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17ИНДУСТРИЯ USTRY ПИТАНИЯ
ISSN 2686-7982 (Online) ISSN 2500-1922 (Print)
Т. 5 № 3 2020
УДК 612.015.1
DOI 10.29141/2500-1922-2020-5-3-2
Efficiency Research of the Beverage on the Still Mineral Water and BAD
Vitaliy O. Tolmachev1, Sergey L. Tikhonov1*, Natalya V. Tikhonova1
1Ural State University of Economics, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation, *e-mail: tihonov75@bk.ru
Abstract
The article presents analysis results of the actual consumption of drinking water and sport drinks by athletes before and after training and concerns the effectiveness study of the drink based on non-carbonated mineral drinking water "ARDVI" and dietary supplement "Eramin". Analysis of liquid consumption by sportspeople before and after training shows that all athletes participating in the experiment (100,0 %) consume bottled drinking water for dehydration. The maximum consumption of bottled water is 1 500 ml, the minimum -150 ml; the amount of tea drunk by judoists equal 500 ml with an average amount of 324 ml; carbonated drinks ("Coca-Cola", "Sprite", etc.) athletes do not use. The authors suggested judo athletes to replace 500 ml of bottled water with 500 ml of a drink based on the mineral water "ARDVI" and the biologically active supplement "Eramin". According to the results of preclinical research conducted on rats, the introduction of this drink to animals through a probe contributes to the muscle and epithelial tissues regeneration. When studying the testosterone and cortisol amount in the blood of athletes, authors found that on the 90th day of taking a drink based on mineral water "ARDVI" these indicators were 84.2 ± 0.6 and 35.1 ± 0.8 nmol/l, respectively; and in the first group - 71.3± 0.5 and 26.4± 0.4 nmol/l, which is 18.1 and 33.0 % higher than in the control group. An increase in the number of studied hormones in the blood of athletes can indicate an increase in physical performance and a decrease in fatigue. Researchers noted a high value of the creatine phosphokinase enzyme (137 units/l) in the blood serum of athletes in the control group, which indicates training intensity and the possibility of muscle tissue injury. In the blood of athletes of the experimental group, the amount of this enzyme is 85 units/l, which is lower than the control by 62.0 %. There was a significant decrease in the activity of AST and ALT enzymes by 15.8 and 22.0 % while consuming studied drink by athletes. At the same time, the muscle injury index corresponded to the norm. Athletes who took the sports drink under study had the optimal value of the de Ritis coefficient (1.33). Authors concluded that the athletes use of drink based on mineral water "ARDVI" and dietary supplement "Eramin" allows sportsmen to maintain performance, reduce fatigue and prevent muscle tissue damage, including the myocardium.
For citation: Vitaliy O. Tolmachev, Sergey L. Tikhonov, Natalya V. Tikhonova. Efficiency Research of the Beverage Based on the Still Mineral Water and BAD "Eramin". Индустрия питания|Food Industry. 2020. Vol. 5, No. 3. Pp. 17-24. DOI: 10.29141/2500-1922-2020-5-3-2
Paper submitted: May 4, 2020
Исследование эффективности напитка на основе негазированной минеральной питьевой воды и БАД «Эрамин»
В.О. Толмачев1, С.Л. Тихонов1*, Н.В. Тихонова1
1Уральский государственный экономический университет, г. Екатеринбург, Российская Федерация, *e-mail: tihonov75@bk.ru
Based "Eramin"
Keywords:
liquid consumption;
sports drink;
performance efficiency;
fatigue;
athletes;
enzymes
Ключевые слова:
потребление жидкости;
спортивный напиток;
работоспособность;
утомляемость;
спортсмены;
ферменты
Реферат
