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INTERNET: INFRASTRUCTURE, USERS, REGULATION
Mikhail Doroshevich, Marina Sokolova
Summary
By the end of 2014, Belarus totaled over 5 million Internet users, which constitutes 70% of the population aged 15 to 74. The Internet has become not only an integral part of everyday life, but also a platform for activities of state-controlled and private companies and organizations. Infrastructural development (like broadband Internet) remains a key element of the strategy of an information-oriented society. The download speed in Belarus is lower than in the neighboring countries and the cost of services is higher.
The Internet is still not available to all, which poses a serious problem when it comes to the offered e-government services. Only half of households have access to the Internet from home computers. The proportion of such households in rural districts is much lower than in urban areas.
The Belarusian authorities extensively use Internet surveillance and censorship technologies being armed with information exchange regulations legally adopted for this particular purpose.
Trends:
• The growth of the number of users is slowing down, while the infrastructure is developing rapidly;
• The state retains the monopoly on telecommunication networks and channels;
• Belarusian citizens are geographically and demographically unequal in terms of access to the worldwide web;
• The rights of Internet users are infringed upon due to the repressive legal regime in the field of the free exchange of information.
The use of the Internet by individuals and organizations
By the end of 2014, Belarus had over 5 million Internet users, which constitutes 70% of the population aged 15 to 74. Most of them (around 4.2 million people.) go online every day. They browse for information (90% of the users), use social networks (70%) and video services (55%), read news (50%), and make
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payments (20%). No less than 65% of Belarusian users have made online purchases at least once.1
Foreign websites are still visited the most: google.com (the audience coverage at 67.81%), vk.com (57.24%), mail.ru (53.61%), andyandex.by (50.20%). Tut.by is among the top five with 47.89%, and onliner.by is the seventh with 28.50%.2
The Internet has become not only an integral part of everyday life, but also a platform for activities of state-controlled and private companies and organizations. Almost all business entities submit tax declarations (91.0%) and departmental reports (80.6%) on the internet; 29.7% of organizations fill in customs forms online; 18.6% of business entities went through the registration procedure online.3 The National Statistics Committee reported in 2014 that among organizations, which have their own websites, financial institutions lead with 95.7%; 67% are organizations that provide housing, social and personal services; 40.9% receive and 53.6% place orders online.4
The Belarusian government is going to considerably expand the scope of e-services in the next year and a half. By January 1, 2016, all government agencies and legal entities with a government stake are to connect to a single electronic document management system. Currently, they receive less than half of documents (42.35%) and send only 31.4% in electronic form.5
in 2014, new regulations on the access to information of public agencies specified the rules to obtain such informa-
1
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3
4
5
“Какие тренды на белорусском рынке E-commerce в этом году.” Data Insight. 15 oct. 2014. Web. 17 Mar. 2015. <http://probusiness.by/ markets/154-kakie-trendy-na-belomsskom-rynke-e-commerce-v-etom-godu.html>.
“Gemiusaudience study Results / Belarus”. Gemius. Jan. 2015. Web. 17 Mar. 2015. <http://en.audience.gemius.com/2046.html>.
Зиновский, Владимир. “Информационное общество в Республике Беларусь, 2014.” Национальный статистический комитет Республики Беларусь. 17 sept. 2014. Web. 17 Mar. 2015. <http://belstat.gov.by/bgd/ public_compilation?id=520>.
Соколова, Марина. “Доступ к информации и приватность онлайн. Беларусь 2014.” Центр правовой трансформации. 1 Jan. 2014. Web. 3 Mar. 2015. <https://www.academia.edu/11004000/Доступ_к_инфор-мации_и_приватность_онлайн._Беларусь_2014>. ibid.
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tion thus strongly limiting the access for individuals. A check of official websites of 180 national and local governments revealed that none of the sites complied with the national legislation.6
Twenty years of .by domain
The .by domain has been on the net for 20 years totaling over 116,000 registered domain names. in recent years, the .by zone is ranked first in Europe in terms of growth: 55% of all domains in the Belarusian zone were registered in 2013—2014, Minsk city and the Minsk region being the leaders in this respect.
