Kids’ Survivability as Affected by Their Body Weight, Blood Biochemical Indices and Maternal and Kids’ Behavior in Baladi and Shami Goats under Semi-Arid Condition Текст научной статьи по специальности «Животноводство и молочное дело»

2020, Scienceline Publication

World's Veterinary Journal

World Vet J, 10(1): 105-117, March 25, 2020

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.36380/scil.2020.wvjl5

Kids' Survivability as Affected by Their Body Weight, Blood Biochemical Indices and Maternal and Kids' Behavior in Baladi and Shami Goats under Semi-Arid Condition

Nagy H. Ibrahim1, Mohamed T. Badawy2; Ibrahim A. Zakzouk 2 and Fawzy E. Younis2

1AnimaI and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt. 2Animal and Poultry Physiology Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt

♦Corresponding author's Email: nagymetwallyiaagr.bsu.edu.eg; : 0000-0001-9214-1860

ABSTRACT

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of body weight, blood biochemical parameters and post parturient behavioral activities of goats and their kids on kids' mortality rate in Baladi and Shami breeds during neonatal period. Twenty-five adults does of each breed (average age: 18 months old) were selected during breeding season. All female goats were estrus synchronized and naturally mated. After parturition, one hundred and one kids (39 Baladi and 62 Shami) were followed for up to 30 days of their age. The overall mean birth weights of female kids of Baladi and Shami goats were 2.47 and 2.81 Kg, respectively. For male kids, birth weights were 2.43 and 2.47 kg, respectively. There was no significant difference in average daily gain (g/day) between Baladi and Shami kids during the first 30 days of age. Male kids recorded higher mortality rate than female kids. The percent of death for male and female kids were 87.50% and 36.84% in Shami while, were 33.33% and 14.28% in Baladi respectively. However, death stopped in Baladi kids after 14 days, but continued in Shami kids to 28 days post-partum. Present data revealed that goat breed and neonatal period showed a significant effect on urea concentration and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and insignificant effect on creatinine concentration, alanine transferase (ALT), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), total lipids, cholesterol and triglycerides in Baladi and Shami Kids. While aspartate transferase (AST), were not affected by goat breed and was significantly affected by both age of birth and interactions. Baladi breed showed significantly better maternal activity than Shami does as they spend lesser time to concern their newly born kids. Baladi kids had more strong behavior towards their dams when compared to Shami ones. It was concluded that body weight, blood biochemical parameters and Maternal and kid's behavior had notable effect on kid's survivability. Our results might declare superiority of Baladi kids than Shami ones which reflected on the significant reduction of mortality rate in Baladi kids as compared to Shami ones. Key words: Body weight, Goat, Kids behavior, Maternal behavior, Offspring survival

INTRODUCTION

Goats (Capra hircus) have a variety of functions and display a high ability to adapt and maintain themselves in harsh environment (Girma et al., 2011). The population of Egyptian goats is estimated by 4.2 million heads (FAOSTAT, 2012). This population is distributed across the country, especially in the Nile valley and delta region followed by the north-western coastal region and at oases (Galal et al., 2005). However, in Sinai goat population is almost three folds of that of sheep CAPMAS (2016). Kids' mortality has a direct effect on genetic progress by its effect on selection pressure. Generally, greater kids' mortality happens at birth and from birth to weaning, while mortality is comparatively low from weaning to breeding age in several production systems (Donkin and Boyazoglu, 2004). Several factors had been reported in the literature that affected mortality rate in goat kids such as kind of birth, sex, weight of birth, parity, kidding season, age of the kids and kidding year (Hailu et al., 2006; Mtenga et al.,2008 and Khalil et al., 2018).

Awemu et al. (2002) and EL-Tonsy et al., (2018) reported that the kid's mortality was significantly affected by birth weight. Madibela et al. (2002) stated that persistence rates were similar (93.9 versus 91.9%) between singles and multiples in Tswana goats. Steve and Marco (2001) and Snyman (2010) stated that survival to weaning of goat kids appeared higher for male gender than for females. However, Ingo (2002) reported that sex is not significant factor in kid survival.

The haemato-biochemical profiles can be previously reported to assess the immunity in offspring (Al-Seaf and Al-Harbi, 2012). Gwaze et al. (2012) showed that there was a negative relationship (P<0.05) between age and ALP, while there was no relationship (P>0.05) between age and selected liver enzymes. Also, Herosimczyk et al. (2011) reported that the decrease in plasma creatinine concentrations after 14th day of age is may be associated with increased glomerular filtration rate in calves.

In mammals, maternal behavior (nursing of the infant and lactation) represent important behavioral and energy investments indispensable for the successful rearing of the offspring (Nowak et al., 2000). However, the degree to which maternal recognition contributes to preferential care and survival of the progeny may vary, depending on the type of mother-young relationships (Martínez et al., 2009). Vulnerable kids physically, especially kids resulting from mothers

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who did not receive good nutrition during pregnancy, have mortality rates higher, as they fail to show the behavior of survival such as searching for nipples and feeding the same most powerful child force of dams that feed well (Browning et al., 2011). Disturbance in maternal care, maternal selectivity, or mutual recognition may have adverse effects on the survival of the young during the first week of life (Poindron et al., 2007; Nowak et al., 2007). In goats, immediately after birth, the mother goats started licking their kids and allowing the kids to breastfeed are the first signs of a mother's behavior (Kaymakci, 2013). Dam behaviors help to clean and dry their offspring from fetal membranes, stimulate the newborn to seek teat and form an exclusive and selective attachment to her own offspring (Nowak et al., 2000; Dwyer, 2009).

