. In this case, the lexicographic parameter can not only serve as the basis for a detailed typologization of currently existing dictionaries, but also becomes a unit of detailed analysis of the structure of reference books of different types.
Yu. D. Apresyan believes that the linguistic structure can be reflected in the dictionary on condition of an integral description of the 'microworld of the lexeme', which may be required by linguistic rules [1, c. 504]. Also, the scientist introduces the concept of lexicographic type and interprets it as a group of lexemes that require a uniform way of lexicographic description, possessing common linguistically significant properties [Ibidem, c. 503-512].
Thus, Yu. D. Apresyan's idea of the language integral description is a continuation of Yu. Karaulov's lexicographic description completeness hypothesis that allows determining the optimal number and ratio of parameters necessary for the dictionary description of various lexical units.
The military-political discourse lexical units to be included in the educational vocabulary should, on the one hand, correspond to the tasks that this guide is intended to solve, and, on the other hand, be described in a dictionary entry based on the requirements developed within the framework of educational lexicography at the present time. These requirements include:
1) taking into account the target orientation of the reference book, which implies differentiation into dictionaries for foreigners and dictionaries for native speakers who study their native language as an academic discipline. In the first case, predominantly widely used lexical units are to be included in the dictionaries for foreigners, predominantly not widely used vocabulary and its linguistic characteristics should be included into dictionaries for native speakers;
2) user orientation, making it necessary to take into account age, language skills, professional interests, native language and other factors;
3) the need to present all essential information about the lexical unit: stylistic properties, pragmatic and con-notative features, synonymy and hyponymy, contextual and syntactic choice, information about pronunciation of words;
4) concentration mainly on neutral vocabulary;
5) the introduction of a significant number of illustrative examples;
6) inclusion into the vocabulary of lexical units used in the synchronous environment of the language;
7) interpretation of the headword meanings in simple signs by means of a lexical minimum;
8) the presence of applications that include educational information: information on grammar, a list of proper names and abbreviations, etc. [12, c. 92-98].
Taking into account the above requirements, the following set of parameters can be determined as relevant for the lexicographic description of the military-political discourse vocabulary:
1. Phonetic parameter.
2. Stress.
3. Spelling parameter.
4. Part of speech.
5. Number.
6. Verbal prepositions.
7. Detachable / non-detachable prefixes.
8. Past tense.
9. Definition.
10. Syntagmatic parameter.
11. Phraseological parameter.
12. Example and illustration parameter.
13. Stylistic parameter.
14. Synonyms.
15. Antonyms.
16. Homonyms.
17. Lexical collocation.
18. Sources of the lexicographic work.
Taken in their totality, these parameters make it possible to reflect in the educational dictionary all levels of the language structure - phonetic-grapheme, morphological, lexical and syntactic, thus providing a complete description of all military-political discourse lexical units properties, regardless of their part of speech. Let us turn further to the development of a lexicographic portrait of military-political lexical units.
The first in the dictionary entry microstructure of the military-political discourse lexical unit is the spelling parameter indicating the spelling peculiarities of this unit in its original form. This parameter does not have any special marks: aircraft (a compound word consisting of two simple ones written together) [9].
The following is an indication of the word pronunciation in the international phonetic transcription signs, which ensures the integration of the phonetic parameter and the "stress" parameter into the dictionary entry: aircraft [e9kra:ft] (one-stress disyllabic, vowel sounds represented by diphthong and a long vowel). The "part of speech" parameter is represented in a dictionary entry by means of special labels corresponding to the initial letters of the English parts of speech names: n - noun, v - verb, adj - adjective, adv - adverb, part - participle: aircraft [e9kra:ft] n (lexical unit is a noun) [Ibidem].
In case that the described lexical unit is a noun that has features of use in singular or plural forms, the indication of the corresponding feature is carried out using the sing (singular) - pl (plural) marks and the integration of both forms into the dictionary entry:
aircraft [e9kra:ft] n (pl - aircraft) (noun has singular and plural forms identical) [Ibidem]. The "definition" parameter can find various expressions in the microstructure of dictionary entries of military-political discourse lexical units. The interpretation of terms is carried out in translation techniques, ideologemes, jargon and colloquial lexical units require interpretation according to key features, the selection of an approximate equivalent, the selection of a generic concept, tracing, accompanied by an explanation:
aircraft [e9kra:ft] n (pl - aircraft) воздушное судно, атмосферный летательный аппарат, самолёт, вертолёт, авиация (semantization of the lexical unit is carried out using translation) [10];
Minuteman [minitmsn] n sing (pl - minutemen) 1) человек, всегда готовый к действию; 2) активный деятель; 3) солдат народной милиции; 4) амер. воен. «Минитмен» (трёхступенчатая межконтинентальная баллистическая ядерная ракета); 5) минитмен (член экстремистской организации, ставящей своей целью вооружённую борьбу с коммунистами) (semantisation of a polysemic word is carried out by means of interpretation based on key features, as well as transcription accompanied by an explanation) [11].
