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8Изучение городского совета по гражданскому обществу
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Шевки Челик
докторант кафедры экономика, Институт социальных наук, Южный Университет (УИБиП), [email protected]
В тех случаях, когда потребности регионов не определяются в структурах, в которых доминирует концепция центрального управления, очевидно, что меры, которые необходимо принять для устранения этих потребностей, будут поставлены под сомнение. Даже местные органы власти, связанные с центральным управлением, нуждаются в поддержке, сотрудничестве и разных мнениях по некоторым вопросам. Городские советы являются одним из местных и демократических механизмов участия. Это структуры, созданные для содействия городской социальной и культурной жизни. Основа городских советов основана на Местной Программе Повестки Дня 21, которая была реализована в Турции. В Турции есть три органа, столичный муниципальный совет и городской совет столичных муниципалитетов и в том числе столичный мэр. Члены муниципальных советов не избираются непосредственно населением, а муниципальный совет создается интегрированным образом в районные муниципалитеты. В порядке избрания члены, входящие в первую пятерку каждого районного муниципалитета, также являются членами городского муниципального совета. В исследовании представлена информация о деятельности Союза и платформы, созданной для поддержки и развития городских советов. Как показывает опыт городского Совета, работы городского совета Силив-ри были разъяснены и оценены на примерах. В результате утверждается, что все лица, формирующие общество, должны быть гражданами гражданственности и демократии, сознательными гражданами, а также ОГО должны сотрудничать друг с другом и с местными органами власти в принятии решений и осуществлении процессов государственной политики и совместных проектов, а также мероприятий, которые приносят пользу обществу.
Ключевые слова: Модель городского муниципалитета, Локальные системы управления, Городские советы, управление, Уровень управления
1. EMERGENCE OF METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITIES IN TURKEY
In Turkey until 1984, there was a single-type municipality model, and after that date, two-stage Metropolitan Municipality models emerged. Thus, two types of municipal system with different structure and status have taken its place in local administrations (Al, 1996). In the formation of this structure, Turkey's efforts to open its closed economy to foreign markets throughout the history of the Republic and to cooperate with the West in this context have been effective. For this, structural changes have been made in local administrations as well as in foreign trade and monetary policy. This method has been followed since the success of the changes in the economic and social structure is related to the flexible structure of local administrations. Thus, two-stage local management structures emerged (Gbrdopan, 1996). With this law, radical changes in the field of municipalities were made, while the definition of metropolitan: "city with more than one district within the boundaries of the municipality" expression, while the establishment of Metropolitan at the same time, it was deemed necessary to establish the district. As a result of this, the first eight metropolitan municipalities were established, while the new districts were established (Gbr ve Karsb, 2013).
After the above mentioned municipalities were established, a different road was followed by the Decree Law on the establishment of the Metropolitan Municipality in seven provinces, dated 02.09.1993 and numbered 504, and while the Metropolitan municipalities were established in Antalya, Diyarbakэr, Erzurum, Eskiroehir, Izmit, Mersin and Samsun, there was no need for the creation of a separate districts within the borders of these By applying a similar method, the municipality of Adapazari was granted the status of the Metropolitan Municipality with the Decree Law No.593 dated 06.03.1999 and thus the number of metropolitan municipalities has been increased to 16 (Gbr ve Karsb, 2013). After this date significant reform movements were made in the municipality and municipality Law No. 5393 with the Metropolitan Municipality Law No. 5216 was adopted in 2004 and 2005 respectively. In the background of these laws, the principles of modern management, which constitute the basis for the restructuring process in the world, are included (Y^bkoplu, 2009).
As a continuation of the reform movements, the Law No. 5393 which shelved the old municipal law and the Law No. 6360 which envisages amendments to the Metropolitan Municipality Law No. 5216 came into force on 06.12.2012. Full name of the law: Law No. 6360 on the establishment of the Metropolitan Municipality and twenty-six districts in thirteen provinces and amending certain laws and decrees with the force of law. Article 1 of this law Article: in the provinces of Aydin, Babkesir, Denizli, Hatay, Kahramanmararo, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mupla, Tekirdap, Trabzon, ^anteurfa and Van, The Metropolitan Municipality has envisaged to be established with the borders of the province. With the same law, the provinces of Adana, Ankara, Antalya, Bursa, Diyart^r, Eskiroehir, Erzurum, Gaziantep, Izmir, Kayseri, Konya, Mersin, Sakarya and Samsun were accepted as the boundaries of Metropolitan Municipality. The subject of the provincial boundaries will be explained in the continuation of the study (Gbr ve Karsb, 2013).
2. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONING OF METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITIES
In Turkey, the Metropolitan Municipality has three organs: the Metropolitan Council, the Metropolitan Council, and the Metropolitan Mayor. The assembly is the decision organ of the Metropolitan Municipality and its members are elected according to the provisions of the Law No. 2972. The members of the Metropolitan Municipality council are not directly elected by the public, and the Metropolitan Municipality council is formed in an integrated way into the district municipalities. Accordingly, the members who enter one in the first five of each district municipality in the order of election are also members of the Metropolitan Municipality council. Members of this scope assume the duty of becoming a member of the district and Metropolitan Municipality Council during the same period. The district mayors carry the title of the executive organ in their own municipality, the presidency of the assembly, the title of the presidency and the title of the Metropolitan Municipality as a member of the assembly. The mayor of the assembly is the mayor of the Metropolitan Municipality (Gengbl, 2014).
The board is composed of five members elected by the council for one year and five members elected by the president each year by the head of the unit. In addition, one of the
unit supervisors is required to be the secretary general and the other is required to be the head of the unit of financial services. The duties and powers of the Metropolitan Council, which has the duties and powers of the municipal council, are not specified in the law (Gengbl, 2014).
Apart from the above mentioned, the appointment of the Metropolitan staff is also made by the president. In the first meeting for the manager and the staff of the title, the appointment is made by presenting the information of the Metropolitan Municipality council. In addition, the related law 20. in this article, the mayor of the Metropolitan Municipality has been consulted. The number of consultants is associated with the Metropolitan Municipality population, and the president's advisor may be appointed not to exceed ten in the metropolitan municipalities and five in the other metropolitan municipalities with a population of more than two million (Gengbl, 2014).
3. UNION OF URBAN COUNCILS ESTABLISHED IN TURKEY
As is known, city councils try to implement the principles of sustainable development, environmental awareness, social solidarity, transparency, accountability and accountability, participation, governance and displacement in city life, the development of city vision and urban awareness, protection of City rights and law, sustainable development, social assistance and solidarity, transparency, accountability and accountability, participation, governance and displacement in city life. In the light of these goals, in order to strengthen and support the city councils, naturally developed formations have emerged under the name of unity or platform in both national and regional terms.
3.1. Urban Councils Established on a National Scale
One of these structures is the network of City Councils, which is called "Union of City Councils of Turkey". The Union of city councils of Turkey has determined to establish and conduct an interactive and sustainable communication between the city councils of the Union and to provide continuous cooperation and communication based on the sharing of experience between cities. The union carries out its activities within the framework of the principles and principles it has determined. In particular, many weaknesses, such as insufficient understanding of city councils, problems with institutionalization, problems with
budget, lack of voluntary participation, spatial deficiencies and lack of legislation, have been revealed. In addition to the weaknesses, the presence of the issues that can be turned into opportunities and the presence of the strong aspects and the expression of these issues by the participatory city councils can also be seen as important outcomes of the meeting (Kurt, 2010).
As a platform, proposals for the amendment of the regulation on Urban Councils are a step towards addressing the problems facing them. Among the proposed articles of the regulation; In the event that the decisions taken by the city councils are not brought to the agenda of the municipal assembly, but are not brought to the agenda of the Municipal Assembly by the proposal of the decision of the Municipal Assembly as positive or negative during the implementation phase, the Council's decision of the case is accepted by the Municipal Assembly. Another important suggestion that stands out among the articles of the regulation proposal is related to the material structure. It is also recommended that the council has its own budget, that the municipality transfers 1% of the Iller bank's share to the council's account, and that the Board of inspection be established outside the Council's Executive Board to oversee expenditures.
3.2. Urban Councils Established On A Regional Scale
In addition to the networks of cooperation on a national scale, union of City Councils was established in the regional sense. One of them is the Union of Trakya City Councils. The union foresees the participation of the city councils in the region, which includes the provinces, districts and towns that are geographically adjacent to each other, on Thrace territory. The first meeting was held upon the call of the Edirne City Council and the first meeting was attended by Edirne, Uzunk^rb, Lbleburgaz, forklareli, Malkara, Ipsala and Keroan City Councils. The union consists of Edirne, Tekirdag, forklareli provinces and the provincial and belde City Councils and Silivri, 3atalca, Eceabat and Gallipoli city councils. The union has been established to contribute to the achievement of regional sustainable development goals, to develop environmental awareness, to engage in the implementation of the principles of accountability and accountability. Within the framework of Cooperation Network, Project competitions with the headings "developing entrepreneurship potential", "ensuring environmental sustainability" and
"developing human wealth" are opened by the Marmara Marmara Development Agency and grants are provided to the projects presented by the city councils and councils and working groups within the region (Soyugbzel, 2012).
In addition to the cooperation networks of national and regional city councils, there are also associations established at provincial level. The Association of City Councils of Izmir was founded under the leadership of the City Council of Garabagh. Konak, Bayrakb, Bornova, Kar^yaka, Seferihisar is a member of the City Council. The Bursa City Councils Union came together at the invitation of the Nilbfer City Council and at the meeting hosted by the Osmangazi City Council on 28 January 2012, it was decided to establish the Union. The Union of Aydэn City Councils was established in cooperation with the Council of Nazilli, S^e, Kuroadasэ, Ko3b, Didim, Yenipazar city councils hosted by the Council of Aydэn City on February 28, 2012.