The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of birth weight, biochemical parameters, sex, maternal behavior and kid's behavior in kids' mortality rate in both Baladi and Shami goat under semi-arid conditions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experimental region

The present study was carried out at Ras-Sudr Research Station (located in190 km East of Cairo) that belongs to the Desert Research Center (DRC), South Sinai Governorate, Egypt. The prevailing climate is characterized by long hot summer, short winter, low rainfall and high evaporation intensities. However, winter nights might be so cold. The experiment was conducted during one month from February to March 2016.

Ethical approval

This experiment was performed according to all ethics and animal rights regulated by desert research centre, Egypt. As much as this work had considering all rules and regulations in conformity with the European union directive for the protection of experimental animals (2010/63/EU).

Animals

Twenty-five Baladi does (averaged 21.12 kg LBW) and 25 Shami does (averaged 35.78 kg LBW) all averaged 18 months old, were used in this study to evaluate kids' mortality rate and its reasons. All does were clinically examined. Baladi goats breed was well-adapted to the environmental conditions in North and South Sinai in Egypt, while Shami goat breed was originated in Syria and imported to North Sinai.

Feeding and management

All goats were housed in semi open shaded pens and were fed uniformly twice a day (08:00 and 14:00 h) on Berseem hay and concentrate feed mixture to cover their nutrient requirements during different physiological status according to Kearl (1982). The chemical compositions of feed stuffs were determined according to AOAC (1990) and showed in table 1. The two groups were fed these diets for an adaptation period of 21days before mating season and all over the pregnancy period and after parturition till one month after birth. During the trial, all animals drank 3 times a day (08:00, 14:00 and 20:00 h). Chemical composition of drinking water is showed in table 2. All animals were kept under natural photoperiod and ambient temperature. Vaccination for all goats Before the mating season against the main prevalent epidemic diseases, internal and external parasites were controlled in a timely manner in a good way.

Table 1. Chemical composition of experimental feed stuffs (as percentage of dry matter)

Ingredients DM OM CP EE CF NFE Ash

Berseem hay (%) 85.1 86.85 12.09 1.36 27.57 45.83 13.15

Concentrate feed mixture (%) 91.42 88.61 15.61 3.01 16.33 53.66 11.39

DM: dry matter; OM: organic matter; CP: Crude ; protein; EE: ether extract; CF: crude fiber; NFE: Nitrogen free ; extract

Table 2. Chemical composition of tap water used in the experiment

Items TDS Na+ K+ Mg+ CL-

Tap water (ppm) 600 145.2 9.09 15.3 179.88

TDS: Total dissolved salts

Live body weight

All kids in both breeds were weighed immediately after birth and each week then after to the end of the experiment. Weighing was performed early in the morning before suckling. Electronic balance was used for measuring weights of kids to the nearest 0.01 kg.

Blood sampling

Five ml of blood were collected from the outer jugular vein of Shami and Baladi kids in vacuum tubes containing heparin once a week at the same time in the morning (8 am) during the first month after birth. The first sampling in the

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lambs was performed immediately after birth. Plasma was obtained for chemical analysis by centrifugation of blood at 3000 rpm then preserved at -20 oC. Biochemical analyses including plasma alanine transferase (ALT), aspartate transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), urea, creatinine, total lipids, cholesterol and triglycerides assays were recorded in plasma using kits supplemented by Diamond Company.

Behavioral studies

For behavior observations, does and their kids were kept in open housing pen (observation pen) with dimensions of 6 m x 6 m and a floor made from cement and padded with rice straw. Does were entered in observation pens with their kids and were observed for 24 hours. All animals (dams and kids) were identified by painting their sides with spray by clear number for this study. Behavioral activities were recorded with eye observation.

Does behavior criteria

The following criteria were recorded for all does during post-partum till the first 24 h of birth:

DS: Does stood after delivery (sec).

FAK: First attention to kid (min)

DSL: Does started licking (min)

S/L: Sniffing/ licking during the first two hrs. after birth.

Kids' behavior criteria

All offspring were observed from parturition up to 24 hours of their age to assess the following patterns:

1. Standing attempts including

• First standing attempt (min)

• First success standing (min)

• Time standing during the first two hours after birth (min)

2. Suckling attempts including

• First attempted of suckling (min)

• Kids starting suckling (min)

• Duration of first suckling (min)

• Total time of suckling during the first two hours after birth (min)

• Suckling frequency during the first two hours after birth (bouts)

Statistical analysis

Results were presented as Mean ±SE. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) considering repeated measurements; was used to determine statistical differences between mean values of the studied parameters during the first month postpartum. Data were analyzed by the least square of analysis variance using the general linear model procedure (SAS, 2004). Duncan's New Multiple Range test (Duncan, 1955) separated differences (P<0.05) among treatment means {Goat breed (Baladi and Shami); Neonatal period (Immediately, 7-day, 14-day, 21-day, 28-day after birth)}.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Mortality rate of Baladi and Shami goat kids during neonatal period

As presented in table 3, one hundred and one kids (39 Baladi and 62 Shami) were obtained and followed for up to 30 days of their age. Forty-four (9 Baladi and 35 Shami) died before they achieved this age. The age of kids in weeks had a significant impact (P<0.05) on the death of kids. The 44 dead kid were distributed as follows; 21 (47.72%) occurred within the first week of their age and then death cases reduced significantly during the following 3 consequent weeks (29.54, 13.63 and 9.09%, respectively). The overall mortality rate in this study was also significantly affected by the breed that recorded 23.07% for Baladi and 56.45% for Shami kids during neonatal period. Sex had a significant effect on mortality rate. Male kids recorded higher mortality rate than females (33.33% versus 14.28%, respectively for Baladi kids and 87.50% versus 36.84% for Shami kids, respectively).

Present results were totally in agreement with Aganga et al. (2005) and Hailu et al. (2006) as they recorded higher mortality rates for male kids compared to females. On the other hand, Petros et al. (2014) found insignificant effect of sex on pre-weaning mortality, while Debele et al. (2011) recorded higher mortality rates in females than males' kids in Arsi-Bale kids maintained in a similar environment. This might reflect higher immunity of female as stated by Tambuwal et al. (2002) and Ashour et al. (2015) who found in goats a higher leucocyte counts in females than in males.

