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очерченностью границ и специфичностью понятий, обозначаемых ими. Точные знания требуют точного выражения мысли, а термин не только закрепляет понятие названием, но и уточняет его, отделяя от смежных понятий [1,36].
Экономические тексты имеют ряд особенностей, которые необходимо учитывать при переводе. Помимо наличия специфической терминологии, они характеризуются и грамматическими отличиями, а именно: сложные и длинные, довольно сухие по своему характеру предложений.
Основные виды экономического перевода: банковская документация;
маркетинговые исследования; бизнес-планы, бизнес-проекты, бизнес-презентации; договоры и контракты; финансовая отчетность для международных партнеров; тендерная документация; бухгалтерская отчетность; перевод документации аудиторских проверок; экономические и научно-экономические статьи; экономическая литература учебного и научного характера.
Из вышепредставленной типологии экономических текстов мы отобрали тексты банковской документации, сделали их переводы, проанализировали и сгруппировали примененные переводческие трансформации в соответствии с классификацией В.В. Алимова [2].
Представим анализ переводческих трансформаций.
В первую группу вошли функциональные аналоги:
«There are a number of ways in which a government can organize its economy and the type of system chosen is critical in shaping environment in which businesses operate» (economy - экономика).
«The principal function of credit is to transfer property from those who own it to those who wish to use it, as in the granting of loans by banks to individuals who plan to initiate or expand a business venture» (loan - ссуда)
Во вторую группу мы отнесли калькирование:
«Investment credit, used by business firms to finance the acquisition ofplant and equipment» (investment credit - инвестиционный кредит).
Real-estate credit, composed of loans secured by land and buildings (real-estate credit - ипотечный кредит).
В третью группу вошёл такой приём как конкретизация:
«Planned economies are sometimes called «command economies» because the state commands the use of resources that are used to produce goods and services as it owns factories, land and natural resources» (command economies - административно-командная экономика)
«Secondly, industries are asked to comply with these plans and each industry and factory is set a production target to meet (industries - отрасли промышленности)
Четвёртая группа генерализация:
«Financial documents are: bills of exchange, promissory notes, cheques and payment receipts» (payment receipts - квитанции).
В пятую группу мы выделили транскрибирование:
«The use of credit also makes feasible the performance of the complex operations involved in modern business without the constant handling of money» (business - бизнес).
Шестая группа транслитерация:
«Credit operations are carried out by means of documents known as credit instruments, which include bills of exchange, money orders, cheques, drafts, promissory notes, and bonds» (cheque - чек).
В седьмую группу мы выделили перевод атрибутивных конструкций:
«The market price is the only price that can exist for any length of time under perfect competition conditions» (perfect competition condition - условия идеальной конкуренции)
В восьмую группу мы отнесли метафоризацию:
«A cornerstone of the market system is that production alters swiftly to meet changing demands» (a cornerstone of the market system - краеугольный камень системы рынка).
В нашей статье мы рассмотрели переводы 50 экономических терминов банковской сферы (общий объем текстов составил 15000 слов). Проанализировав выбранные единицы, мы можем сделать вывод, что наиболее распространённые переводческие трансформации это функциональный аналог и калькирование.
Литература
1. Термин [Электронный ресурс] URL: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%E5%F0%EC%E8%ED (дата обращения 24.09.12).
2. Алимов В.В. Теория перевода. Перевод в сфере профессиональной коммуникации: Ученое пособие. Изд. 3-е, стереотипное. - М.: Едиториал УРСС, 2005. С. 36-37.
Бусарова К.О.1, Малышева ИВ.2
1 Студентка; 2 кандидат филологических наук, доцент, Комсомольский-на-Амуре технический университет ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ ЗООНИМОВ В КИТАЙСКОМ И РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ
Аннотация
В статье исследуются первичные значения зоонимов, определяются роли животных в сознании носителей русского и китайского языков.
Ключевые слова: зооним, психолингвистический эксперимент, русский язык, китайский язык.
Busarova K.O.1; Malysheva N.V.2 1 Student; 2 PhD in Philology, Associate Professor,
KOMSOMOLSK-NA-AMURE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY RESEARCH ON FUNCTIONING OF ZOONYMS IN CHINESE
AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES
Abstract
In the article the primary zoonyms ’ meanings are being under study, animals ’ roles are determined in the consciousness of native speakers of Russian and Chinese languages.
Keywords: zoonym, psycholinguistic experiment, the Russian language, the Chinese language.
Zoomys are specific linguistic signs accumulating the gist of ethno-cultural peculiarities of every nation’s perception of the world. China and Russia have always divided in their views on the surrounding world.
Zoonyms have long been investigated from the point of systemic approach that is on the basis of dictionaries of different types. But in our opinion the best way to study their speech functioning is with the help of psycholinguistic methods such as interviewing, associative experiment (limited or unlimited) and the method of semantic differential.
To achieve our objective to analyze zoonyms’ functioning in human consciousness we arranged our investigation into two stages:
1) identification and interpretation of reactions of Russian and Chinese informants to the stimulus “animal”;
2) reveling of common and different reactions
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The following hypothesis has been advanced: units which have certain relevance to native speakers will be the most quantitative among the reactions and will be placed on the top of the list.
The informants are 15 Russian students of 18-19 of non-linguistics specialties.
The task suggested to the informants was to write as many species of animals as possible. The time was limited to one minute. The total number of Russian reactions was 209, the average number was 13,9 reactions per person. As for Chinese reactions, the total number was 150, the average number was 10 reactions per person.