В статье представлены результаты анализа фактического потребления питьевой воды и спортивных напитков спортсменами перед и после тренировки и исследования эффективности напитка на основе негазированной минеральной питьевой воды «АРДВИ» и биологически активной добавки «Эрамин». Анализ потребления жидкости спортсменами по видам спорта перед и после тренировки свидетельствуют о том, что для дегидратации все спортсмены - участники эксперимента (100,0 %) - употребляют бутилированную питьевую воду. Максимальное потребление бутилированной воды составляет 1 500 мл, минимальное - 150 мл; количество выпитого чая дзюдоистами - на уровне 500 мл при среднем показателе 324 мл; газированные напитки («Кока-Кола», «Спрайт» и др.) спортсмены не употребляли. Спортсменам-дзюдоистам было предложено заменить 500 мл бутиллированной воды на 500 мл напитка на основе минеральной воды «АРДВИ» и биологически активной добавки «Эрамин». По результатам доклинических исследований, проведенных на крысах, установлено, что введение животным через зонд указанного напитка способствует регенерации мышечной и эпителиальной тканей. При исследовании содержания тестостерона и кортизола в крови спортсменов было выявлено, что на 90-е сутки приема напитка на основе минеральной воды «АРДВИ» эти показатели составили 84,2 ± 0,6 и 35,1 ± 0,8 нмоль/л соответственно, причем в первой группе - 71,3± 0,5 и 26,4± 0,4 нмоль/л, что на 18,1 и 33,0 % выше, чем в контрольной. Увеличение количества исследуемых гормонов в крови спортсменов позволяет свидетельствовать о повышении физической работоспособности и снижении утомляемости. В сыворотке крови спортсменов контрольной группы отмечено высокое содержание фермента креатинфосфокиназы (137 ед./л), что свидетельствует об интенсивности тренировок и возможности травмирования мышечной ткани. В крови спортсменов опытной группы количество указанного фермента составляет 85 ед./л, что ниже контроля на 62,0 %. Отмечено достоверное снижение активности ферментов АСТ и АЛТ на 15,8 и 22,0 % на фоне употребления исследуемого напитка спортсменами. При этом индекс травмирования мышц соответствовал норме. У спортсменов, принимавших исследуемый спортивный напиток, коэффициент де Ритиса был оптимальным и составил 1,33. Сделан вывод: употребление спортсменами напитка на основе минеральной воды «АРДВИ» и биологически активной добавки «Эрамин» позволяет сохранять работоспособность, снизить утомляемость и предупредить повреждения мышечной ткани, в том числе миокарда.
Для цитирования: Толмачев В.О., Тихонов С.Л., Тихонова Н.В. Исследование эффективности напитка на основе негазированной минеральной питьевой воды и БАД «Эрамин»//Индустрия питания|Food Industry. 2020. Т. 5, № 3. С. 17-24. DOI: 10.29141/25001922-2020-5-3-2
Дата поступления статьи: 4 мая 2020 г.
Relevance
During physical training, athletes have a general decrease in water amount in the body with hemo-concentration (so-called dehydration), which can have adverse consequences, in particular, a decrease in the training and physical indicators effectiveness and increased fatigue [1]. Dehydration leads to the significant index deterioration of speed and strength qualities and physical strength in both aerobic and anaerobic energy processes [2; 3; 4]. Physical activity leads to a decrease in body weight. To restore fluid status, scientists recommend to consume 1.5 liters of liquid per 1 kg of lost weight [5; 6]. Fluid losses are high during physical training. If the recovery period between physical activities is less than 12 hours, then athletes need to ensure sufficient fluid intake into the body. At the same
time, they have to considering that excess fluid, as well as its lack, negatively affects physical performance [7; 8]. Excessive fluid intake can cause discomfort in the digestive system and, consequently, weaken physical performance [9; 10]. However, there is a positive aspect of excessive fluid intake by athletes, in particular, large volumes of fluid in the stomach enhance the rehydration process [11]. From the above, determining the optimal amount of fluid intake by athletes is important for maintaining, restoring physical performance and achieving high training and competitive results.
During intensive training along with the fluid loss by the athlete body, there are losses of mineral substances. The need for biologically active substances increases.
Many biologically active drugs that help restore performance are in the list of prohibited for use by athletes. In this regard, the development and effectiveness evaluation of the new complex drug, including sports drinks that restore water and mineral balance in the body of an athlete, is an urgent task of modern nutritional science. Plant extracts that have a "soft" effect on the adaptive capabilities of athletes deserve special attention as a source of biologically active substances [12].