The results of present study indicated that 13 of Baladi dams gave one kid, 9 gave twins kids and 3 gave triple kids. For Shami dams, the corresponding numbers were 0, 13 and 12, respectively. Mortality tended to increase with a larger size litter where single kids had always a higher birth weight hence higher survival rate than twins and triplets (Awemu et al., 1999). Nevertheless, Madibela et al. (2002) found that survivability rates were similar (91.9 versus 93.9%)

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between manifold and singles in Tswana goats. They added that survival rates and growth rates can be improved by supplementation. In the present study, kids' mortality occurred in Baladi during the first two weeks, while continued in Shami kids all over the first month with different percentage per week.

Table 3. Means of twinning and mortality rates of Baladi and Shami kids during neonatal

Total liveborn kids (%) Sex ratio kids die during neonatal period as a percentage of total live-born kids Total mortality

Breed Sex Ê « H 1st week 2nd week 3rd week 4th week rate (%)

N % N % N % N % N %

Female 21 53.85 2 11.11 1 5.56 0 0.0 0 0.0 3 14.28

Baladi Male 18 46.15 156 4 19.05 2 9.52 0 0.0 0 0.0 6 33.33

Total 39 100 6 15.38 3 7.69 0 0.0 0 0.0 9 23.07

Female 38 61.29 7 18.42 4 10.52 2 5.26 1 2.63 14 36.84

Shami Male 24 38.71 248 8 33.33 6 25.00 4 16.67 3 12.50 21 87.50

Total 62 100.0 15 24.19 10 16.13 6 9.78 4 6.45 35 56.45

N: number of kids

Body weight changes and growth rates in kids during neonatal period

The body weight results of Baladi and Shami kids are illustrated in tables 4 and 5. The overall mean birth weights of female kids of Baladi and Shami goats were 2.47 and 2.81 Kg with significant differences (P<0.01). For male kids, birth weights were 2.43 and 2.47 kg, respectively without significant differences. Male kids' birth weight was significantly lower than female kids. These results were contrary to several reports recording higher birth weight of male than female kids (Gubartalla et al., 2002; ELimam et al.,2007; Bushara et al., 2013). On the other hand, Hanford et al. (2006) recoded that there was no significant change in birth weight due to kids' sex. These differences between author's results might be due to breed differences and management. Baladi male kids showed the lowest birth weight (2.43 kg) and the highest percentage mortality rate (66.66%). Kid's birth weight was found to have a significant effect on kids' mortality (Awemu et al., 2002 and Debele et al., 2011) and final economic benefit (Portolano et al., 2002 and Hanford et al., 2006). Mtenga et al. (1992) reported that the lowest pre-weaning mortality rate occurred in kids with a birth weight greater than 2.6 kg.

The rate of change in live body weight (LBW) for Baladi and Shami was respectively 29.99 versus 33.18% for females, while was 31.35 versus 26.73% for males, with the differences being significant (P<0.01). However, there was no significant change in average daily gain (ADG) between Baladi and Shami kids during neonatal period. In agreement, Khazaal (2009) recorded that ADG of kids was similar between Saanen and Shami during the first three months of age (suckling period). It was apparent that Shami female kids had the highest birth weight, growth rate and final LBW. Baladi male kids that could stay alive compensated the lower birth weight by high relative growth rate and attained the same final LBW as Shami males. The data concerning body weight changes of kids that died then after are presented in table 6. The defects in birth weight and growth rated were higher in Shami kids that might give reason to higher mortality rates in this breed.

Table 4. Means of live body weight total gain daily gain and percentage of body weight change of Baladi and Shami female kids during neonatal period_

Neonatal period

Parameter Breed Immed. 7 d after 14 d after 21 d after 28 d after Overall

After birth birth birth birth birth B N B x N

Baladi 1.83e 2.23de 2.37cde 2.77bcd 2.90bc 2.42f 0.09** 0.12** 0.13**

BW (kg) Shami 2.09de 2.32cde 2.59cd 3.21ab 3.71a 2.78e

Overall 1.96d 2.28C 2.48C 2.99B 3.30A

Baladi 0.00c 0.40abc 0.13bc 0.40abc 0.12bc 0.21 0.09ns 0.11** 0.17*

TG (kg) Shami 0.00c 0.23abc 0.23abc 0.60a 0.48ab 0.30

Overall 0.00C 0.31AB 0.18BC 0.50a 0.30AB

Baladi 0.00c 57.94abc 18.71bc 58.17abc 18.05bc 30.57 9.10NS 15.89** 18.20*

DG (g) Shami 0.00c 32.85abc 32.85abc 85.95a 68.69ab 44.07

Overall 0.00C 45.39ab 25.78BC 72.06a 43.37ab

Baladi 0.00c 19.01de 7.30bc 17.16abc 4.89bc 9.67 3.89ns 4.71* 7.25*

BWC (%) Shami 0.00c 11.07abc 10.13abc 24.50a 13.37a 11.81

Overall 0.00B 15.04a 8.71ab 20.83a 9.13AB

B: Breed; N: Neonatal period; LBW: live body weight; TG: total gain; DG: daily gain; BWC%: percentage of body weight change; A, B, C, D: values with different letters on the same row are significantly different (P< 0.05); E, F: values with different letters on the same column are significantly different (P< 0.05); a, b, c, d, e; values in the experimental sub-groups within certain trait with different superscripts are significantly different (P< 0.05); NS: non-significant, *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01.

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Table 5. Means of live body weight total gain daily gain and percentage of body weight change of Baladi and Shami male kids during neonatal period.

