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Fig. 6. Cost of measures References / Список литературы
1. Bykov A.V., Shulga T.I., Oliferenk, L. Ya. Socio-psychological assistance to disadvantaged children. / A.V. Bykov, T. Shulga, L.Y. Oliferenko. Moscow: URAO, 2003.
2. Peskova M.E. Features of the formation of life experience in pupils of orphanages. / M.E. Peskova // Defectology. № 5, 2007. Pp. 75-83.
3. DubrovinaI.V. Workbook of the school psychologist. Moscow: Enlightenment, 1991. Р. 303.
4. Dubrovina I. V. Psychological development of pupils of orphanages. M., 1990.
5. Open data of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. Department of State Policy for the Protection of Children's Rights.
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7. Shipitsyn L..M .Psychology of orphans; Publishing house of St. Petersburg. University, 2005. 628 p.
8. Elkonin D.B. Children's psychology: Textbook. Moscow: Publishing Center "Academy", 2004. 384 p.
9. Federal Service of State Statistics of Russia.
10. Statistical collection "Children in Russia", 2009. M: Rosstat.
11. Parishioners A.M. Psychology of orphanhood. (Text). 3. St. Petersburg, 2007. 416 p.
INVESTIGATION OF ANIMALS' INTELLIGENCE, PSYCHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR, PROOF OF ANIMALS' COMPLEX MENTALITY AND
ADVANCED PSYCHISM Akhmetov R.R. (Russian Federation) Email: [email protected]
Akhmetov Radmir Rustemovich - Student, PETROLEUM ENGINEERIND DEPARTMENT, SAINT PETERSBURG MINING UNIVERSITY, SAINT PETERSBURG
Abstract: this article examines different animals psychology, intellect and behavior to prove that actually have complex mentality and advanced psychism. Therefore people make more effect to care about them and do not excruciate them. It was investigated, for example, that turkeys change the color of the beak depending on the emotions. Another mental complication facts are dolphins, one of the most clever and joyful creatures in the world, can die from stress during trainings,
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because it is not natural for them. Moreover, animals experience mental diseases. For instance, dogs that served in the war in Iraq and Afghanistan suffered from the same symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder as people. Concerning intelligence, although animals do not have common language, culture and logical thinking, their instincts are plastic and more developed and therefore their survival skills are better. For example, the female digging wasp must, within a few weeks, before it perishes, meet with the male and perform a complex series of activities related to digging the nesting mink, building chambers in it, supplying the chambers with prey. The proof of instinct plasticity is that redstart and tomtit under unusual conditions arrange their nests in unusual for they nature places like under the roots.
Keywords: animals mental diseases, animals intellect, zoopsychology, exploration of animals.
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТА, ПСИХОЛОГИИ И ПОВЕДЕНИЯ ЖИВОТНЫХ, ДОКАЗАТЕЛЬСТВО СЛОЖНОЙ И РАЗВИТОЙ ПСИХИКИ И УМСТВЕННЫХ СПОСОБНОСТЕЙ ЖИВОТНЫХ Ахметов Р.Р. (Российская Федерация)
Ахметов Радмир Рустемович - студент, кафедра транспорта и хранения нефти и газа, Санкт-Петербургский горный университет, г. Санкт-Петербург
Аннотация: в статье предпринимается попытка доказать, что животные обладают сложной психологией и интеллектом, следовательно людям следует заботиться о них более бережно. Было, например, обнаружено, что индюки меняют цвет клюва в зависимости от эмоций. А дельфины, например, могут умереть от стресса во время тренировок, хотя являются одними из самых умных и жизнерадостных существ. Также животные страдают психическими заболеваниями. Например, собаки, участвовавшие в войнах в Афганистане и Ираке, страдали теми же патологиями, что и их хозяева. Говоря об интеллекте, хотя у животных нет общего для вида языка, культуры и логического мышления, их инстинкты пластичны и более развиты, следовательно, их навыки выживания лучше, чем у людей. Например, некоторые виды ос должны за несколько недель их жизни успеть выполнить серию сложных действий с партнером, включая сооружения трудных ячеек в сотах. Доказательством пластичности инстинктов является то, что горихвостки и синицы в экстремальных условиях сооружают гнезда в необычных для них местах. Например, под корнями деревьев.
