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32Научная статья Original article УДК 332.3
DOI:10.24412/2588-0209-2021-10403
МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ ОСОБО ОХРАНЯЕМЫХ ПРИРОДНЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ В СИСТЕМЕ УСТОЙЧИВОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ЗЕМЕЛЬНЫМИ РЕСУРСАМИ (ОБЗОР МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЙ ПРАКТИКИ)
INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIALLY PROTECTED NATURAL TERRITORIES IN THE SYSTEM OF SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT (REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL PRACTICE)
Синица Юлия Станиславовна, кандидат экономических наук, старший преподаватель кафедры землепользования и кадастров ФГБОУ ВО «Государственный университет землеустройства» (105064, г. Москва, ул. Казакова, 15) ORСID: 0000 -0002-0929-5154, sinitsay@mail.ru
Бородина Ольга Борисовна, кандидат экономических наук, старший преподаватель кафедры землепользования и кадастров ФГБОУ ВО «Государственный университет землеустройства» (105064, г. Москва, ул. Казакова, 15), olga2700 @ Mail.ru
Ковалевская Галина Васильевна, старший преподаватель кафедры русского и иностранных языков ФГБОУ ВО «Государственный университет землеустройства» (105064, г. Москва, ул. Казакова, 15), kovalevskaya 2аПпа@^тай.сот
Sinitsa Yulia Stanislavovna, candidate of economic sciences, Senior Lecturer of the department of land use and cadastres, Federal State Budgetary Education Institution of Higher Education «State University of Land Use Planning» (105064, Moscow, st. Kazakowa, 15) ORCID: 0000-0002-0929-5154, sinitsay@mail.ru
Borodina Olga Borisovna, candidate of economic sciences, Senior Lecturer of the department of land use and cadastres, Federal State Budgetary Education Institution of Higher Education «State University of Land Use Planning» (105064, Moscow, st. Kazakowa, 15), olga2700@mail.ru
Kovalevskaya Galina Vasilievna, senior Lecturer of the department of Russian and foreign languages, Federal State Budgetary Education Institution of Higher Education «State University of Land Use Planning» (105064, Moscow, st. Kazakowa, 15), kovalevskaya_galina@hotmail.com
Аннотация. В статье приведены результаты исследования особенностей формирования международной классификации особо охраняемых природных объектов. Охраняемые природные территории составляют 12% поверхности суши в мире и являются основополагающими объектами всех национальных и международных стратегий, поддерживаемых правительственными и международными учреждениями. На протяжении многих лет одной из ведущих международных организаций по вопросам охраны природы Международным союзом охраны природы (International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)) ведутся работы по разработке единой международной классификации охраняемых природных объектов и системы управления ими, обновляются критерии, по которым природный объект может получить статус объекта всемирного наследия для получения привилегий с целью сохранения уникальных природных комплексов. Каждые четыре года в рамках Всемирного конгресса по охране природы определяются новые подходы к классификации охраняемых объектов природы, с целью сохранения культурных ландшафтов с уникальным биоразнообразием, морских пейзажей и т.д. Особая роль уделяется управлению охраняемых природных территорий,
которое имеет свою классификацию типов управления охраняемых районов. Вопросы поднимаемые правозащитниками природы в рамках международных конгрессов прежде всего направлены на формирование управления природными объектами и установления приоритетов к данным территориями по всему миру, создавая глобальную систему охраняемых территорий. В настоящем исследовании авторами рассмотрены последние редакции по внесению уточнений в определение охраняемых природных объектов, также приведен анализ действующей системы классификации природных охраняемых объектов, исследованы особенности и характерные черты каждого элемента классификации.
