CC BY
0
УДК 62
Сеидова М., преподаватель Аллабердыева А., преподаватель Пашиев О., преподаватель Умаров Б., студент Научный руководитель: Исмаилов Б.
Преподаватель
Институт Инженерно-технических и транспортных коммуникаций Туркменистана ISSUES OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY Keywords:
energy-converting technical, highest international level.
Under the leadership of the Esteemed President Serdar Berdimuhamedov, a modern diversified transport system, including transport and transit routes, is being created in Turkmenistan at the highest international level, and comprehensive work is being carried out to activate them. The vital activity of this sphere is closely connected with the tasks of environmental security, which are reflected in the National Strategy of Turkmenistan on Climate Change, implemented in accordance with the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations (UN) and the solution of global environmental problems. As you know, in the history of the development of human civilization, the XIX century is considered the century of technical inventions, the XX century - the century of technical development, the XXI century - the century of scientific and technological reforms. In the XX century, when science, engineering and technology were developing in such an area as "Man - Technology - Nature", the main attention was paid to the economic benefits, while environmental risks for people's life were identified. Emissions into the atmosphere of the extremely large amount of carbon dioxide by energy-converting technical means led to the growth in the increase in ambient temperature. The scientific studies carried out around the world have shown that in the XIX century the increase in the average air temperature was 0.74°С, in the XX century it was approximately 1.2°С, and over the past 30 years it was equivalent to 1.8°С. There is evidence that in 2021 the air temperature has increased by another 0.3°С. According to the research conducted by scientists, it became known that in Turkmenistan the average air temperature for 1950-2004 increased by 1.3°С. When burning fossil fuels, 150 million tons of ash, 100 million tons of sulfur dioxide, 60 million tons of nitrogen oxide, 300 million tons of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and other harmful substances are annually emitted into the atmosphere of the Earth. These emissions remain in the atmosphere for a long time (for example, sulfur dioxide-3 days, carbon dioxide - 5 days, freon- 50-70 years, nitric acid - 120 years), which leads to the total climate change. The increase in the average temperature of the Earth by more than 2°С is dangerous for many ecosystems, mainly, this is the unadaptability of the nature of the steppes (deserts), which can lead to the irreversible consequences. The excessive warming of the atmospheric temperature will cause imbalance of the Earth, the emergence of various anomalous phenomena. The melting ice of the Arctic Ocean, precipitations, hurricanes, drought and fires that are increasingly occurring (the successive increase in abnormal phenomena) lead to huge disasters that will affect the natural development of mankind. So, there are urgent tasks that need to be solved to ensure natural development and social conditions. These include environmental well-being (ensuring a balance in the "Man - Nature" system), food and energy supply, and others. As is known, most of the technical structures and facilities used throughout the world (thermal engines, thermal power plants, and others) operate on fuel produced from oil, coal, and gas, which causes air pollution with exhaust gases. According to the statistics, it is known that 60% of harmful exhaust gases emitted into the atmosphere fall to the share of various vehicles. Main cause of the climate pollution is the incomplete combustion of fuel.
The combustion chamber of transport engines is compared with chemical reactor that synthesizes toxic substances and emits them into the atmosphere. The harmless nitrogen, which is present in the atmospheric air, getting into the combustion chamber, turns into poisonous nitrogen oxide. In the composition of the exhaust gases of the internal combustion engines, there are more than 170 toxic particles (various gases) and approximately 160 of them are associated with "lean" fuel hydrocarbon products. The composition of the exhaust gases depends on the type and quality of the fuel used, the impurities of the oils used in the lubrication system, the engine's operating mode, its technical serviceability, the traffic (operation) conditions of the transport, and some other indicators of influence. The degree of toxicity, mainly oxides of carbon and nitrogen, exhaust gases of carburetor engines is characterized by the amount of nitrogen oxide, as well as soot in diesel engines. Among the UN's top 10 highly hazardous air pollutants, carbon ranks second. The diesel engines differ from carburetor (injection) ones in their simplicity, reliability and efficiency. Of course, locomotives equipped with diesel engines are 20-30% more economical than engines where the working mixture in the cylinders burns out with a spark (carburetor, running on gasoline). In addition, for the production of diesel fuel, in comparison with gasoline, energy is consumed 2.2 times less. Fuel used in diesel engines contains no lead impurities and 50% less carbon monoxide gas emissions. But the operation of the diesel engines is considered environmentally unclean.
In the second half of the XX century, the world science identified three areas for use of the advanced diesel engines. The first two directions are connected with the restructuring of the type and production technology of the diesel engines. The third direction requires the solution of a set of tasks, since catalysts used to neutralize exhaust gases require very expensive materials (platinum, etc.). Literature:
1. Stadnitsky G.V., Rodionov A.I. "Ecology"., M. 1996.
2. Belov V.S. "Environmental protection", M., 1991.
3. Keloev T.A. "Theory and practice of natural resource conservation." Vladikavkaz, 1994
© CeMflOBa M., A..a6epg,bieBa A., nawweB O., yMapoB E., 2023
УДК 62
Сопыев А.,
Старший преподаватель Гулджанова Г. Х., Старший преподаватель Курбанов А.,
Студент
Туркменский государственный институт финансов Туркменский государственный архитектурно-строительный институт
АЛГОРИТМЫ И АЛГОРИТМИЗАЦИЯ
Ключевые слова:
алгоритмизация, алгоритм, математика.
В нашей повседневной жизни мы имеем дело с правилами, описывающими последовательность различных действий, необходимых для получения желаемого результата. К таким правилам относятся