Neonatal period

Parameter Breed Immed. 7 d after 14 d after 21 d after 28 d after Overall

After birth birth birth birth birth B N B x N

Baladi 1.90d 1.99d 2.55b 2.57b 2.95b 2.39 0.03NS 0.06* 0.18**

BW (kg) Shami 1.93d 2.14cd 2.55b 2.62b 3.18a 2.48

Overall 1.91d 2.06C 2.55B 2.59B 3.06A

Baladi 0.00c 0.08c 0.56a 0.36ab 0.49a 0.30 0.05 NS 0.07* 0.11*

TG (kg) Shami 0.00c 0.20bc 0.39ab 0.06c 0.55a 0.24

Overall 0.00C 0.14C 0.47a 0.21B 0. 52a

Baladi 0.00c 12.21c 81.00a 51.73bc 70. 31a 43.05 0.06NS 7.69* 10.87*

DG (g) Shami 0.00c 29.57c 55.86ab 9.34c 79.20a 34.79

Overall 0.00C 20.89B 68.43a 30.54B 74. 75a

Baladi 0.00d 4.60cd 27.73a 16.99b 21. 26ab 14.12 1 . 83NS 3.33* 3.17*

BWC (%) Shami 0.00d 10.53cd 16.56b 4.57cd 21.17ab 10.57

Overall 0.00C 7.56BC 22. 15a 10.78B 21.22a

B: Breed; N: Neonatal period; LBW: live body weight; TG: total gain; DG: daily gain; BWC%: percentage of body weight change; A, B, C, D: values with different letters on the same row are significantly different (P< 0.05); a, b, c, d; values in the experimental sub-groups within certain trait with different superscripts are significantly different (P< 0.05); NS: non-significant; *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01.

Table 6. Live body weight (kg) and percentage change of alive and dead Baladi and Shami kids during neonatal period

SA Neonatal period

d e Type of birth O ■d Females Male

e r rB «M o O Z Case 0 Day 7 day 14 Day 21 day 28 day 0 Day 7 day 14 day 21 day 28 Day

u Alive 1.83 2.23 2.37 2.77 2.90 1.90 1.99 2.55 2.57 2.95

M S3 13 Dead 1.55 1.61 1.68 1.67 1 . 70 1 . 97

iS % change -15.3 - 27.8 - 29.1 -12.1 -14.6 -22.7

Baladi m S3 'g H 9 Alive Dead % change 1.74 1.35 -22.4 1.89 1.39 -26.5 1.95 1 . 44 -26.2 2.10 2.90 1.79 1 . 41 -21.8 1.90 1 . 43 -24.7 2.23 1 . 49 -33.2 2.30 2.41

oc Alive 1.61 1.68 1.75 1.89 2.01 1.68 1.72 1.80 1.92 2.04

n 3 Dead 1.30 1.32 1.37 1.35 1.38 1 . 40

£ % change -19% -21% -21% -19% -19% -22%

Alive

"M S3 0 Dead

iS % change

Shami Alive 1.77 1.82 1.95 2.13 2.23 1.87 1.90 2.02 2.18 2.30

S3 'g 13 Dead 1 . 40 1 . 44 1 . 49 1.55 1.61 1 . 47 1.50 1.52 1.58 1.67

H % change -20.9 -20.9 -23.6 -27.2 -27.8 -21.4 -21.1 -24.8 -27.5 -27.4

m Alive 1.70 1.78 1.86 1.96 2.14 1.75 1.81 1.99 2.11 2.33

H 12 Dead 1.35 1.38 1 . 43 1 . 48 1.55 1 . 40 1 . 44 1 . 49 1.55 1.63

H % change -20.6 -22.5 -23.1 -24.5 -27.6 -20.0 -20.4 -25.1 -26.5 -30.0

Physiological changes in hepatic enzyme of Baladi and Shami kids during neonatal period

Enzymes concentrations of alanine transferase (ALT), aspartate transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) are those conventionally manipulated for diagnosing hepatic damage. The data presented in table 7 illustrated that goat breed, neonatal period and their interactions (B x N) showed insignificant effect on plasma ALT and GGT activities. In disagreement to Njidda et al. (2014) who indicated that there is an influence of age, sex and breed on plasma GGT and ALT activities. On the other hand, present findings revealed that goat breed, neonatal period and their interactions (B x N) showed a significant effect on ALP activities in Baladi and Shami Kids. While AST was not affected by goat breed and was significantly affected by both age of birth and interactions (B x N). These results are in agreement with Antunovic et al. (2004) who reported a decrease in ALP level with an increase in age of goats. Similar results recorded by Tibbo et al. (2008) and Piccione et al. (2010) who had similar conclusions in Arsi-Bale goats and Girgentana goats, respectively. Elitok (2012) reported that higher values of ALP were found in the first 40 days of life due to the more intense bone remodeling. The differences were also detected due to both sex and age in accordance with the study of Red Sokoto goats (Tambuwal et al., 2002, Daramola et al., 2005). Smith and Sherman (2009) reported that quality, quantity, and timing of colostrum feeding have an influence on the activity of GGT during the first few days of life. In addition to colostrum intake, the greater activity of ALP in growing goats may be correlated

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to Bone-ALP iso-enzyme. As shown in table 8 generally all liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP and GGT) for dead kids in both breeds were decreased as compared to alive ones. The percentages of ALT decreased in Baladi dead kids as compared with a live kids within the 14 days post-partum were between (-73.49, -73.61 and -73.20 %) and (-72.05, -73.54 and -75.71%) for Shami kids through the same period , then increased within the following two weeks to reach (75.91 and -73.89 %) in Shami kids, while in AST, ALP and GGT were lower in Baladi dead kids as compared with live kids within the first two weeks post-partum it were between (-56.69, -65.82 and -65.06%), (-76.89, -76.19 and -74.08%), (-54.67, -53.85 and -46.58%) for Baladi dead kids and the percentage in Shami dead kids were (-64.46, - 67.29 and -68.18%), (-76.30, -75.56 and -74.75%), (-55.70, -52.55 and -52.24%) then, AST increased (-72.58 and -76.56%), while ALP and GGT decreased in (-74.47 and -71.37%), (-47.58 and -39.91%) respectively in Shami kids within the following two weeks. Decreasing in ALT, AST and ALP activities were higher in Shami kids that might give reason to higher mortality rates in this breed.