One of the well-known and effective herbal remedies is "Erakond". This is alfalfa extract, enriched with ten microelements. Sports results of athletes confirmed the effectiveness of its application (the speedskaters under the leadership of the Honored coach of the USSR, Master of sports Boris F. Vash-lyaev). Researchers tested "Erakond" during the training period of speedskaters on the eve of the XVII winter Olympic games in Lillehammer (Norway, 1994). Russian skaters took "Erakond" after each training session in the amount of one pill. They did not use other pharmacological agents. The training took place on flat terrain, in the conditions of the middle mountains (Almaty, Medeo, Kazakhstan, height - 1700 m; Davos, Switzerland, height - 1 500 m above sea level). Athletes and coaches during the training process noted high performance and rapid recovery; they did not observe adverse acclimatization issues in the mountains with subsequent acclimatization. Russian highly qualified athletes - masters of sports of international class and masters of sports achieved significant results in high-level competitions: the Olympic games, world and European Championships, World Cup series and international competitions in athletics and speed skating. At the same time, athletes who took dietary supplements were under constant control of the anti-doping laboratory of the Russian Federation.
Together with LLC Research and Production Enterprise "Erakond-Ural" (Ekaterinburg) the authors developed an improved analogue of "Erakond" -a biologically active additive "Eramin".
During training and competitions athletes often injure attachments and joints; they often have a syndrome of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) which appears two or three days after exercise. To prevent DOMS, the athlete diet must include an essential element silicon, that increases the attachments elasticity [13]. The action mechanism of silicon is to enhance the enzyme pepsidilum hydroxilase, converting a proline to hydroxyproline. Oxyproline is part of the collagen fibers, and provides elasticity of the attachments, and prevents their breaks [14]. Scientists proved that in cases of injuries to muscle tissue and attachments, the amount of silicon in the places of bursting and breakage increased by more than 100 times, and its
concentration in the blood of an athlete decreased by 5-7 times [15].
The recommended rate of silicon consumption by the Federal center for hygiene and epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor is 30 mg/day1 Silicon does not have a cumulative effect and is quickly removed from the body [16]. Together with LLC "Niagara" (Chelyabinsk), the authors developed a sports drink enriched with dietary supplements "Eramin" based on non-carbonated drinking mineral water "ARDVI", containing natural metasilicic acid in a physiologically significant dose of 24.7-69.0 mg/dm3.
The aim of the work is to study the effectiveness of a drink based on non-carbonated mineral drinking water "ARDVI" and dietary additive "Eramin" by partially replacing drinking bottled water in the diet of athletes.
Objects and Methods of the Research
The authors run the research on the sports club basis of the Physical Education and Sports Department of the South Ural State Agrarian University (Troitsk, Chelyabinsk region).
They determined the liquid amount consumed by athletes in different sports using the daily nutrition method, including the consumption of various types of liquids and beverages, according to officially approved Guidelines2. To assess the consumption of drinking bottled water and drinks by highly qualified judoists, the researchers developed a questionnaire with questions on all types of liquids and beverages that athletes drunk before and after training. The group of judoists included 20 masters, candidates for master of sports and first-class athletes with the following training regime: 1 time a day for 3 hours, 6 training sessions a week.
A man chose white Wistar rats in the vivarium of the Veterinary Medicine Institute of the South Ural State University (Chelyabinsk) to study the regenerating ability of the drink based on still drinking water "ARDVI" and dietary additive "Eramin". For the experiment, the researchers formed three groups of animals: the first group was a control one - the rats received the main diet; the second group received 25 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution orally in addition to the general animal diet; the third group received a drink based on non-carbonated mineral drinking water and dietary additive "Eramin" in an amount of 25 ml. One introduced isotonic solution
1 Norms of Physiological Needs in Energy and Food Substances for Various Groups of the Population of the Russian Federation. Methodological Recommendations. Moscow: Federal Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor. 2009. 36 p.
2 Methodological Recommendations for Assessing the Amount of Food Consumed by the Method of 24-Hour (Daily) Reproduction of Nutrition / app. Deputy Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation. Decree No. C1-19/14-17. February 26, 1996.
and drink into the body of laboratory animals for 30 days before applying the sword cut and 15 days after (the healing period). A sword cut was 15*15 mm applied with a scalpel to study the drink effect on the regenerating ability of tissues. The animals were under anesthesia. The researchers evaluated wound healing process by calculating its area.