3.3. Structure and Current Situation of City Councils
Although the number of cities in Turkey is not clearly known, it is estimated that more than 200 city councils operate. The Union of city councils, established in national or regional terms, provides cooperation and communication with the strengthening and institutionalization of city councils. In addition to this, it is among the main objectives to support the establishment of cities that do not have a city council by increasing their numbers. Although there are 2950 municipalities in Turkey, the number of city councils established is very low. Project support for Local Government Reform Project funded by the European Union, which is the General Directorate of local administrations of the beneficiary Ministry of Interior and Project Executive United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Turkey. Phase" was concluded between 2005-2007. As the main targets of the Government of the Republic of Turkey in the Local Administration Reform Program; it was determined to develop democratic decisionmaking mechanisms in local administrations, to increase the administrative/financial autonomy, effectiveness and accountability of local administrations, and to improve the quality of local public services and access to citizens. In particular, it is aimed to increase the capacity of local authorities to provide effective services to citizens, to prepare policies and to regulate their administrations.
It is one of the main goals to further promote local government reform in Turkey. 3. Component: strengthening local
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participation mechanisms; enhancing the capacity of city councils and other participation mechanisms to promote democracy, transparency, accountability and citizen participation in local administrations. To this end, a strategy will be developed for the development of accession mechanisms and pilot projects and activities involving cooperation between municipalities and nongovernmental organizations at local level will be carried out (www.lar.org.tr, Project Documents, 2011).
RESULT
With this study, the basic principles of governance, democracy, locality and the changing importance of civil society in the global world, its functions, today's perception and application examples are examined.
As a result:
■ First of all, whether the administrator or the administration, all individuals who make up the society must be citizens who have a culture of citizenship and democracy.
■ The public should be informed about civil society and participation of NGOs should be ensured.
■ An autocontrol system should be established in order to ensure that the legal regulations that are made for the development of democracy and the realization of the basic principles of governance, participation, transparency and
accountability are applied in public institutions and organizations and civil society organizations.
■ NGOs should cooperate with each other and with local authorities in the field of participation in decision-making and implementation processes of public policies and carrying out joint projects and activities that are beneficial to society.
Urban councils work on civil society Shevki Celik
Institute of Social Sciences If the needs of the regions are not determined in the structures dominated by central government today, it is clear that the measures to be taken to eliminate these needs will be insufficient and difficulties will be encountered in determining the activities to be undertaken. Even local governments in central administration need support, cooperation and different views on some issues. City councils are one of the mechanisms of local and democratic participation. They are constructed to contribute to urban social and cultural life. The foundation of the city councils is based on the local Agenda 21 programme implemented in Turkey. In Turkey, the Metropolitan Municipality has three organs: the Metropolitan Council, the Metropolitan Council, and the Metropolitan Mayor. The members of the Metropolitan Municipality council are not directly elected by the public, and the Metropolitan Municipality council is formed in an integrated way into the district municipalities. In the order of election, the members who enter one in the first five of each district municipality are also members of the Metropolitan Municipality council. In the research, information is provided about the Union and platform activities created to support the development and support of the city
councils. As an experience of the city council, the works of the City Council of Silivri were explained and evaluated with examples. As a result, it is stated that all individuals who form the society should be citizens of citizenship and democracy, conscious citizens, and NGOs should cooperate with each other and with local governments in taking part in decisionmaking and implementation processes of public policies and in carrying out joint projects and activities that are beneficial to society. Keywords: Metropolitan Municipality Model, Local Management Systems, city councils, management, management level References
1. Al, H. (1996). I Historical Development of the
Republican Period Municipality gin. Vecdi Akyuz-Seyfettin Unlu. City and Local Governments from Islamic Tradition to Present II. Istanbul: Ilke Publications, 21-57.
2. Gur, O., Karsl?, B. (2013) The Law of the
Metropolitan Municipality numbered 5216 l?5393 Numbered Municipality Law and Related Regulations. Istanbul: Yerelsen Publications.
3. Gurdogan, N. (1996). "An Overview of the Local
Government in Turkey." In the following books: Ed. Vecdi Akyuz-Seyfettin Unlu. City and Local Governments from Islamic Tradition to Present II. Istanbul: Ilke Publishing, 123-131.
4. Wolf, S. (2012), Turkey Union of Tekirdag City
Council Regional Meeting Notes. Tekirdag.
5. Soyuguzel, H. (2012), National Report of the
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6. Sengul, R. (2014). Local Governments, Kocaeli:
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of Turkish Municipality ". The Journal of Legislation, (Issue: 135). http:// www.mevzuatdergisi.com/2009/03a/02.htm / (Accessed to: 25.09.2015).
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