Abstract. The article presents the results of considering the features of the formation of the international classification of specially protected natural objects. Protected natural areas account for 12% of the world's land surface and the fundamental objects of all national and international strategies supported by the government and international agencies. For many years one of the leading international organizations for nature conservation by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)) Work is underway to develop a unified international classification of protected natural objects and their management system, and the criteria under which a natural object can receive the status of World Heritage site are being updated in order to obtain privileges in order to preserve unique natural complexes. Every four years within the framework of the World Congress on Nature Conservation new approaches to the classification of protected nature objects are determined in order to preserve cultural landscapes with unique biodiversity, seascapes, etc. A special role is given to the management of protected natural areas, which has its own classification of types of protected areas management. The issues raised by nature defenders in the framework of international congresses are primarily aimed at the management of natural objects and setting priorities for these territories around the world, creating a global system of protected areas. In this study, the authors reviewed the latest revisions to clarify the definition of protected natural objects, as well as analized of the current
classification system of natural protected objects, investigated the features and characteristics of each element of this classification.
Ключевые слова: охраняемая территория, система охраняемых территорий, экосистемные подходы, природные территории
Keywords: protected area, protected area system, ecosystem approaches, natural areas
1. Introduction
Since 1933, within the framework of international congresses on nature conservation, clarifications have been periodically made to the definitions of specially protected areas, depending on the appearance of new land classifications and their intended purpose.
One of the leading international organizations on nature conservation is the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), representing the interests of nature conservation in 160 countries.
Every four years, the IUCN convenes the World Congress on Nature Conservation, which defines the main directions in the field of nature conservation and protection. During the last Congress held in September 2021, special attention was paid to clarifying the definition of "protected natural areas" and their categories [6].
2. Informal statement of the problem
The issues of a unified approach to the definition of protected areas is fundamental in the development of international standards for the legal regulation of the registration of these objects. For example, within the framework of the Convention on the Conservation of Biological Diversity, protected areas are understood as the value of a unified international system of classification of protected areas and information interaction within the framework of international and regional cooperation, unified approaches in the management of these objects.
However, there are still problems of general understanding of specific types of objects of protected natural territories.
3. Formalization and analysis
Since 1933, within the framework of international congresses on nature conservation, clarifications have been periodically made to the definitions of specially protected areas, depending on the appearance of new land classifications and their intended purpose [2;3].
One of the leading international organizations on nature conservation is the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), representing the interests of nature conservation in 160 countries.
Every four years, the IUCN convenes the World Congress on Nature Conservation, which defines the main directions in the field of nature conservation and protection. During the last Congress held in September 2021, special attention was paid to clarifying the definition of "protected natural areas" and their categories.
2. Informal statement of the problem
The issues of terminology and the establishment of categories of natural territories have a long history. For the first time these issues were considered in the framework of the International Conference on the Protection of Fauna and Flora in 1933, held in London. Then four categories of protected areas were defined: a national park, a nature reserve, a fauna and flora reserve, a reserve with a ban on hunting and collecting. Later in 1942, according to the Western Hemisphere Convention on Nature Conservation and Wildlife Conservation, protected natural areas were divided into types: national park, national reserve, natural monument and wildlife reserve.
Within the framework of the Second World Conference of Parks in 1972, tasks were set to classify protected areas according to their intended purpose, and to develop standards and appropriate nomenclature for each type. Following the results of the six-year work of the working group of the World Commission on Protected
Areas in 1978, the classification system by target was approved. As a result, 10 categories were proposed, determined by the target management in three groups (Pic1).
Picture 1 - Classification of protected natural areas, adopted in 1978
In 1962, the newly formed Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, now the World Commission on Protected Areas, prepared a World List of National Parks and Reserves, where a classification system was introduced: national parks, scientific reserves and natural monuments.