Table 7. Hepatic enzyme activity of Baladi and Shami kids during the first month of post-partum

Parameter Breed (B) Neonatal periods (S) Overall ±Standard error

0 day 7 day 14 day 21 day 28 day mean B N B x N

Baladi 64.22 68.38 68.66 67.01 69.96 67.65

ALT (IU/L) Shami 53.72 56.89 66.00 68.92 66.66 62.44 2.84 NS 4.10 NS 6.36NS

Overall mean 58.97 61.05 67.33 67.96 68.31

AST (IU/L) Baladi 35.10b 44.83b 46.00b 43.83b 46.50b 43.10

Shami 34.33c 37.92b 39.60b 46.55b 56.32a 43.02 1.56 NS 2.26 ** 3.50**

Overall mean 34.72B 41.38B 42.80B 45.19B 51.41a

ALP (IU/L) Baladi Shami 82.66ab 84.44a 80.66bc 82.66a 74.35de 82.88ab 77.50e 82.31ab 71.50cd 74.77de 77.40 C 81.41 D 0.50 ** 0.73 ** 1.13**

Overall mean 82.66a 82.55a 78.61B 77.30B 76.13B

GGT (IU/L) Baladi 13.26 13.48 13.33 13.40 12.33 13.16 13.13

Shami 13.75 12.92 12.61 13.23 11.90 0.62 NS 0.90 NS 1.39ns

Overall mean 13.50 13.20 13.12 13.32 12.12

B: Breed; N: Neonatal period; ALT: alanine transferase; AST: aspartate transferase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; GGT: gamma glutamyl transferase; A, B: values with different letters on the same row are significantly different (P< 0.05); C, D: values with different letters on the same column are significantly different (P< 0.05); a, b, c, d, e; values in the experimental sub-groups within certain trait with different superscripts are significantly different (P< 0.05); NS: non-significant, **: P<0.01.

Table 8. Means of liver enzymes and percentage change of alive and dead Baladi and Shami kids during the postnatal period_

Parameter

The neonatal period (Days)

Breed Case 0 day 7 day 14 day 21 day 28 day

ALT (IU/L) Alive 64.22 68.38 68.66 67.01 69.96

Dead 17.02 18.04 18.40

% change -73.49 -73.61 -73.20

AST (IU/L) Alive 35.10 44.83 46.00 43.83 46.50

Baladi Dead 15.20 15.32 16.07

% change -56.69 -65.82 -65.06

ALP (IU/L) Alive 82.66 80.66 74.35 77.50 71.50

Dead 19.10 19.20 19.27

% change -76.89 -76.19 -74.08

GGT (IU/L) Alive 13.26 13.48 13.33 13.40 12.33

Dead 6.01 6.22 7.12

% change -54.67 -53.85 -46.58

ALT (IU/L) Alive 53.72 56.89 66.00 68.92 66.66

Dead 15.01 15.05 16.03 16.60 17.40

% change -72.05 -73.54 -75.71 -75.91 -73.89

AST (IU/L) Alive 34.33 37.92 39.60 46.55 56.32

Shami Dead 12.20 12.40 12.60 12.76 13.20

% change -64.46 -67.29 -68.18 -72.58 -76.56

ALP (IU/L) Alive 84.44 82.66 82.88 82.31 74.77

Dead 20.01 20.20 20.35 21.01 21.40

% change -76.30 -75.56 -74.75 -74.47 -71.37

GGT (IU/L) Alive 13.75 12.92 12.61 13.23 11.90

Dead 6.09 6.13 6.17 7.03 7.15

% change -55.70 -52.55 -52.24 -47.58 -39.91

ALT: alanine transferase; AST: aspartate transferase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; GGT: gamma glutamyl transferase

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Urea and Creatinine concentrations of Baladi and Shami kids during neonatal period

The data presented in table 9 revealed that goat breed, neonatal period affected urea concentration significantly increases in Baladi kids as compared to Shami kids, while, they exhibited insignificant effect on creatinine level. Concerning to the experimental period in present study that plasma urea had significantly decreased at day 0 and 7th day of life while it showed significant increase at 14th, 21th and 28th day, while creatinine significantly increased at day 0 and 7th as compared to the 14th and 12th day and continued to decline until the 28th day of life (Abdolvahabi, 2016) concluded that plasma concentrations of urea and creatinine were below the adult reference intervals (ARI), the decrease in plasma urea concentrations during the first 10 days of life in neonates was in accordance with previous studies by Herosimczyk et al. (2011) and Antunovic et al. (2017). The decrease in plasma creatinine concentrations after 14th day of birth is may be associated with increased glomerular filtration rate (Herosimczyk et al., 2011). As shown in table 10 generally all kidney functions parameters (urea and creatinine) for dead kids in both breeds were insignificantly decreased as compared to alive ones, the percentages of urea within the 14 days post-partum were between (-47.06:54.06%) in and (-46.93: -52.97%) in urea for Baladi and Shami kids respectively through the same period, then increased within the following two weeks to reach (-56.36: -57.48%) in Shami kids, while percentages of creatinine within the 14 days post-partum were between (-10.31: -35.50%), for Baladi dead kids and the percentage in Shami dead kids were (27.14: -34.59%), then decreased (-13.33: -28.93%). The reductions of kidney functions (urea and creatinine) were higher in Shami kids that might give reason to higher mortality rates in this breed.