Ключевые слова: психические заболевания животных, интеллект животных, зоопсихология, эксплуатация животных.
DOI:10.20861/2410-28 73-2017-30-002
This paper was written to investigate animals psychology and intellect to prove that animals have the same right to not just live, but live a happy life, and that people can not harm them, make them suffer and kill in order to meet human's demands in food, entertainment, sport and health. That means that people should not eat animals, kill them to make clothes and use them as entertainment if they suffer during training or the exhibition, because if we kill and torture live beings who can breathe, see, feel and think, then we actually kill and torture people with less contemplate psychology and intellect [1, 3].
Because animals actually have emotions, they have simple thoughts and even suffer from mental illnesses. Of course, their feelings, emotions and nervous system are less complex than humans'. But it does not mean that it does not exist at all and that people should not care about their health and feelings.
Conrad Lorenz noted that the sadness expressed by geese is very similar to the sadness of children, and they also manifest themselves: a shaved head, failing eyes: The females of the sea lion fall into despair when they see their killer whales devour: they scream, moan and whine,
grieving About their death. [2] Even dolphins, the paradigm of the joy of life, can die from stress, as happens with some specimens during training. This led Rick O Barry, the most famous of the animal trainers of these animals, to leave the training [1].
Moreover, turkeys, for instance, change the color of the beak depending on the 'emotions'
Crows "fall in love" and create long-term couples, as V. Heinrich has already described. Also V.Viursig described the marriage games among whales near the Valdez peninsula, in Argentina. During mating games male and female touch each other with their fins, stroke each other, weave tails, swim together, jump out of the water at the same time. Mothers, turning on their back, raise the cubs on the belly [6].
A gorilla suffering from panic attacks, a tiger with facial tics, a white bear that swam for 12 hours with eight in the zoo pool, whales committed suicide, and parrots tearing their feathers. As in the case of people, mental illness in animals causes serious injuries: natural disasters, bullying, loss of loved ones. So, Brightman talks about dogs that served in the war in Iraq and Afghanistan: they suffered from the same symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder as veterans. At the same time, animals are helped by the same kinds of therapy and medicines as humans [7].
Animals, unlike humans, do not have
1) recognized by the society acquired common language,
2) history, culture,
3) logical thinking.
Instead of this they have 3 other crucial advantages:
1) Instinct of animals is more developed than in humans. They do not need so many trials and errors
2) Accordingly, survival is better developed because it is motivated by instinct. A person needs society, culture, history for normal development and survival, animals have all the experience in the genes.
3) Their instincts are plastic, so it is incorrect that all animal species behave identically at all times, they can vary both within the group and under individual experience.
In behavior it is possible to allocate conventionally the congenital and acquired components: instinct and learning. For mentally low-level animals, adaptability is fully provided by an innate, genetic component of behavior. So, for example, a male spider-horse, in order to inhibit the predatory reaction of a female, must address to it certain demonstration acts, otherwise it will be eaten. In this case, it is important that for the first time these acts are carried out properly and completely. It is clear that this behavior arose as a phylogenetic adaptation [8].
Constancy, rigidity of the instinctive components of behavior are necessary to ensure the preservation and steady performance of the most vital functions, regardless of the random, transitory environmental conditions in which one or another species representative may appear. Congenital components of behavior store the result of the entire evolutionary path traversed by the species. This is the quintessence of the species experience, the most valuable thing that has been acquired in the course of phylogenesis for the survival of the individual and the continuation of the genus. And these generalized and genetically fixed programs of actions transmitted from generation to generation should not and can not easily change under the influence of random, insignificant and inconsistent external influences. In extreme conditions, there are still chances of survival due to the reserve plasticity of instinctive behavior in the form of a modification.