In August, the International Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) approved the Cyrillic domain .бел for Belarus in addition to the Latin .by. Domain names can be registered in the Russian and Belarusian languages provided that there will be a possibility of an apostrophe and the letters ‘ў’ and ‘і.’ The final decision on the delegation of the domain to the Presidential Operations and Analysis Center (domain zone administrator) and Unitary Enterprise Nadyozhnye Programmy (Reliable Programs) (technical administrator hoster.by) will be made in February 2015.7
Infrastructural development
As in previous years, infrastructural development (particularly broadband Internet) remains a key element of the strategy of information-oriented society (see Table 1). By the end of 2015, 70% of the existing broadband subscriber lines are supposed to provide a bandwidth capacity of at least 10 Mbps.
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Sokolova (Соколова), sp. source.
“Байнет ожидает введения кириллических доменов.” Naviny. by. 10 Oct. 2015. Web. 17 Mar 2015. <http://naviny.by/rubrics/ computer/2013/10/10/ic_articles_128_183284>; “DomainWire. Domain Name Stat Report.” Centr.org. Council of European National Top Level Domain Registries. 12 Dec. 2014. Web. 17 Mar. 2015. <https://centr.org/ system/files/share/domainwire_stat_report_2014_4.pdf>.
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Table 1. Types of Internet access, 2010—2014, %8
Type of access 2010 2012 2013 2014
Broadband 52.40 69.68 70.78 73.15
Dial-up 18.70 4.90 4.60 4.86
Mobile (GPRS/EDGE/CDMA) 5.60 11.97 10.53 8.52
Other, do not know 23.03 14.29 14.12 13.47
Although the infrastructure is developing quite rapidly (in 2014, the exterior gateway capacity increased more than 15-fold against 20108 9), the growth of the number of users is slowing down. In 2013, the number of Belarusian Internet users increased by 223,000 persons (4.8%). in 2014, it increased by 157,000 (2.7%).
The download speed in Belarus is lower than in the neighboring countries and the cost of services is higher (see Figure 1). users rate the average quality of data transmission services rendered by 45 leading providers 3.3 on a 1—5 scale.10 *
As before, any attempt to enhance the quality of Internet services would break against the state telecommunications monopoly (Beltelecom and the National Traffic Exchange Center). The progressive reduction in the number of providers in Belarus is symptomatic: there were 237 licensed providers in 2010, 213 in 2011 and 177 in 2013.11
Internet is still not accessible for all, which is quite a problem given the advancing e-government services. Half of households have very limited access to the Internet: the proportion of those going on-line from home is at 86.3% and those using the Internet at school or at work make up 5.8%. But only half of households
8 “GemiusAudience Study Results”. Gemius. Jan. 2015. Web. 17 Mar. 2015. <http://en.audience.gemius.com/2046.html >.
9 “Байнет ожидает введения кириллических доменов.” Naviny. by. 10 Oct. 2015. Web. 17 Mar 2015. <http://naviny.by/rubrics/ computer/2013/10/10/ic_articles_128_183284>; “DomainWire. Domain Name Stat Report.” Centr.org. Council of European National Top Level Domain Registries. 12 Dec. 2014. Web. 17 Mar. 2015. <https://centr.org/ system/files/share/domainwire_stat_report_2014_4.pdf>.
10 “Анализ состояния рынка услуг передачи данных.” Оперативноаналитический центр при Президенте Республики Беларусь. Web. 17 Mar. 2015. <http://oac.gov.by/print/ikt/regulator/analysis.html>.
Ibid.
11
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(51.9%) have access to the Internet from home computers. The proportion of such households in rural districts is much smaller than in urban areas (31.8 and 59.5%, respectively). The number of public multiple-access facilities has thus gone down to the level of 2009.12 13
Figure 1. Internet access: bit rates and prices13
46.9
43.6 ----
Belarus Latvia Lithuania Poland Russia Ukraine
I I Download speed (Mbps)
I Service cost (euros)
The ‘digital gap’ between urban and rural localities and between the capital and other areas with respect to the number of Internet users is still large. Competition in the market of stationary broadband access was observed in 18 cities, mostly big ones. In other localities, Beltelecom was the only provider. Forty-five percent of data transmission revenues were obtained from commercial activities in Minsk.14
12 Zinovsky (Зиновский), sp. source.
13 “Real-time global broadband and mobile data”. Ookla.com. Web. 17 Mar. 2015. <http://www.netindex.com >; Дорошевич, Михаил. “Стоимость оптического интернета в Беларуси и странах-соседях.” Information Policy Biz. 3 Mar. 2015. Web. 5 Mar. 2015. <http://www.infopolicy. biz/?p=6943>.
