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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PROTECTED NATURAL TERRITORIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN AND THE INTERNATIONAL...
Section 2. Geography
Abduganiyev Olimjon Isomiddinovich, doctoral candidate of department of geography Fergana state university E-mail: [email protected]
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PROTECTED NATURAL TERRITORIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN AND THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF NATURE PROTECTION
Abstract: The article presents a general classification of protected natural territories of the Republic of Uzbekistan by IUNP categories. Each of the categories of these territories is described in detail, taking into account the peculiarities of their regime and status, which are located on them by environmental protection institutions. It was proposed to use the IUNP category system to improve the national classification and its adaptation to international standards in the process of revising the legislation on protected areas of Uzbekistan.
Keywords: protected natural areas, categories, classification, reserves, parks, legislation, IUNP, WWF.
The process of creating a representative network of specially ley, A. Fillips, S. Stolton, E. Kreuzberg-Mukhina, E. Bykova, protected natural territories (hereinafter referred to as PNT) is A. S. Krotik, T. V. Kovaleva, N. A. Sobolev and other scien-
inevitably associated with the creation of new and changing existing protected areas. At the same time, the issue of choosing a category of protected areas is important. The priority of environmental tasks, the protection regime, the possible profile and zoning of the created PNT depend on it [6]. The Republic of Uzbekistan is interested in improving the system of protected natural territories (hereinafter - PNT) with the experience ofad-vanced states in general, in particular, in Germany, Austria, Great Britain, the USA, Russia and other states. In these countries over the past two or three decades, environmental protection legislation has been well tested. It can be argued that these states today have advanced experience in supporting the integrity and conservation of wildlife diversity and ensuring that people use natural resources on a sustainable and reasonable basis.
According to LA Yudanova, in world practice there is a large variety of forms of special natural territories. And the most urgent task in this matter is their classification [9]. Therefore, PNT classifications are developed by researchers, ecologists, geographers, lawyers and other scientists. Existing PNT classifications are divided into various categories based on genesis, content, purpose and mode, legal status, function, as well as their meaning. In domestic and foreign literature on the protection of natural territories, many attempts have been made to create a unified classification of protected areas. For example, V. A. Borisov, N. F. Reimers, F. R. Shtilmark, R. F. Dasmann, S. Editor, K. Bishop, N. Dud-
tists were engaged in the classification of the protected areas. Such classifications are of paramount importance for science, since they allow for a comparative assessment by categories of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (hereinafter - IUNP). The main purpose of the classification is the appropriate choice of protected areas to ensure the region's environmental safety and sustainability. This classification, which differs from the domestic one, is used below in the characterization of the world system of protected areas. When familiarizing with it, one should keep in mind the significant difference in the functions implemented by each category of protected areas. Among these functions, an important place attracts attention is the applied aspects: tourism and recreation, sustainable use of natural resources, maintenance of environmental services [3].
The positive aspects of the IUNP PNT definition system were expressed by foreign scientists K. Bishop (2006) who indicated that the IUNP definition system played an important role as a mechanism for unifying PNT national names. When considering the types of classification of protected areas, it is clear that all of them are quite similar to each other, but each has its own specific capabilities.
At the same time, most states have their own specific categories of protected areas, the idea ofwhich was formed gradually, absorbing the national traditions and experience of other countries. Due to the extremely large diversity of protected
areas, classifications that would cover all the categories known in the world have not yet been created [8].
The standard consolidation of the notion "protected natural territories" was implemented in the law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On protected natural territories" dated December 3, 2004 No. 710-II. The adopted PNT state laws provide general, legal, environmental, economic, and organizational bases for their protection.
From the preamble of this law, it follows that the PNT are plots of land and (or) water space (water area) that have priority environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and sanitary and recreational value, fully or partially, permanently or temporarily removed from economic exploitation [four].
Uzbekistan has a developed PNT system consisting of 7 categories. Each category has its own special protection mode. When considering the types of classification of the PNT, it is clear that all of them are quite similar to each other, but each has its own specific capabilities. The law provides for the possibility of creating various categories of protected areas in line with international practice, these are state nature reserves; complex (landscape) reserves; natural parks; state monuments of nature; areas for the preservation, reproduction and restoration of individual natural objects and complexes; protected landscapes and territories for the management of individual natural resources. And also, the legislation provides for the creation of state biosphere reserves, national parks,
interstate and other protected natural areas [4].
Table 1. - Geoecological classification of protected areas
In our opinion, the domestic category and classification of PNT should coincide with the IUNP classification generally accepted in world practice. This allows us to compare examples of solving problems with the establishment of a mode of economic activity within PNT in foreign countries with how this is solved in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a comparative analysis of the classification of the categories of protected areas with the IUNP classification. The categories of protected areas according to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Protected Natural Territories" (2004) correspond to the classification of categories of management of the protected areas, adopted in 1994 by the IUNP World Commission on Protected Areas (Table 1).