The syntagmatic parameter and the parameter of lexical compatibility are realized by including into the microstructure of a dictionary entry examples of word combinations in which the described lexical unit can be used:
aircraft [e9kra:ft] n (pl - aircraft) воздушное судно, атмосферный летательный аппарат, самолёт, вертолёт, авиация
aircraft designer - авиационный конструктор [10]; fuelling of aircraft - заправка самолета горючим [Ibidem]; enemy aircraft - самолёт противника [Ibidem]; friendly aircraft - самолёт союзников [Ibidem];
aircraft emergency - аварийная ситуация с воздушным судном [Ibidem]; aircraft armament - вооружение самолёта [Ibidem]; aircraft crew - экипаж самолёта [Ibidem];
aircraft gun - авиапушка; авиапулемёт [Ibidem];
clear the air of enemy aircraft - очищать воздушное пространство от самолётов противника [Ibidem]; force an enemy aircraft down - вынуждать летательные аппараты противника к посадке [Ibidem]; get out of the aircraft - покидать летательный аппарат [Ibidem];
keep the aircraft flying - поддерживать летательный аппарат в состоянии лётного режима [Ibidem]; put the aircraft onto the runway - сажать самолёт на взлётно-посадочную полосу [Ibidem]. An example and illustration parameter is implemented by including examples into the microstructure of a dictionary entry that show the functioning of a lexical unit in speech:
aircraft [e9kra:ft] n (pl - aircraft) воздушное судно, атмосферный летательный аппарат, самолёт, вертолёт, авиация
The aircraft planed down before landing. Самолёт некоторое время планировал, прежде чем приземлиться [13]. The aircraft took off without clearance. Самолет взлетел без официального разрешения [Ibidem]. The aircraft burst into flames. Самолёт загорелся [Ibidem].
The aircraft was flight-tested in 1990. Летные испытания этого самолета проводились в 1990 году [Ibidem]. The aircraft overshot the runway. Самолёт приземлился за посадочной полосой [Ibidem]. The fog grounded all aircraft at N. aerodrome. Из-за тумана ни один самолет не мог подняться в воздух на аэродроме N [Ibidem].
The aircraft were met by a hail of gunfire. Авиацию встретили шквалом зенитного огня [Ibidem]. The pilot managed to land the aircraft safely. Летчику удалось благополучно посадить самолёт [Ibidem]. The stylistic parameter is integrated into the dictionary entry of the military-political discourse lexical units when it comes to terms or lexemes that have a specific stylistic feature, as well as a limited scope of use. This parameter is expressed in the system of special labels: term., military:
antiaircraft missile ['snti'£9kra:ft 'misail] n., military term. ЗУР, зенитная УР, зенитная ракета, зенитное оружие, зенитная управляемая ракета [10].
The dictionary entry of military-political discourse lexical units also integrates information about synonyms, antonyms or homonyms of the described lexical unit, if any. These parameters have a formal expression in the system of special marks: syn., ant., hom.:
aircraft [ eakra:ft] n (pl - aircraft) воздушное судно, атмосферный летательный аппарат, самолёт, вертолёт, авиация
syn. plane, airplane, aerial vehicle [Ibidem].
As noted above, the military-political discourse tends mainly to oral speeches and reports of the highest military and political leaders, which are reflected in written genres, including newspaper and Internet media. Thus, the sources for the selection of military-political discourse lexical units are the printed and electronic publications, Internet resources, official bulletins, etc.