The most frequent Russian reactions were: cat (13), dog (13), lion (8), tiger (8), giraffe (7).
The first two reactions can be explained by that fact that a cat and a dog are popular tame pets in the Russian culture; they can be met in the national folklore fairy-tales, proverbs, and sayings. Also these animals are usual characters of Russian fables. They are an integral part of the Russian culture.
The "tiger” reaction can be explained by the fact the research was carried out in the area of the Far East and this animal is the symbol of its nature. The Amur tiger is the endangered species and is paid special attention.
The most surprising reactions "giraffe ” and "lion ” got relatively large numbers - 8 and 7, consequently. As we reckon, this figure may be explained by their popularity in foreign mass media, feature films and animated films.
Although there are a lot of native Russian animals such as bears, wolves, foxes and others, they were not among the most popular reactions in the list of the Russian students.
The next part of our investigation was the questionnaire of 15 Chinese students of the same age.
The main similarity consists in the first two reactions: the reactions "cat” and "dog” were on the top of the list. The number of the reactions on the words "cat” and "dog” was 10 and 12, consequently. This similarity can be explained by common presence of these animals in human life, either Russian or Chinese.
The next popular reactions were "duck”, "chicken” and "pig”. They are the animals considered by people from the point of their nourishing value. These domestic animals can also be used for leather (pig) or plumage (chicken and duck).
Among other reactions there were interesting ones - "human” (2 reactions) and “egg” (1 reaction).
As for unique reactions the Chinese informants suggested such zoonyms as "dragon”, which is fictitious; "snake” and "ant”.
The Russian unique ones were "fox”, "bear”.
To clear up the differences between Russian and Chinese meanings we studied their definitions in dictionaries.
Cat (Russian explanatory dictionary) has a unique definition which is relevant only for the Russian language. It is “grapnel or climbing-irons”. The Chinese language has a meaning of the word "cat” which is “fur”. The first definitions in these languages are the same: “the domestic animal with fur and claws, useful for catching mice”.
The Russian word "dog” has some unique definitions : “fur of a dog”; “a person who is desperately faithful to smth or smb”; “evil and cruel person”.
In the Chinese culture the dog is a symbol of Chinese horoscope, which symbolizes faithfulness and readiness for action.
The word "tiger” in the Russian language dictionary has a secondary meaning - “the German tank model of the World War II period”. The Chinese language has several secondary meanings - “brave, strong”; “amber (old Chinese)” and “menaces (old Chinese)”. The tiger is a symbol of Chinese horoscope; it symbolizes strength, violence, fury and sometimes betrayal.
The word "wolf in the Russian language means “an experienced person got accustomed to misfortunes and dangers, has certain skills in some business”.
To conclude, some reactions can be explained by their presence in our everyday life. Other reactions representing animals beyond their natural habitat ("lion’, ‘giraffe’) are due to the impact of foreign mass media on young people’s association process and aggregate experience.
Nowadays it can be stated that intercultural lacunarity loses its borders. This phenomenon can be exactly viewed in the Russian informants’ questionnaire. The boundaries of cultural peculiarities in the Russian language become obliterated. Representatives of the Chinese culture were not influenced by this event so obviously because of some historical reasons. China has always been a closed country and had fewer opportunities to adopt foreign cultural peculiarities.
References
1 http://bkrs.info/ (дата обращения 15.05.2013)
2 http://ozhegov.org/ (дата обращения 2.05.2013)
Велибекова ИМ.
Магистрант Волгоградский государственный университет СТРАТЕГИИ ЮРИДИЧЕСКОГО ПЕРЕВОДА В ЯЗЫКОВОЙ ПАРЕ «НЕМЕЦКИЙ - РУССКИЙ»
Аннотация
Данная статья посвящена выявлению проблем перевода юридических текстов, а также описанию стратегий, используемых при решении данных проблем. Автором раскрываются основные характеристики юридического дискурса, рассматриваются переводческие проблемы с учетом трех аспектов: прагматического, конвенционального, языкового.
Ключевые слова: юридический дискурс, проблема перевода, стратегия перевода.
Velibekova I.M.
Master’s degree student, Volgograd State University
STRATEGIES OF LEGAL TRANSLATION IN THE GERMAN-RUSSIAN LANGUAGE COMBINATION
Abstract
The present article is devoted to introduction ofproblems of legal translation as well as strategies used by solving of these problems. The author considers the main characteristics of legal discourse, describes translation problems in accordance with following aspects: pragmatic, conventional, and language.
Keywords: legal discourse, translation problem, translation strategy.
Интенсивная международная интеграция во многих сферах социального взаимодействия, растущая мобильность человеческих ресурсов в международном поликультурном пространстве, а также необходимость правового регулирования взаимоотношений субъектов международного сотрудничества обусловливают значимость юридического перевода, выполняющего функции инструмента, обеспечивающего права граждан различных государств. Так, вследствие расширения сферы экономического сотрудничества требуются переводы договоров и соглашений различных видов, в случаях возникновения споров и невыполнения обязательств по договору необходимы переводы судебных документов, при создании совместных предприятий или филиалов иностранных компаний выполняется перевод учредительной документации. В связи с возросшей мобильностью российских граждан большим спросом пользуется перевод юридической документации физических лиц (документы об образовании, различные свидетельства и справки и др.).
Стратегии перевода юридических текстов определяются основными особенностями юридического дискурса.
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