It should be noted that there is no consensus in science and practice on the ratio of the categories of protected areas to the classification of IUNP with the domestic classification. For example, according to A. S. Krotika, dendrological parks and botanical gardens belong to category II, and state natural reserves to category IV. In turn, T. V. Kovaleva assigns dendrological parks and botanical gardens to the V category, and reserves of federal significance to the III and IV categories, regional to the IV and V N. A. Sobolev natural parks equates to the V category, and natural monuments to category III and IV [7]. Sometimes it turns out that many OPT with one or another (international, republican, regional and local) status fall into two or three categories of classification at once, which causes confusion.
№ PNT groups Types of PNT IUNP PNT categories
By function By purpose of use
I Conservation and reference Standards, protected in strict mode State nature reserves Ia
Interstate reserves Ia
Managed Reserves State Biosphere Reserves Ib
Complex (landscape) reserves Ib
II Resource conserving and stable use Multipurpose using National parks II
Natural parks II
Relative reserve State Monuments of Nature III
III Environment and preserving Restoring Reserves IV
Natural nurseries IV
Supportive and preserving Water protection zones V
Coastal stripes V
Zones of sanitary protection of water objects V
Surface and groundwater formation zones V
IV Resource Saving and managers Combined use Protected forests VI
Resort Natural Territories VI
Recreation areas VI
Fishery zones VI
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PROTECTED NATURAL TERRITORIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN AND THE INTERNATIONAL..,
In accordance with the IUNP classification, state and interstate reserves belong to the Ia - category of protected areas, for which the most complete and strict nature conservation regime is provided. Comprehensive protection of biodiversity is carried out mainly in the areas of nature reserves. At the same time, state biosphere reserves and complex (landscape) reserves can be equated to Ib. categories. Therefore, these protected areas are designed to preserve the natural state of natural objects and complexes of particular ecological value.
The IUNP World Convention on the Pollution of Natural Resources Park categorizes natural parks in category V, created specifically for nature conservation and recreational use. In the overwhelming majority of countries, the name "national park" is used to denote category II protected area [1]. According to the laws of Uzbekistan, the regime provided for state reserves is established in the protected areas of natural parks. Therefore, in terms of content and, above all, natural and ecological value, natural parks are closer to national parks, according to category II of the IUNP.
According to the IUNP classification, nature monuments belong to the third category of protected areas. Monument of nature is one of the most popular concepts related to the protection of natural obj ects, widely used not only in science, but also in everyday life. K. Bishop (2006) concludes that natural monuments, especially those of sacral significance. And in our opinion, sacred landscapes also belong to category III, which sacredness is associated not only with long-standing religious, mythical or historical traditions, but also has real events that are not so remote in time from today.
In the adopted state laws, the scientific substantiation of the territorial organization of reserves is less developed than it is in relation to other categories of protected areas. Therefore, this circumstance also makes it difficult to unambiguously relate the reserves to one of the IUNP classification categories [2]. Napremer, according to Sergey V. Lupachev (2013), reserves belong to the Ia, IV, V and VI categories of IUNP. But, in general, the majority of reserves correspond to category IV of the protected areas, in which the conservation of habitats and species is carried out through active management. One of the most effective forms of nature conservation and biodiversity conservation are nurseries for the breeding of rare species that correspond to category IV of the IUNP. On their territory, any activity that threatens the conservation, reproduction and restoration of plants and animals for which the nursery is intended is prohibited.
By geoecological functions and objectives, protected forests, resort natural areas, recreational and fisheries zones are dominated by VI - the IUNP category. In recent years, Uzbekistan has witnessed a significant increase in the number and area of the PNT VI categories. The total area of the 6th category of IUNP is 7933.747 ha, or 75.4% of the total area of protected areas. This category is based on the concept of "territory of combined use". But, in order to determine the status of these protected areas, it is necessary to conduct an assessment of the effectiveness of managing public institutions as required by IUNP.
The above materials allow us to draw the following conclusions: The system of the IHR PNT categories can be considered a good tool that was used to promote the idea of creating an efficient and representative system of protected areas in the world. In the process of revising the legislation on protected areas of Uzbekistan, it was proposed to use the IUNP category system to improve the national classification and its adaptation to international standards. In 2014, a number of regulatory and legal documents were adopted, in particular: Amendments and additions were made to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Protected Natural Territories" providing for the inclusion of biosphere reserves in the list of protected areas, defining the legal basis for organizing work and carrying out activities in these territories.
According to the provision of the Convention on Biological Diversity, activities directly aimed at the preservation of geographical diversity are mainly carried out in the protected areas of I-IV category IUNP. Thus, sustainable conservation of geographical (landscape, biological, soil, geological) diversity or its individual components is provided in the protected areas, corresponding to categories I-IV of the IUNP. Among them, in Uzbekistan only nature reserves, natural parks and a natural nursery are legal entities, have a staff, funding and carry out on their territory appropriate management aimed at the preservation of biodiversity.
While improving the organizational and legal aspects of the protected area, there is a need for a thorough analysis of the environmental, economic and social functions of each category identified in the IUNP classification. In this approach, prerequisites are created that make it possible to simultaneously improve the legislative and regulatory frameworks and the effective functioning of the protected area. This will bring together our legislative bases of nature protection in international standards.
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