Examples of learning and plasticity of instinct: E.V. Lukina illustrated provisions of Promptov with examples of the plasticity of nest building activity of passerine birds. Thus, young females, nesting for the first time in their lives, build nests, characteristic for their species. However, under unusual conditions, this stereotype is significantly disturbed. Thus, the redstart and the tomtit, which are hollow-nosed, arrange their nests under the roots in the absence of hollow trees, and the gray flycatcher, nesting the nests in shelters (crevices of stumps, deep trunks, behind the stale bark, etc.), may, if necessary arrange them on horizontal branches, or even directly on the ground, and so on.
As we can see, all these are cases of modification of the nest-building instinct, specifically - in relation to the location of the nest. There are also many examples of replacing nest material: instead of grass, moss, lichen, sometimes artificial materials such as cotton wool, packing shavings, gauze,
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rope, etc. are known. There are even known cases when fly-flycatchers built their nests in Moscow parks almost entirely from tram tickets [10]. The concept of "learning" is broader than the concept of "adaptive correction". Learning can be not adaptive for an individual. An example - "bad habits" - obsessive, compulsive behavior, the purpose of which is to find a more acceptable way of protection from the once experienced psychotrauma. In human society, there are two types of "species memory" - inherited (genetic) and non-genetic. Instinct is a "species memory" transmitted from generation to generation by inheritance. "Non-genetic memory" of the human collective is culture (Yu.M. Lotman) [3]. The instinctive behavior of humans and animals has a number of characteristic features: 1) The instinctive behavior of animals or humans is highly adaptive and does not require prior learning. Animals have better instincts because they do not have a culture. This creates obvious advantages for animals with a short life span and for animals deprived of parental care, for example, insects. So, the female digging wasp must, within a few weeks, before it perishes, meet with the male and perform a complex series of activities related to digging the nesting mink, building chambers in it, supplying the chambers with prey. Next, she must lay eggs and "seal" the cells. The Wasp would not be able to accomplish this dense program if it was to learn everything from case to case through trial and error. Congenital behavior is characteristic of mammals, for example, monkeys have an innate fear of snakes. So, in the behavior of brood birds, there are complex forms of inherited behavior. The chicks of the Australian shrub turkey hatch from eggs in the weedy heap at a depth of 60 cm and are independently selected on the surface after 2.5 days already fully fledged and ready for independent life. Another important property of the instinct is its permanence. Facts that prove the immutability of instincts for many years, quite a lot. There are preserved detailed descriptions of the habits of animals, made several centuries ago, which perfectly correspond to the habits of this species of animals in modern conditions. It can be repeated that instincts have a certain degree of plasticity. It can be here not only about species variability under the influence of environmental conditions, but also about the individual. Here are some examples to proove the intelligence of animals. Each sheep is able to distinguish up to 50 other sheep and remembers the other sheep 2 years after separation
Pig can remember to build a complex route in a few kilometers with the proper stimulus. For example, they tore off mothers from children or females from males and they came back to the goal and returned to the place of separation. The nervous system of people, vertebrates and fishes is built on the same principle. Simply, we have more difficult: the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (nerves) [9].
In conclusion, it was proved that animals actually have a complicated mentality, intelligence and nervous system. In some ways they are even smarter than people, because their instincts are better developed.
References / Список литературы
1. Richard O., Coulbourn K., 1988. Behind the Dolphin Smile. Chapel Hill. NC: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill.
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3. Lotman J.M., Uspenskij B.A., Ivanov V. V., 1975. Theses on the Semiotic Study of Cultures. In: Sebeok Thomas A. (ed.), The Tell-Tale Sign: A Survey of Semiotics. Lisse (Netherlands): Peter de Ridder. Pp. 57-84.
4. Simberloff D., 1998. Small and declining populations In: Conservation Science and Action (Ed. by W.J. Sutherland). Pp. 116-134. Oxford: Blackwells.
5. Berthold P., Helbig A.J., Mohr G. & Querner U., 1992. Rapid microevolution of migratory behaviour in a wild bird species. Nature. 360. Pp. 668-670.
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