Table 9. Evaluating kidney function of Baladi and Shami kids during the first month of post-partum

Parameter Breed Post-partum period (S) Overall ±Standard error

(B) 0 day 7 day 14 day 21 day 28 day B N B x N

Urea (mg/dl) Baladi 43.82 40.50 43.38 44.39 43.68 43.75d 1.98 NS

Shami 35.84 36.05 40.83 44.28 45.63 39.93e 0.88 * * 1.28 **

Overall 39.83BC 38.28C 42.10ab 44.34a 44.65a

Creatinine (mg/dl) Baladi Shami 1.69 1.40 1.45 1.59 1.26 1.56 1.35 1.59 1.33 1.35 1.42 1.50 0.05 NS 0.07 NS 0.11 NS

Overall 1.54 1.52 1.41 1.47 1.34

B: Breed; N: Neonatal period; A, B, C: values with different letters on the same row are significantly different (P< 0.05); D, E: values with different letters on the same column are significantly different (P< 0.05); NS: non-significant; **: P<0.01.

Table 10. Evaluating of kidney function and percentage change of alive and dead Baladi and Shami kids during the postnatal period_

Breed

Parameter

The neonatal period (Days)

Case

0

7

14

21

28

Baladi

Urea (mg/dl)

Creatinine (mg/dl)

Alive Dead % change

43.82 20.13 -54.06

40.50 21.44 -47.06

Alive Dead % change

1.69 1.09 -35.50

1.45 1.11 -23.44

43.38 22.20 -48.82

1.26 1.13 -10.31

44.39

1.35

43.68

1.33

Shami

Urea (mg/dl)

Creatinine (mg/dl)

Alive Dead % change

35.84 19.11 -47.15

36.05 19.13 -46.93

Alive Dead % change

1.40 1.02 -27.14

1.59 1.04 -34.59

40.83 19.20 -52.97

1.56 1.12 -28.20

44.28 19.32 -56.36

1.59 1.13 -28.93

45.63 19.40 -57.48

1.35 1.17 -13.33

Physiological changes in total lipids, cholesterol and triglycerides concentration of kids during neonatal period

The data presented in table 11 demonstrated that, Baladi kids showed insignificant increase in plasma total lipids, cholesterol and triglycerides levels when compared to Shami kids, while plasma HDL Baladi kids showed insignificant decrease level when compared to Shami kids. Concerning to post-partum days in this study showed that plasma total lipids were insignificantly higher at the first day after birth and showed reduction at the rest of post-partum period, in agreement with Oztabak and Ozpinar (2006) findings that indicated that plasma total lipid concentrations of the Ewes Rearing (ER) lambs at 24 h (P < 0.05) and first week (P < 0.01) were significantly higher than Artificial Rearing (AR) lambs. From the point of view, the high levels on total lipids after birth could be explained by the fact that fat concentration continuously increased in colostrum, Earlier, Mersmann and McNeilm (1985) reported that fatty acids in blood were the source of triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissue.

In this study plasma cholesterol and triglycerides insignificantly increase at the 7th day till 14th day after birth, however it showed insignificant decrease from 21th day and reached to its highest decline at day 29th after birth. The

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results reported herein were in according to Chniter et al. (2013) who indicated that plasma cholesterol and triglycerides showed significant increasing levels in newborn lambs, this increase was attributed to that the main source was through the fatty acids in colostrum (Blum et al., 1997 and Bittrich et al., 2002). The present results showed that plasma HDL concentrations insignificant increased gradually from birth onwards. There is no previous information about the plasma lipoproteins of goats. Results in table 12 illustrated that all parameters of lipids profile analysis showed lowering in activity of these parameters in dead Baladi and Shami kids comparing with alive kids. The percentage of this reduction in Baladi dead kids within the 14 days post-partum were between (-31.79: -40.97%) and (-29.86: -38.60%) for Shami kids through the same period, then decreased within the following two weeks to reach (-28.96: -32.32%) in Shami kids, while in cholesterol, triglycerides were lower in Baladi dead kids as compared with living kids within the first two weeks postpartum it were between (-41.97: -49.15%), (-20.24: -21.36%) for Baladi dead kids and the percentage in Shami dead kids were (-40.02: -51.55%) , (-19.83: -23.09%) then decreased (-7.95: -33.48), (-16.59: -19.71%), respectively in Shami kids within the following two weeks. On the other hand, in HDL were lower in Baladi dead kids as compared with living kids within the first two weeks post-partum, it were between (-33.54: -40.47%) for Baladi dead kids and the percentage in Shami dead kids were (-36.99: -50.40%) then increased (-50.09: -52.82%) respectively in Shami kids within the following two weeks. The decreasing of lipids profile measure were higher in Shami kids could be explain by higher mortality rates in this breed.

Table 11. Means of lipid parameters of Baladi and Shami kids during the first month of post-partum

Parameter Breed Experimental periods (S) Overall ±Standard error

(B) 0 day 7 day 14 day 21 day 28 day B N B x N

Total Lipids (g/l) Baladi Shami 545.74 506.61 483.86 509.69 508.51 456.50 458.51 474.58 473.93 453.31 494.11 480.14 14.39 NS 20.77 NS 32.18 NS

Overall 526.18 496.77 482.50 466.54 463.62

Cholesterol (g/l) Baladi Shami 189.79bc 178.58bcd 216.64ab 187.94bc 194.89bcd 221.90a 185.20abc 162.69cd 189.50d 117.77bc 195.20 173.78 9.79 NS 14.13 NS 21.89

Overall 184.18 202.29 208.39 173.94 153.63

Triglycerides (g/l) Baladi Shami 136.33 127.37 137.46 128.22 136.80 135.37 136.73 124.88 128.20 129.82 135.10 129.13 3.49 NS 5.04 NS 7.80 NS

Overall 131.85 132.84 136.08 130.81 129.01

HDL (g/l) Baladi 180.78 195.22 202.16 225.81 245.29 209.85 14.70 NS 21.22 NS 32.87 NS

Shami 206.51 208.93 262.58 261.37 278.79 243.63

Overall 193.64 202.08 232.37 243.59 262.04

B: Breed; N: Neonatal period; a, b, c, d; values in the experimental sub-groups within certain trait with different superscripts are significantly different (P< 0.05); NS: non-significant; **: P<0.01.