A man measured adaptive capabilities of athletes by the amount of cortisol and testosterone hormones, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatine kinase (creatine phosphokinase) in the blood; determined indicators in the interdepartmental laboratory of the Veterinary Medicine Institute of the South Ural State University. They specified cortisol and testosterone amount by enzyme immunoassay using a set of ready-made reagents "Cortisol EIA 01" and "Testosterone 96"; creatine kinase-kinetic - by the im-munobiological method using a set of ready-made reagents, alanine and aspartate aminotransferase - on the analyzer "Labsystems".
For the experiment, there were 2 groups of ju-doists: the first group - control one, athletes consumed liquid and drinks without changes; the second group - experienced, athletes replaced 500 ml of drinking water for 500 ml of a drink based on still drinking water "ARDVI" and dietary additive "Eramin", which they took daily for 90 days after training. The computer program Statistica 9 performed statistical data processing.
Results and Its Discussion
Table 1 shows data on the consumption of drinking bottled water and beverages by highly qualified judoists before and after training. During the study the researchers used an informative indicator
of athlete liquid consumption named the "Mode of Consumption Values" that means the most frequent (preferred) volume of fluid body consumed by individuals.
The studied indicator also provides information about the liquid consumption per person.
The analysis results of the liquid consumption before training indicate that all athletes (100.0 %) consumed bottled water. The maximum consumption of bottled water is 1,500 ml, and the minimum is 150 ml. Tea gains the second place in terms of the amount of liquid consumed by athletes before training. Thus, the maximum amount of tea consumed by judoists is at the level of 500 ml with an average consumption of 324 ml. Only 40.0 % of combat athletes consume sports drinks before training. The athletes did not use carbonated drinks (Coca-Cola, Sprite, etc.).
The greatest number of athletes (100.0 %) preferred drinking water after training. The average consumption of bottled water by judoists after training is 1,247 ml. 80.0 % judoists consume sports drinks. An average value for sports drinks in each group of athletes is 547 ml. The obtained data indicate that bottled drinking water, followed by tea is the main liquid for rehydration after training.
The analysis of the "Mode of Consumption Values" demonstrates that judoists mostly consume water, tea, sports drinks, coffee and juices in volumes of 500, 200, 300, 100 and 150 ml, respectively.
The researchers suggested judoists to replace 500 ml of bottled water with 500 ml of a drink based on still water "ARDVI" and dietary additive "Eramin". It contains the following prescription ingredients: hibiscus extract; dietary additive "Eramin"; stevioside; potassium sorbate; sodium benzoate; natural mineral drinking water "ARDVI".
Тable 1. Consumption of Drinking Bottled Water and Drinks by Highly Qualified Judoists Before and After Training, ml Таблица 1. Потребление питьевой бутилированной воды и напитков высококвалифицированными спортсменами-дзюдоистами до и после тренировки, мл
Consumption
Drinks Average Mode Minimum Maximum Consumers Number Consumers Proportion, %
ш ш ш ш ш ш
0 u_ 01 -О after о u_ e -O after о u_ e -O after о u_ e -O after о u_ e -O after о u_ e -O after
Drinking Bottled 298 1247 500 500 150 ± 27 300 ± 23 1500±46 2000±51 20 20 100 100
Water
Sports Drinks 120 547 100 300 50 ± 12 200 ± 23 200 ± 29 1000±18 8 16 40 80
Tea 324 228 150 200 100 ± 18 150 ± 19 500 ± 31 500 ± 24 14 16 70 80
Coffee 64 89 100 100 50 ± 11 50 ± 8 250 ± 26 150±32 8 6 40 30
Juices, Nectar 289 158 250 150 150 ± 23 100 ± 14 500 ± 28 250 ± 17 16 8 80 40
Coca-Cola, Sprite
and Another Sweet Did Not Consume
Carbonated Drinks
The table 2 shows the regulated indicators of soft drinks based on mineral water "ARDVI" and dietary additive "Eramin".