Having considered the vocabulary of military-political discourse, we come to the following conclusions:
1) being relatively independent type, the military-political discourse has a strong emotive impact on the target audience using certain vocabulary. Along with general linguistic units, the military-political discourse vocabulary is represented by ideologemes, vernaculars, including jargon, foreign language borrowings, complex abbreviated words, and politically correct lexemes. The main features of the military-political discourse language are duality and the socio-political terminology use. The emotive effect of influencing the target audience is achieved by using modal adverbs, connotative synonyms of a pejorative nature, pathetic vocabulary, the phenomena of homonymy and opposition. The military terms used primarily verbalize general concepts, possess the properties of temporal and spatial limitation, and describe concepts that are relevant at a given moment in time;
2) based on the requirements to the genre of educational dictionaries (target and user orientation; ultimate information about the lexical unit; neutral vocabulary concentration; illustrative examples; synchronous language environment orientation; definition orientation based on lexical minimum), the lexical units of military-political discourse can be described in a dictionary entry as fully as possible due to the integration of the optimal number of lexicographic parameters (phonetic parameter; stress; spelling parameter; part of speech; number; verbal prepositions; detachable / non-detachable prefixes; past tense; definition; syntagmatic parameter; phraseological parameter; example and illustration parameter; stylistic parameter; synonyms; antonyms; homonyms; lexical collocation; sources of the lexicographic work). The implementation of these parameters makes it possible to characterize a given lexical unit at all linguistic levels and most fully reflect its functioning in speech. At the same time, the degree of each parameter detailing is determined both by the belonging of a given lexical unit to the military-political discourse, and by its individual characteristics, therefore, the set of lexicographic parameters presented in this article is comprehensive and suitable for describing any lexemes, regardless of their part of speech and stylistic affiliation. Integration of lexical units of military-political discourse into the corpus of the educational dictionary enables users to read and understand texts of military-political orientation.
Further research perspectives in this area of scientific knowledge are presented, on the one hand, in the clarification of creating English-Russian and Russian-English educational dictionaries principles and, on the other hand, in improving the already existing reference books based on modern scientific views and taking into account the current requirements for the genre of educational dictionaries [3].
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Лексикографический аспект лексических единиц военно-политического дискурса
в двуязычном учебном словаре
Крамаренко Ольга Леонидовна, к. филол. н.
Богданова Оксана Юрьевна, к. филол. н.
Ярославское высшее военное училище противовоздушной обороны d ictema@mail. ru; petruper@mail. ru
Цель исследования - рассмотреть военно-политический дискурс как особый дискурсивный тип, выявить особенности и основные группы лексических единиц военно-политического дискурса, определить совокупность лексикографических параметров, релевантную для описания лексических единиц военно-политического дискурса в учебном словаре. Научная новизна заключается в определении данных параметров на основании современных требований, предъявляемых исследователями к жанру учебных словарей в целом и к культурологическому аспекту учебной лексикографии в частности. Полученные результаты позволяют сделать выводы, что представленная в настоящей работе совокупность лексикографических параметров является исчерпывающей и пригодной для описания лексических единиц военно-политического дискурса, что даёт пользователям возможность читать и понимать тексты военно-публицистической направленности.
Ключевые слова и фразы: военно-политический дискурс; лексические единицы; лексикографические параметры; учебный словарь.
https://doi.org/10.30853/filnauki.2020.12.44 Дата поступления рукописи: 26.10.2020
Цель исследования - выявление ценностно-смысловых и лингвокультурных маркеров как основы этнической идентичности малых народов Крыма (этнические болгары, этнические немцы). Научная новизна заключается в том, что впервые рассматривается эволюция форм малых языков, обыденного сознания и традиционной культуры малых этносов Крыма. Исследование культурной, в частности языковой, ситуации малых народов Крыма в условиях иноязычного окружения свидетельствует в результате о том, что вследствие исторических процессов, геополитических и социальных изменений эти сообщества подверглись сильной языковой ассимиляции и фактически утратили свою этническую идентичность.
Ключевые слова и фразы: лингвокультурные маркеры; островной диалект; малые языки; иноязычное окружение; языковая ассимиляция.
Обухова Ольга Николаевна, к. филол. н., доц. Байкова Ольга Владимировна, д. филол. н., доц.
Вятский государственный университет, г. Киров usr11658@vyatsu. т; usr11768@vyatsu. т
Ценностно-смысловые и лингвокультурные маркеры в традиционной культуре малых народов Крыма
Актуальность настоящего исследования заключается в поиске решений проблемы сохранения этнокультурного многообразия российской нации, оптимизации и гармонизации межнациональных отношений