Table 12. Means of lipid parameters and percentage change of alive and dead Baladi and Shami kids during the postnatal period

Breed Parameter The neonatal period (Days)

Case 0 7 14 21 28

Alive 545.74 483.86 508.51 458.51 473.93

Total Lipids Dead 322.12 330.01 332.11

(g/l) % change -40.97 -31.79 -34.68

Cholesterol (g/l) Alive Dead 189.79 110.12 216.64 110.14 194.89 110.15 185.20 189.50

Baladi % change -41.97 -49.15 -43.48

Triglycerides (g/l) Alive Dead 136.33 108.05 137.46 108.09 136.80 109.11 136.73 128.20

% change -20.74 -21.36 -20.24

HDL (g/l) Alive 180.78 195.22 202.16 225.81 245.29

Dead 120.14 120.24 120.33

% change -33.54 -38.40 -40.47

Alive 506.61 509.69 456.50 474.58 453.31

Total Lipids Dead 311.02 314.12 320.16 321.15 322.02

(g/l) % change -38.60 -38.37 -29.86 -32.32 -28.96

Cholesterol (g/l) Alive Dead 178.58 107.11 187.94 107.41 221.90 107.50 162.69 108.21 117.77 108.40

Shami % change -40.02 -42.84 -51.55 -33.48 -7.95

Triglycerides (g/l) Alive Dead 127.37 102.10 128.22 102.12 135.37 104.11 124.88 104.15 129.82 104.22

% change -19.83 -20.35 -23.09 -16.59 -19.71

HDL (g/l) Alive 206.51 208.93 262.58 261.37 278.79

Dead 130.11 130.13 130.22 130.44 131.51

% change -36.99 -37.71 -50.40 -50.09 -52.82

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Maternal behavior of Baladi and Shami does after kidding

Dam behavior around kidding just after parturition has a major impact on kids' survival. Specific behaviors of the does (licking and grooming, helping kids with suckling) promote doe-kid recognition and a close relationship between them. The data presented in figures 1, 2 and 3 showed that overall means of does stood (sec), does started licking (sec) and first attention to kid (min) was highly significant in Shami does in comparison with Baladi does (34.70 versus 25.10) and (19.3±2.61 versus 9.8± 2.61) and (12.60±1.05 versus 5.70± 1.05), respectively. Moreover, sniffing/licking during the first two hours after birth (frequency) showed higher (P<0.01) frequency by Baladi does than Shami (193.60 versus 99.50). Within few minutes of parturition, the mother starts to lick her offspring, especially starting with its head and neck. This behavior of licking the newborn after birth optimizes the offspring's respiratory system and encourages them to stand up for suckling. The licking action of female goats is an important first stage in preparing the neonatal lamb for its new environment and life. The licking also makes the lamb clean and dry. Gul et al. (2017) reported that the average time for first licking after parturition in Awassi sheep was 138.3 sec. in single births and 154.2 sec. in twin births, while the first sniffing time intervals were 118.31 sec. and 123.6 sec., respectively.

Maternal behavior parameters showed that Baladi does stand significantly earlier than Shami does to offer care to their offspring. In addition, Baladi does significantly licked and sniffed their kids more frequently than Shami does did. These results of maternal behavior in the Baladi breed might directly relate to the reduced kid's mortality compared to Shami kids. Nowak and Poindron (2006) has made it clear that the chances of the newborn's survival and protection against external conditions will be greatly affected by the successful association between the mother and her lamb. Poindron et al. (2010) stated that the first hour after birth is critical to establishing a maternal bond towards her newborn, as pregnancy nutritional supplements can be obtained through this association regularly. for the establishment of the maternal bond towards her newborn, as nutritional supplements for a newborn can be obtained through this association regularly. The recognition by the mother of the offspring of the ewes through licking and continuous inhalation during the first postpartum hours has been described in many local hooves (Levy et al., 2004; Levy and Keller, 2009).

Does stood (sec)

40 35 30 25 20

□ Baladi

] Shami

DS

Maternal behavior from kidding time, min.

FAK DSL

Figure 1. Overall means for Does stood (sec) of Baladi and Shami does started from kidding time. DS: Does stood (sec)

Figure 2. Overall means for first attention and does started licking kids of Baladi and Shami does. FAK: First attention to kid (min), DSL: Does started licking (min)

S/L during the first two hours after birth

180 —

□ Baladi □ Shami

150 —

=

9 120 —

v

à 90 — Egl

60 — Esa

Breeds

Figure 3. Overall means for maternal sniffing and licking kids during the first two hours after birth of Baladi and Shami does. S/L: Sniffing/ licking

Standing and suckling behavior of Baladi and Shami kids after delivery

The data presented in table13 show the mean values of standing and suckling behavior parameters of newly born kids, either still alive kids or those died then after. The parameters included first standing attempt (min) and the first standing success (min), first attempted to suckling (min), kids starting suckling (min), suckling frequency during the first two hours after birth (bouts). For alive kids, all parameters were affected significantly (P<0.01) by breed differences except duration of the first suckling (min). Baladi kids showed earlier activity toward their dams than Shami did. The duration of these parameters for Baladi and Shami kids respectively were 20.40 versus 30.30 min for the first standing attempt, 35.10 versus 46.40 min for the first standing success, 43.2 versus 64.0 min for the first attempted to suckling and 50.0 versus 70.0 min for kids starting suckling. However, suckling frequency during the first two hours after birth was greater (P<0.01) in Shami kids (16.6 bouts) than in Baladi kids (12.25 bouts). This might due to higher number of kids seeking and competing one mother.