Consumption of the recommended amount of the drink (500 ml) provides athletes from 10.0 to 60.0% of the body's needs in trace elements and bioflavo-noids.
According to preliminary preclinical studies on the muscle and epithelial tissue regeneration conducted on white rats to establish the drink use possibility for preventing ligament injuries and improve the muscle tissue tears healing in athletes, authors found that the drink introduction into the test animals through the probe promoted wound healing. So, after 5, 10 and 14 days, the area of the wound surface was less by 25.0; 36.0 and 72.0 % compared to the control group of laboratory animals.
Testosterone and cortisol concentration are to reflect the adaptive capabilities of the athlete body to the training process and the level of performance recovery [17]. When studying the content of testosterone and cortisol in the athlete blood of the sec-
ond group on the 90th day of taking a drink based on still mineral water "ARDVI" was 84.2 ± 0.6 and 35.1 ± 0.8 nmol/l, in the first - 71.3 ± 0.5 and 26.4 ± 0.4 nmol/l, respectively, which is 18.1 and 33.0 % higher than in the control group. An increase in the testosterone and cortisol amount in the blood indicates an increase in physical performance and a decrease in fatigue.
Thus, replacing 500 ml of drinking water daily for 90 days in the diet of judoists with a drink based on mineral water "ARDVI" and dietary additive "Eramin" increases performance and reduces fatigue.
The study of physiological state biomarkers, fitness and adaptive capabilities (enzymes released into the blood when the protective ability of the myocyte membrane is violated during high physical exertion) are of particular importance. Information about changes in the enzymes activity during the training cycle allows to calculate the optimal level of physical activity for each athlete and the recovery process direction of his body. Table 3 shows the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine
Table 2. Regulated Indicators of Soft Drinks Based on Mineral Water "ARDVI" and Dietary Additive "Eramin" in a Polymer Container with a Capacity of 0.5 dm3 Таблица 2. Регламентируемые показатели безалкогольного напитка на основе минеральной воды «АРДВИ» и БАД «Эрамин» в полимерной таре вместимостью 0,5 дм3
Indicator Characteristic Rate of Daily Requirements when Consumed 500 ml with an Average Amount of a Physiologically Significant Substance, %
Appearance Opaque Liquid -
Color Brown, Relevant to the Color of the Raw Material Used -
Taste Herbaceous, Typical to Alfalfa -
Aroma Aroma of Herbs. Foreign Taste and Smell are not Allowed -
Basic Ionic Composition, mg / l : HC03- 384-420 -
SO42- 85-90 -
Cl- 110-120 -
Ca2+ 90-96 -
Mg2+ 78-90 -
(Na + K)+ 70-80 -
Mineralization, g/dm3 0.7-0.9 -
Specific Component H2Si03, mg/dm3 24.7-69.0 30
Bio-Flavonoids in Terms of Luteolin-7-Glucoside, mg/0.5 dm3 130-180 25
Microelements, mg|0.5 dm3
iron 5.5-6.5 50
Zinc 4.0-5.2 35
Copper 0.3-0.5 40
Manganese 1.0-1.3 60
Cobalt 3.3-3.7 10
Тable 3. Enzymatic Blood Activity of Highly Qualified Judoists, units/l (M ± m; n = 20) Таблица 3. Ферментативная активность крови высококвалифицированных спортсменов-дзюдоистов,
ед./л (М ± m; n = 20)
Enzyme Reference Interval, Norm Group of Athletes
Control Experimental
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) 0-31 10.1 ± 0.2 8.5 ± 0.2*
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) 0-34 8.2 ± 0.1 6.4 ± 0.1*
Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) 0-145 137 ± 4 85 ± 3
De Ritis Coefficient (AST/ALT) 1.33 1.23 1.33
CPK/ALT Less than 10.0 13.6 10.0
Note. *Reliably when Р < 0,01.
aminotransferase (ALT) and creatine phosphoki-nase (CPK) in the blood serum of athletes (table 3).
In the blood serum of the athletes in the control group there is a high CPK value (137 units/l), indicating the training intensity, the possibility to injure the muscle tissue and being consistent with the research results [18]. The authors assume that the cellular enzymes release in blood associates with the free radicals formation and, consequently, with changes in the permeability of the cell membrane, while in blood serum of sportsmen of the experimental group CPK is 85 units/l, which is below the benchmark by 62.0%.