In 1984, the Commission on National Parks and Reserves created a working group whose was task changing the categories of protected natural areas, taking into account the inclusion of coastal zones in them [9; 10]. As a result of 10 working years, a new definition was given to "protected area - a land and/or sea area specifically designed to protect and maintain biological diversity, as well as natural and related cultural resources, managed by legal or other effective means" and categories were defined based on the types of management and purpose of the territories (pic.2).
pH I Protection and con sei vat ion (nature reserve and wildlife area)
II Coil sei vat ion and protection of ecosystems (National Park)
pH IH Piie sei vat ion of natural monuments (natural monuments)
IV coil sei vation through active management (habitat management zone)
pH V Landscape/seascape con sei vat ion (protected landscape)
l_l VI Sustainable use of natural resources»
Picture 2 - Types of management for the intended purpose of the territory According to the latest clarifications of the International Union for the Protection of Nature and Natural Resources, the definition of a "protected natural area" includes a recognized clearly defined geographical space allocated and managed by legal and other effective means to achieve long-term conservation of nature, taking into account the existing ecosystem and cultural values." Each word of this definition has been further clarified [1].
The concept of "clear definition of geographical space" includes land, inland waters, marine and coastal areas. "Space" includes three dimensions, for example, when the space above the protected area is protected from low-flying aircraft, or when the water space is protected within a certain depth, or when the seabed is protected, and the space above it does not fall under protection. For example, the Wolong Nature Reserve in China, Lake Malawi National Park, Masinlok and Oyon Bay Marine Reserves in the Philippines. These territories represent different biomes, but all of them are protected areas [8].
"Recognized territory" refers to the management and protection of the territory by an organization that is included in the World Database on Protected Areas. For example, the protected area of the Anindilakwa Indigenous peoples was self-
proclaimed by the Aboriginal communities on the Groot-Eilandt Peninsula recognized by the Government» [5].
"Highlighted" is considered in the context of preserving a specific obligation in the long term, for example through an international convention or agreement, national and local law, etc.» [5].
"Management" involves active actions to preserve the natural values for which the protected area was created, for example, the Kaziranga National Park in India is managed mainly to combat poaching, the islands in the Archipelago National Park in Finland are managed using traditional farming methods to preserve species associated with meadows» [5].
"Legal and other effective means" means that protected areas must be recognized in accordance with civil law and recognized within the framework of an international convention or agreement. For example, the Flinders Range National Park in Australia is under the state administration of South Australia, the Attenborough Nature Reserve in the UK is managed by the Nottinghamshire Wildlife Trust, the Alto Fragua Indivasi National Park in Colombia is managed by the Ingano peoples» [5]..
Currently , the following classification system of protected natural areas is in effect[5]:
Category la: Strict nature reserve
This category includes strictly protected areas designated for the protection of biodiversity, as well as geological/geomorphological features. Visits to these territories by people are strictly controlled and restricted to ensure the protection of environmental values. Such protected areas are used for scientific research and monitoring [7].
Purpose of this category:
- conservation of special species and geo-diversity at the regional, national and global ecosystem levels;
- preservation of ecosystems, species and features of geo-diversity in a state as undisturbed as possible by recent human activity;
- providing samples of the natural environment for scientific research, environmental monitoring;
- preservation of cultural and spiritual values related to nature.
Special features of the protected area:
- the area should have a largely complete set of native species with an ecologically significant density;
- have a complete set of expected natural ecosystems, largely intact with intact ecological processes;
- not to be subjected to significant direct intervention by a modern person, who may jeopardize the environmental objectives for this category.
Category lb: Wilderness area
This category includes protected areas, which are large unchanged or slightly modified territories which preserve their natural character without permanent or significant human habitation. These territories are protected and managed in such a way as to preserve their natural state.
The purpose of this category: -
long-term protection of the ecological integrity of natural areas not disturbed by significant human activity, free from modern infrastructure;
- protection of cultural and spiritual values and intangible benefits of the indigenous or non-indigenous population, such as respect for sacred places, respect for ancestors, etc.
Special features of the protected area:
- must be free from modern infrastructure, development and industrial mining activities, including roads, pipelines, power lines, cell towers, oil and gas;
- must contain most of the original extent of the ecosystem, complete or almost complete local fauna and plant communities,
- must be of sufficient size to protect biodiversity to maintain ecological processes.