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Everett et al. (2005) explained that viability rate of offspring depends on suckling the first milk, colostrum. For this purpose, offspring must stand up as soon as possible. The maternal behavior of the dam plays an important role in the behavioral interactions that occur between ewe and their offspring during the first few hours following birth and ultimately ends in the suckling behavior. Ceyhan et al. (2012) reported that mothers must help their offspring to stand up and reach the udder. Most recently, Gul et al. (2017) studied the behavioral characteristics of Awassi sheep and their offspring during the first hour after parturition and found that all lambs tried to stand up for suckling and succeeded during the first hour after they were born. Earlier, Dwyer (2003) reported the first attempt for standing up time as 5.7 min, and successful standing-up time was 19.04 min. Abdul-Rahman and Yaro (2010) reported that the standing-up times ranged from 4 to 79 min, averaging 24.01 min, in Djallonke lambs. Madani et al. (2013) found the successful standing-up time after birth to be about 23.45 min in sheep.

Dwyer (2003) reported an average successful suckling time of 19.04 min, while Abdul-Rahman and Yaro (2010) found a mean time for first successful suckling of 35.35 min (a range from 5 to 105 min) in Djallonke lambs. Madani et al. (2013) Noticed that standing after delivery and reaching the udder occurred within 32.7 ± 19.02 minutes and suckling started within 41.9 min in Djellal lambs. Mahboub et al. (2013) indicated that lambs and kids born in well-fed dams with a high level of concentration (135%) exhibited more suckling behavior during the first week after birth and spent significantly more time licking their offspring and preparing them.

Total time of suckling during the first two hours after birth (min) was higher (P<0.01) in Baladi kids (536.0 min) than in Shami ones (38.5 min). Suckling and high milk production plays an important role in establishing a good relationship between dams and their offsprings (Nowak et al., 1997; Mahboub et al., 2013).

Kids died then after in both Baladi and Shami breeds were born very weak (physically); due to their lower birth weight; took very long time seeking their mothers and starting suckling when compared to those still alive to the end of study (Table 7). The dead Shami kids took a highly significant (P<0.01) longer time to stand and suckle than the dead Baladi kids. First standing attempt, the first standing success, first attempted to suckle and kids starting suckling in Baladi and Shami kids that died then after were 35.15 versus 44.14 min, 43.11 versus 51.09 min, 61.11 versus 73.14 and 69.10 versus 80.14, respectively. During the first two hours, those Shami kids took less time standing (26.63 min) and duration of the first suckling (1.19 min) when compared with Baladi kids (33.13 and 1.40 min, respectively). Again, this might explain partially the higher kids' mortality in Shami goats.

The differences in does and their kid's behavioral activities after birth could explain partially the higher kids' mortality in Shami goats.

Table 13. Means for standing and suckling behavior of Baladi and Shami kids after birth

Indices Still alive kids Later dead kids

Baladi kids Shami kids Overall Mean Breed ±SE Baladi kids Shami kids Overall Mean Breed ±SE

First standing attempt (min) 20.40b 30.30a 25.35 1.15 ** 35.15B 44. 12a 39.63 1.35**

First standing success (min) 35.10b 46.40a 40.75 2.34 ** 43.11B 51.09a 47.50 2.38**

standing time during the first two hours after birth (min) 71.60a 51.80b 61.70 2.79 ** 33.13A 20.14B 26.63 1.22**

First attempted to suckling (min) 43.20b 64.0a 53.60 3.02 ** 61.11B 73.14a 67.12 3.16**

Kids starting suckling(min) 50.00b 70.00a 60.00 4.81** 69.10B 80. 14a 74.62 4.88**

Duration of first suckling (min) 5.70 4.60 5.15 0.71ns 1 . 40 1.19 1 . 29 0.26NS

Total time of suckling during the first two hours after birth (min) 52.00a 38.50b 45.25 2.02** 10.13A 8.21B 9.17 0.77**

Suckling frequency during the first two hours after birth (bouts) 12.20b 16.60a 14.40 0.88** 5.20B 7.11A 6.15 0.70**

SE: standard Error; a, b: values with different letters on the same row differ at (P<0.05); A, B: values with different letters on the same row differ at (P<0.05); NS: non-significant; ** P<0.01

CONCLUSION

In the present study, kids' mortality occurred in Baladi during the first two weeks, while continued in Shami kids all over the first month with different percentage per week. Also, it was apparent that Shami female kids had the highest birth weight, growth rate and final LBW. Moreover, Baladi male kids that could stay alive compensated the lower birth weight by high relative growth rate and attained the same final LBW as Shami males. Also, that decreasing in liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP) activities, kidney functions (urea and creatinine) and lipids profile analysis were higher in Shami kids that might give reason to higher mortality rates in this breed.

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So that, Baladi does and their kids overpowered their Shami counterparts in some biochemical parameters and some behavioral characteristics, which might enhance kids' viability and reduce mortality rates. Moreover, the number of weak kids with lower body weight was more pronounced in Shami goats that led to higher mortality rate.

DECLARATIONS

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to Ras Sudr Station Staff for contributed during sample collection. Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publications of this article. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Author's contribution

Dr. N. H. Ibrahim designed the experiment, helped in field study, tabulation of experimental data, statistical analysis, article writing and revision. Dr. M. T. Badawy facilitates the field study, manuscript writing and revision. Dr. I. A. Zakzouk helped in field study, collected data, tabulation of experimental data and manuscript writing. Dr. F. E. Younis helped in field study. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

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