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8JUSTIFICATION OF THE ROLE OF EPONYMS IN PROFESSIONAL TERMINOLOGY
The relevance of the problem under consideration is due to the widespread use of epo-nyms in all scientific terminological systems and nomenclatures, which a modern person meets in everyday life, and they are constantly updated with new definitions and neologisms. The aim of the article is to analyze the historical prerequisites for the eponymous terms emergence and use in professional language and scientific discourse. The leading approaches to the study of the problem of eponymy in professional terminology were the method of theoretical analysis of scientific data on medical terminology and the descriptive method. The applied logical approach implements the idea of the genesis of linguistic forms and eponymous units, the terminology of the medical professional language as a kind of reaction to existing contradictions in the course of processes. The result of the study is the proof of the need to use eponymous terms in the professional and everyday activities of a modern person. The authors give examples of their widespread use and show the possibility of using eponyms as a kind of professional tool necessary to eliminate possible contradictions and improve professional communication. They define the place of eponyms in medical terminology and justify the positive effect of their use.
Keywords
eponym, eponymous term, medical terminology, eponymy problem, nominative model
AUTHORS Andrei A. Garanin,
Candidate of Medical Sciences, Lecturer, Department of Propaedeutic Therapy, Samara State Medical University, Samara 111, st. Artsybushevskaya, Samara, 443001, Russia [email protected]
Rezeda M. Garanina,
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Medical Chemistry, Samara State Medical University, Samara 111, st. Artsybushevskaya, Samara, 443001, Russia [email protected]
1. Introduction
The emergence of new phenomena and laws, approaches and methods, elements and combinations, trends and styles, materials and brands, symptoms and syndromes, structures and mechanisms in the world of science and technology, in everyday life and culture dictates the need to invent and introduce original terminological units into professional vocabulary. From childhood, even from the time of studying the school subjects, each of us has learned such new lexicographic formations - terms named after people who contributed to the discovery of new terminological units.
In mathematics, for example, these are Viete's theorem (François Viète, 1540-1603, French mathematician) and Peano's axioms (Giuseppe Peano, 1858-1932, Italian mathematician); in physics - the laws of Gay-Lussac (Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, 1778-1850, French physicist and chemist), Charles law (Jacques Alexandre Cesar Charles, 1746-1823, French
inventor and scientist), Lenz rule (Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz, 1804-1865, Russian physicist of German origin) and the van der Waals equation (Johannes Diderik van der Waals, 1837-1923, Dutch physicist); in chemistry - Claisen condensation (Ludwig Rainer Claisen, 1851-1930, German chemist), Fischer - Tropsch process (Franz Joseph Emil Fischer, 18771947; Hans Tropsch, 1889-1935; German chemists), Butlerov reaction (Alexander Mikhai-lovich Butlerov, 1828-1886, Russian chemist) and Zinin reaction (Nikolai Nikolaevich Zinin, 1812-1880, Russian chemist), Bamberger rearrangement (Eugen Bamberger, 1857-1932, German chemist); in astronomy - the planet Jupiter (lat. Iuppiter, the god of the sky in ancient Roman mythology) and Uranus (ancient Greek Oùpavoç - "sky", personification of the sky in ancient Greek mythology), the constellation Perseus (ancient Greek nsposuç, the hero of ancient Greek mythology) and Cassiopeia (ancient Greek . Kaooionsia, a character in Greek mythology), the Bode galaxy (Johann Elert Bode, 1747-1826, German astronomer), the Hubble telescope (Edwin Powell Hubble, 1889-1953, American astronomer and cosmologist); in geography - Mozambique (Musa ben Mbiki, Arab merchant), Seychelles (Jean Moreau de Sechelle, 1690-1761, French statesman), Athens (ancient Greek A0nva, the goddess of wisdom in ancient Greek mythology), the Barents Sea (Willem Barentsz, 1550-1597, Dutch navigator and explorer) and Bermuda islands (Juan Bermudez,? -1570, Spanish navigator of the 16th century).
2. Materials and methods
The following methods were used In the course of the work: the method of theoretical analysis of scientific data on medical terminology; descriptive method. The logical approach implements the idea of linguistic forms and eponymous units genesis, the terminological system of the medical professional language as a kind of reaction to existing contradictions in the course of processes.