14 “Анализ состояния рынка услуг передачи данных.” Оперативноаналитический центр при Президенте Республики Беларусь. Web. 17 Mar. 2015. <http://oac.gov.by/print/ikt/regulator/analysis.html>.
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Users at the age of 55 and over constitute 10.7% of the Internet audience and those over 65 only make up 1.7%.15 The proportion of retirees (women over 55 and men over 60) is at 5.56%16.
The legal framework of information exchange
Amendments to laws and regulations made in 2014 and orders issued by the executive branch significantly limit the free flow of information online:
• The restrictions on the access to information imposed by the Law on information, informatization and Protection of information and the law on state secrets are too extensive, and new restrictions can be added to the list by statutory and regulatory enactments of many levels;
• a special commissions formed in 2014 to detect elements of extremism can be used as a tool of censorship;
• Amendments to the criminal, criminal procedure and other codes establish a penalty for posting slanderous statements and calls to seize power or overthrow the country leadership in a violent manner, and, separately, for defamation of the president (it is thus not specified whether it is applicable to opinion pieces on websites, or in anonymous comments to posts);
• The relevant laws still lack provisions that would define the procedure of decision-making when it comes to denying access to websites for the advocacy of violence or other acts forbidden by law.17
in other words, the gap between the international obligations of Belarus and the national legislation is getting wider.
The present repressive legal regime in the field of the free exchange of information results in numerous violations of the rights of internet users. The authorities make heavy use of various technologies of surveillance and censorship on
15 Zinovsky, sp. source.
16 “GemiusAudience study Results”. Gemius. Jan. 2015. Web. 17 Mar. 2015. <http://en.audience.gemius.com/2046.html >.
17 sokolova (Соколова), sp. source.
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the Internet.18 Decree No.60 and regulations that followed directly postulated the need to monitor and technically filter web content. Providers must at their own expense procure, install and service hardware to support the system of operative-investigative measures (soiM).19 in spring 2012, Beltelecom implemented a soiM project with the byfly network, and upgraded the screening software in summer. a “hardware and software package for research and monitoring of information resources of the national segment of the internet” is about to be completed.20
According to the annual Freedom on the net report (May 2013 through May 2014), Belarus was rated “not free.”21 This status was perfectly substantiated by the events of late 2014: on December 19, the authorities restricted access to the most popular Belarusian independent information online resources belapan.com, belapan.by, charter97.org, naviny.by, belarusparti-san.org, udf.by, 21.by, gazetaby.com, zautra.by, and racyja.com. Most of them were not available in the country until December 23. on December 19, tut.by and onliner.by were not available for several hours allegedly due to a DDos-attack. Tut.by owner Yuri Zisser directly linked the blocking of independent sites with the attack on tut.by. The Belarusian Association of Journalists released a statement on December 22 saying that “the blocking of a number of sociopolitical websites, for which no one has claimed responsibility yet, is a legal mayhem. There are no legal grounds to limit the access to information about events in the country.”22
18 sokolova (Соколова), sp. source.
19 soiM is a set of technical means and measures designed to take operative-investigative measures in telephone, mobile and wireless communication networks and radio. soiM-1 is a system of wiretapping. soiM-2 is a logging system intended to monitor access to the internet.
20 Sokolovа, sp. source.
21 “Freedom on the net. 2014”. Freedom House. 4 Dec. 2014. Web. 17 Mar. 2015. <https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/freedom-net-2014#.VP_5lvmsXzc >.
22 “БАЖ: Блокировка сайтов — правовой беспредел.” Naviny.by. 22 Dec. 2014. Web. 17 Mar. 2015. <http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2014/12/22/ ic_news_116_451208/>.
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Conclusion
While the number of Internet users in Belarus is increasing and the infrastructure is growing rapidly, half of households have very limited access to the internet. Any attempt to enhance the quality of internet services would break against the state telecommunications monopoly. Given the lack of information on the development of programs aimed at bridging the digital gap, reducing the cost of internet services, and promoting media literacy, there is no reason to believe that this situation will change for the better in the coming years.
The amendments to laws and regulations made in 2014 and orders issued by the executive branch, and, generally, the legal regime in the field of the free exchange of information indicate that the gap between the international obligations of Belarus and the national legislation is getting wider.