Category II: National park
Large natural territories or territories adjacent to them, designated for the protection of large-scale ecological processes, along with various types of ecosystems characteristic of this territory, which provide the basis for spiritual, scientific, educational and cultural activities compatible with the environment.
Purpose of this category:
- protection of large-scale environmental processes;
- protection of certain species and communities that require relatively large areas of untouched habitat;
- maintaining economic development through recreation and tourism.
Special features of the protected area:
- the territory must preserve a functioning "ecosystem";
- the area must have biological and ecological features, or a landscape where local plant and animal species, the environment of harvesting have a special spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational or tourist significance;
- the territory must be of sufficient size and environmental quality.
Category III: Natural monument or feature
These protected areas are allocated to protect a specific natural monument, which may be a relief, a sea mountain, an underwater cave, a geological object such as a cave or an ancient grove. As a rule, they are small protected areas and often have great value for visitors.
Purpose of this category:
- protection of specific outstanding natural sites and associated biodiversity and habitat;
- ensuring the protection of the biodiversity of landscapes, seascapes that have undergone serious changes;
- preservation of traditional spiritual and cultural values of the territory.
This protected area plays a key ecological role in the selection of programs for the preservation of cultural objects.
Category IV: Habitat/species management area
The management of these territories is focused on the protection of certain species or habitats.
Purpose of this category:
- supports, preserves and restores species and habitat;
- protects vegetation species and other biological features of the territory;
- preserves the landscape and seascape.
Protected areas of this category allow you to protect or restore species of flora and fauna of international, national or local significance, habitat.
Category V: Protected landscape/ seascape
This protected area was created in the conditions of interaction between people and nature for a long time, which gave the territory a special character with significant ecological, biological, cultural and scenic value.
Purpose of this category:
- protection and maintenance of landscapes/seascapes and related environmental values created as a result of interaction with people;
- providing opportunities for conducting socio-economic activities through recreation and tourism;
- preservation of agrobiodiversity and aquatic biodiversity.
Special features of the protected area:
- landscape and /or coastal and island seascapes of high and / or distinct scenic quality[5];
- balanced interaction between people and nature[5];
- unique or traditional land use models, for example, sustainable agricultural and forestry systems and human settlements [5];
- leisure and tourism opportunities appropriate to lifestyle and economic activity;
- the possibility of restoring the environment and landscape.
Category VI: Protected area with sustainable use of natural resources [5]
Ecosystems and habitat, together with the cultural values associated with them, are preserved in these protected areas. As a rule, these territories occupy large areas and they are in the natural state. Some of these territories are under the management of natural resources, where the industrial use of natural resources is at a low level.
Purpose of this category:
- protection of natural ecosystems and sustainable use of natural resources[5];
- promoting the sustainable use of natural resources, taking into account environmental[5], economic and social aspects;
- promoting sustainable development at the national, regional and local levels;
- promotion of scientific research and environmental monitoring related to the conservation[5] and use of natural resources.
4. Conclusion
The adoption of the unified international classification of protected natural areas will increase the efficiency of these territories management.
In the case of assigning the status of a World Natural heritage site, the object has a number of advantages that determine the guarantee of its preservation:
- additional maintenance of the safety and value of unique natural complexes;
- increasing the importance and popularity of eco-tourism;
- providing additional financial support from the World Heritage Fund;
- increasing control over the state of preservation of natural objects.
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© Ю.С.Синица, О.Б.Бородина, Г.В.Ковалевская 2021. International agricultural journal, 2021, № 6, 400-414.
Для цитирования: Ю.С.Синица, О.Б.Бородина, Г.В.Ковалевская Международная классификация особо охраняемых природных территорий в системе устойчивого управления земельными ресурсами (обзор международной практики) //International agricultural journal. 2021. № 6, 400-414.