Eponymous terms are a kind of professional tool needed to eliminate possible contradictions and improve professional communication. Among the most significant, we find the contradictions between:
1. Descriptive grammar of the medical language, that is stating, and prescriptive, that is recommending spelling and use in the process of professional replication.
2. Eponymous names and intensive development of a particular field of medical knowledge.
3. The source of the eponymous name formation and the ethical norms of its application.
4. Actually linguistic (formal) meaning of the term and encyclopedic (largely subjective)
one.
5. The social function of the eponymous term and the motivation for its use in everyday practice.
6. The world of objective scientific knowledge and the world of the state of human awareness.
3. Results and discussion
The main goal of the presented article is an attempt to justify the use of deterministic terminological units (in particular, medical eponyms) as an integral part of the author's intentions and pragmatic presupposition for making a "creative field", within which the term acts as an integral element of linguistic creativity in popular science discourse.
The history of eponyms goes back to the Greek language - the word "eponym" consists of two parts: "epi", which means "beyond, in addition" and "onym", which translates as "name". Therefore, originally "eponym" is the name of a real existing or fictional person, which is the basis for another word or phrase. Indeed, the first eponyms were related to ancient Greek mythological creatures or heroes. Subsequently, the ideosemantic connections
of eponymy were expanded, - - eponymic terms began to include definitions related to the discoverers of certain phenomena, laws, and geographical objects. This is how the term "an-throponymic term" or "anthroponym" appeared. Then some phenomena and scientific terms were given the names of geographical objects, which entailed the formation of a new semantic unit - "toponym" or a place name. Currently, several nominative models have been identified that allow the scholars to combine eponymous terms into groups and classify them for better understanding and perception by specialists [1].
The increased attention to the consideration of the term "eponym" is caused, first of all, by its polysemy. The above definitions undoubtedly reflect (to a certain extent) the essence of the eponymy phenomenon. It should be emphasized that, despite the existence of simple eponymous words, a broad eponymization is directly characteristic of the modern language of science and technology [2]. This statement is important for the presented study, since the presence of a significant number of medical eponymous terms functioning in scientific discourse indicates their inevitable actualization within the framework of popular science discourse. Within the framework of the investigated issue of medical eponymous terms, it is impossible to ignore some aspects of their relationship with both nomenclature names and phraseology.
When studying eponymous terms, we must not forget one important aspect of their use. Being individual representations of objects and phenomena in science, eponyms often lose their original qualities of onyms - the proper name from which they received their name is forgotten. An example is the automobile market, without which it is difficult to imagine the life of a modern person. Not everyone thinks that the brands "Honda", "Chevrolet", "Ferrari", "Suzuki", "Kawasaki", "Opel" got their name after the founders of automobile companies - Soichiro Honda (1906-1991), Louis-Joseph Chevrolet (1878-1941), Enzo Anselmo Giuseppe Maria Ferrari (1898-1988), Michio Suzuki (1887-1982), Shozo Kawasaki (18371912), Adam Opel (1837-1895), etc. The name of the world famous automobile brand "Mercedes-Benz" owes its name to the daughter of the Austrian businessman Emil Jellinek - Adriana Manuela Ramona Jellinek (1889-1992), who had a home nickname "Mercedes".
Famous brands that produce a wide range of products from everyday goods to large medical equipment and household appliances are named after their founders: Liebherr -after German inventor and entrepreneur Hans Liebherr (1915-1993); Brown - is named after the founder of the company, the German engineer Max Braun (1890-1951 ); known to lovers of sweet delicacies "montpensier" and "praline" got their names in honor of the French princess Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans de Montpensier (1627-1693) and the French diplomat Cesar de Choiseul du Plessis-Praslin (1598-1675); the Philips brand was named after the Danish businessperson Gerard Leonard Frederik Philips (1858-1942); the name of Procter & Gamble, a leader in the consumer goods market, which products are used all over the world in everyday life, goes back to the names of American businessmen - the candles manufacturer William Procter (1801-1884) and the soap-maker James Gamble (1803-1891); and the beloved Knorr bouillon cubes and seasonings are produced by a company founded by German entrepreneur Carl Heinrich Theodor Knorr (1800-1875).
Analyzing the functional range of eponymous terms, it is worth noting that their use can be traced both in oral and written types of discourse, within which they have a certain functional orientation. First of all, it is a memorial function, which is responsible for the perception of the term-eponym as a kind of "linguistic monument" honoring outstanding scientists. In this case, it should be noted that the presented function is mostly inherent in precisely the eponymous terms, which already include mono-referential names [3].