The study of the cellular transaminases (AST and ALT enzymes) activity plays crucial role. There was a significant decrease in their activity by 15.8 and 22.0 % in the second group of athletes compared to the control. At the same time, the ratio of CPK/ AST, or index of muscle injury, in the control group was at the level of 13 units and above the norm by 3 units. An important diagnostic value of the cardiovascular system state is the ratio of AST/ALT (de Ritis coefficient). In the experimental group, it was optimal and consisted of 1.33, while in the control group it was 1.34. The obtained data indicates the initial stage of myocardial damage in athletes of the control group.
Conclusion
Authors, based on the conducted research, found that all highly qualified athletes used drinking water before and after training for rehydration. Ju-doists consumed the maximum amount of water, and weightlifters - the minimum. In clinical studies, judoists replaced 500 ml of bottled drinking water with 500 ml of a drink based on mineral water "ARD-VI" and dietary additive "Eramin".
When conducting preclinical studies on white rats, he researchers established the positive effect
of the drink on the soft tissue regeneration by its introduction into laboratory animals with a wound surface. The results obtained suggest that the drink under study will enhance the athlete recovery and prevent injury to muscle tissue, including the myocardium. The results of preclinical studies are consistent with the muscle injury index and the de Ritis coefficient.
Thus, in the control group of athletes, the injury index was higher than the norm, and against the background of consuming the drink it corresponded to the standard value and was lower than the control by 30.0 %. The de Ritis coefficient indicated the initial stage of myocardial damage in the control group of athletes.
According to the experiment results, the use of the studied drink increases the adaptive capabilities of the body, as evidenced by an increase in the testosterone and cortisol content in the blood of athletes of the experimental group; this is consistent with the content of metabolic biomarkers (CPK, AST, ALT) in this group and indicates an increase in the athlete adaptation to increased physical activity, reduced fatigue, and increased creatine phosphoki-nase mechanism of energy supply. The authors connect the increased amount of the studied biomarkers in athletes of the control group with an increase in the enzymes release into the blood under the influence of physical activity. The increase in the activity of these enzymes has a different etiology, but can be due to mechanical injury of the skeletal muscles caused by intense physical activity and the development of oxidant metabolic stress caused by the free radical occurrence during training. Also, a significant increase in the content of these enzymes in the blood of athletes in the control group is a marker of overtraining and weakening of the recovery process.
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Information about Authors / Информация об авторах
Tolmachev, Vitaliy Olegovich
Толмачев Виталий Олегович
Тел./Phone: +7 (343) 221-27-66 E-mail: vitaly-tolmachev@bk.ru
Postgraduate Student
Ural State University of Economics
620144, Russian Federation, Ekaterinburg, 8 March/Narodnoy Voli St., 62/45
Аспирант
Уральский государственный экономический университет
620144, Российская Федерация, г. Екатеринбург, ул. 8 Марта/Народной Воли, 62/45 ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3003-7192
Tikhonov,
Sergey Leonidovich
Тихонов
Сергей Леонидович
Тел./Phone: +7 (343) 221-27-66 E-mail: tihonov75@bk.ru
Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Head ofthe Food Engineering Department Ural State University of Economics
620144, Russian Federation, Ekaterinburg, 8 March/Narodnoy Voli St., 62/45
Доктор технических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой пищевой инженерии Уральский государственный экономический университет
620144, Российская Федерация, г. Екатеринбург, ул. 8 Марта/Народной Воли, 62/45 ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4863-9834
Tikhonova, Natalya Valeryevna
Тихонова
Наталья Валерьевна
Тел./Phone: +7 (343) 221-27-66 E-mail: tihonov75@bk.ru
Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Professor ofthe Food Engineering Department Ural State University of Economics
620144, Russian Federation, Ekaterinburg, 8 March/Narodnoy Voli St., 62/45
Доктор технических наук, профессор, профессор кафедры пищевой инженерии Уральский государственный экономический университет
620144, Российская Федерация, г. Екатеринбург, ул. 8 Марта/Народной Воли, 62/45 ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5841-1791