Eponymous terms have really penetrated into all spheres of our life, they have become a part of professional and everyday culture, therefore it is not possible to abandon them, just as the degree of Celsius cannot disappear (Anders Celsius, 1701 -1744, Swedish astronomer, geologist and meteorologist), Morse code (Samuel Finley Breese Morse, 1791-1872, American inventor and artist), Rutherford (Ernest Rutherford, 1871-1937, British physicist), volt (Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta, 1745-1827, Italian physicist, chemist and
physiologist), becquerel (fr. Antoine Henri Becquerel, 1852-1908, French physicist, Nobel Prize winner in physics and one of the discoverers of radioactivity), August (Gaius lulius Caesar Octavianus Augustus, 63 BC - 14, ancient Roman politician, founder of the Roman Empire), academy (ancient Greek ÄKaönpoq, ancient Greek hero Akadem), atlas (ancient Greek AxAaq, a mighty titan holding on his shoulders vault of heaven in ancient Greek mythology), boyan (button accordion) (Boyan, an ancient Russian singer and storyteller, "songwriter", character of "The Lay of Igor's Campaign"), beef stroganoff (Alexander Grigorievich Stroganov, 1796-1891, manager of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire), galliffet (riding breeches) (Gaston Alexandre Auguste, Marquis de Galliffet, 18301909, French general), cardigan (James Thomas Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardiögan, 17971868, English general) , limousine (Limousin, a former province in the south-west of central France), etc.
But, perhaps, the representatives of the medical community have to deal with epo-nyms most often. Many people forget about the discovery of ionizing radiation by the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845-1923) when discussing the unit of 'X-ray" radiation or when it comes to such a branch of radiology as "roentgenology" - a science that studies the use of radiation in medicine. Several dozen specialized terms are associated with the name of the brilliant physicist in radiology. The euphemisms "dermatovenerology", "venereal diseases" and other words of the same root got their name thanks to the Roman goddess of beauty and love Venus, etc.
Most of the classical eponyms that came into use in the 16th-19th centuries are still actively used today, despite occasional proposals to limit their use. Despite the international standards, recommendations and guidelines, medical terminology is characterized by a high percentage of formal-semantic variability [4]. The reasons for terminological variability lie in the history of the formation and development of a special sublanguage of medicine. There are also new terms that reflect the stages of medical science development, the priority of this or that scientist or country in the discovery of new symptoms and facts. Currently, scientific and terminological discussions on the use of eponymous terms are actively continuing, and this has led to the relevance of the topic we are dealing with.
Modern domestic medical terminology has evolved over several centuries as a result of the world and Russian medicine development, the experience of medical science. The specialized vocabulary was replenished with the works of medical scientists from many countries of the world. The international experience of scientists and doctors of different cultures and eras is reflected in the structure and dynamic evolution of the medical terminology system. Modern medical terminology has received the greatest orderliness in comparison with the terminology of other branches of knowledge. International nomenclatures, approved in most countries of the world, contribute to the further improvement of the medical terminology system, its internationalization [5].
The study of eponymous names in the professional medical language is of great importance, since it is aimed at solving an important theoretical problem of changing the status and function of a certain term, which has an undoubted impact on the knowledge of the world from the point of view of science history. In this regard, great attention is paid to the problem of eponymy in medicine, both by medical specialists and linguistic scientists [6, 7].
We will try to highlight those positive prospects that arise when using eponymous terms in the process of professional activity.
1. The undoubted advantage of eponyms is, as a rule, the brevity of their designation. Eponymous terms are an integral part of the medical terminology of different linguistic cultures, which forms the scientific discourse [8]. Eponyms, as an integral component of the language of science, contribute to a deeper understanding of human activity and culture. Eponymous terms are the most important source of knowledge about those scientists who participated in the formation of the terminology of medical science. The trend towards the study of the human factor that exists in modern linguistics allows us to consider eponymous terms in the light of the cognitive approach [9].
2. Eponymous terms simplify memorization, since the subject receives a complete picture of the reality object image at the mental level. The use of eponyms among narrow specialists provides quick understanding of the current picture, conveys the continuity of knowledge, reflects the main stages in the development of science, the struggle of opinions and views, and the formation of a human scientific worldview.
3. Eponyms, as a reflection of the anthropocentric picture of the world, carry the names of people, perpetuating the name of the scientist for future generations. In clinical terminology, two-component structures of eponyms dominate, but there are also multicom-ponent structures, which demonstrates the contribution of several scientists working on a scientific problem. In most cases, eponymous terms appear due to the assignment of names by grateful users. In this regard, the well-known domestic writer and publicist Yu.A. Fedo-syuk aptly called these units "linguistic monuments to outstanding scientists, inventors, doctors, whose names are engraved in their creations" [10].
4. J. Whitworth (2007) reasonably considers it a positive moment that the same object or phenomenon in different countries has a different name. According to him, this is a "part of their beauty."
5. Eponyms seriously facilitate professional communication and contribute to the correct understanding of specialized medical literature. So, T.V. Tritenko (2011) believes that "eponymous terms play an important role in the formation of the conceptual environment of science, strengthening the anthropocentric component of scientific knowledge and in-traducing cultural and historical information into the field of scientific knowledge".
6. The study of eponymous terms contributes to the evolution of clinical thinking, optimization of the diagnosis of diseases, increases the professional culture and erudition of medical specialists, and also forms terminological competence among medical students, helps them to master the language of professional communication.
7. The knowledge of doctors all over the world about the peculiarities of the etiology, pathogenesis and course of diseases is concentrated in eponymous terms. The continuity of scientific knowledge, without which the successful development of modern medicine would be impossible, is perpetuated in them.
Unfortunately, when compiling modern medical nomenclature, many eponymous terms have been abolished or replaced by other names that reflect the structural and functional features of the designated scientific objects, phenomena and laws. This approach is fully explainable by the desire and need to unify the medical nomenclature. However, in this case, should we take away the names of the discoverers from geographical names and exclude eponymous terms from other areas of science and technology: Bell (Alexander Graham Bell, 1847-1922, British scientist, inventor and businessman), Weber (Wilhelm Eduard Weber, 1804 -1891, German physicist), Gauss (Johann Carl Friedrich Gaufo, 1777-1855, German mathematician, mechanic, physicist, astronomer and land-surveyor), Gray (Louis Harold Gray, 1905-1965, English physicist), Curie (Pierre Curie, 1859-1906; Maria Sktodowska-Curie, 1867-1934; French physicists), Tesla (Nikola Tesla, 1856-1943, American inventor of Serbian origin); Baer's law (Karl Ernst Ritter von Baer Edler von Huthorn , 1792-1876, Russian naturalist of German origin) and Joule - Lenz's law (James Prescott Joule, 1818-1889, English physicist; Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz, 1804-1865, Russian physicist of German origin), Planck's hypothesis (Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, 1858-1947, German theoretical physicist, founder of quantum physics, Nobel Prize winner in physics (1918)?
We would like to note that, in our opinion, it is not right to exclude eponymous terms from science and it contradicts the principles of justice. Who will decide which eponym should be preserved and which one may be discarded? How to avoid the influence of political views and national interests on the process of terminology formation? Are the authors of eponyms to blame for the fact that medical officials and guardians of the nomenclature are not able to discover new objects, phenomena, structures and call them by their names?
4. Conclusion
Eponymous medical terminology has become extremely widespread and it is found in special literature, it is used in practical work in a professional environment and in everyday life. It has taken its strong position in the International Classification of Diseases (10 Rev'-sion). It is obvious that the eponym is an important terminological unit, knowing of which clearly shows the level of a doctor's professional skill, and it is an indicator of his/her professional culture. Research work in the field of eponymy is the most important section of the scientific direction in the history of science and technology, which is a variant of an interdisciplinary approach, and it is conducted at the border of this scientific discipline and linguistics. The development of this area will certainly contribute to the formation of such competences among future specialists as the ability to work on the basis of a holistic systemic scientific worldview using knowledge in the history of science and technology and respectfully and carefully treat the historical heritage of the scientific achievements of their country and the scientific world as a whole.
Eponymous terms take a significant place in professional medical terminology and reflect the specific features of a particular stage in the development of the area under study. The use of eponyms as components of special names is a rather productive way of creating new medical terms. Eponyms reflect the structure of knowledge not only due to the word-forming elements that make up its structure, but also due to the very term-forming model. The appearance in modern medical terminology of neologisms, which are quasi-eponymous terms of the digital era, testifies to the stability of this model of term formation and deep cognitive processes of an anthropocentric nature characteristic to all stages of human evolutionary thinking.
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