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23
К.Э. Батова, А.Е. Краснослободцева, В.В. Заболотских ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ И МОНИТОРИНГ СИСТЕМЫ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ...
OPTIMIZATION AND MONITORING OF MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL
PAINT WASTE IN TOGLIATTI
© 2015
X. E. Batova, master
A.E. Krasnoslobodtseva, candidate of economical science, associate professor of the chair «Environmental management and resource conservation» Togliatti State University V.V. Zabolotskikh, candidate of biological sciences, associate professor of the chair «Environmental management and resource conservation» Togliatti State University, Togliatti (Russia)
Abstract. In this paper we consider the organization of waste paint and varnish materials on the territory of the city of Togliatti and a new approach to its use as secondary raw materials for the construction industry. The problem is the need to reduce the anthropogenic load on reducing the amount of toxic waste paints, subject to the process of disposal in landfills City of Togliatti. The solution to this problem is possible if the development of an effective system of recycling of waste paint. As a result of experimental studies have investigated the properties of the polymers and the main waste paints and varnishes and the possibility of using waste picked lacquers and paints for preparing a polymer concrete. The analysis of the volume and characteristics of the formation of accumulation of paint waste, identified the main hazards of the procedure of waste disposal in landfills for toxic waste, have determined the possibility of preventing environmental damage land, is designed for negative impact on the environment for waste disposal, namely sludge varnishes and paints, for example, "AvtoVAZ" and are the main capital expenditure in the case of the project. Proposed in the decision to develop a system of secondary use of waste paint and varnish materials in the construction industry as a raw ingredient, will reduce human pressure on the environment by reducing the amount or exclusion of landfill varnishes and paints in landfills.
Keywords: waste, recycling, paints, secondary raw materials, environment, polymer concrete, polygon, toxicity, human pressure, the negative impact of the damage.
УДК: 332.122:379.84
ТЕОРЕТИКО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ СТРАТЕГИИ РАЗВИТИЯ ЗАПОВЕДНЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ
© 2015
А. В. Богославская, кандидат экономических наук, доцент кафедры «Международная экономика»
Николаевский национальный университет имени В. А. Сухомлинского, Николаев (Украина)
Аннотация: В статье освещаются современные теоретико-методические основы и методические аспекты формирования стратегии развития заповедных территорий
Ключевые слова: заповедные территории, ландшафты, рациональное использование, конкурентоспособность.
Statement of the problem: Intense anthropogenic environmental changes caused attention of scientists and practitioners to the need to preserve natural features of the environment. From this point of view, at the end of the twentieth century. became the following priorities in the conservation of nature as the protection of biological [3, 4] and landscape diversity, conservation and restoration of existing environmental spent «activity» and ecosystem homeostasis [5]. The relevance and importance of these activities in Ukraine confirmation by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine «On the Concept of the National Programme of biological and landscape diversity of Ukraine» dated 12.05.1997 and the formation of the National Biodiversity Programme for the years 1998-2015, which were aimed at supporting the European Strategy for conservation of biological diversity.
Other words biological and landscape diversity in Ukraine and its regions is one of the most important resources of a society that demands not only storage, but also practical problems playing it, creating an enabling environment for the life and prospects of the existence of the nation. It follows that the main methodological requirements of modern study of nature in Ukraine - a consideration of the specifics of the reproductive process of biological and landscape diversity as an integral part of nature, using historical experience, available methodology foundation and developing all the best from the world of thought.
But what should be the script conservation and enhancement of biodiversity, how to move the process of spending in the coming years? A significant step in solving the above-mentioned problem is the development and testing of integrated methodological principles of constructing models of ecosystems that have played a unifying competitiveness situation of nature in the fight against techno-human pressure, which leads to the «transformation of natural ecosystems, depletion of species richness of flora and fauna» [6,
p. 5]. Forming the shape and logical sequence focuses on maintaining diversity group of authors [9, 10] concentrated expressed his views as follows: «for the effective conservation of natural diversity and sustainable use of land and soil resources is now becoming an important state of knowledge, diversity and integrity of ecosystems».
Analysis of studies and publications on the issue: The issue of protected areas in different periods have been addressed by such scholars as A. Haydayenko, I. Hetmanchyk, V. Gorlachuk, P. Hutz, D. Dobryak, O. Kovalenko, Y. Smith, V. Tailors, D. Krylov, E. Mishenin, L. Nowakowski, A. Sohnych, V. Tregobchuk, A. Tretiak, S. Kharichkov, M. Hvesyk, A. Chlapak. The purpose of the study. The main purpose of the article is to study the problem of strategy development of protected areas.
The main material: At the World Summit, held in Johannesburg in 2002, dedicated to sustainable development, it was noted that the most promising contribution to the conservation of biodiversity and landscapes are protected areas that have concentrated expressed the possibility of creating an integrated system of conservation, restoration and enhancement of natural resources in the national territory of the continent, while ensuring economic progress. Strategic idea of protected areas aimed at preserving natural holistic framework in Europe, combining into a single European network of its most valuable natural areas that will support the overall ecological balance and other equally important factors which determines the set of socio-economic growth of Ukraine's regions, increasing their competitiveness in terms of deepening international integration.
It is worth mentioning that in today's current law [1, 2] use of the existing potential of protected areas is in the form of nature reserves, biosphere reserves, national parks, regional landscape parks, nature reserves, natural monuments, natural reserves, botanical gardens, parks dendrological ,
А. В. Богославская экономическое
ТЕОРЕТИКО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ... направление
zoological parks, parks, monuments of landscape art.
One of the first in Ukraine were established protected areas and objects in «Nova Askaniya» Chernomorskiy Reserve at Shatsky the tract Prince-Bahon an area of the 930 hectares became operational reserve [12, p. 11]. However, in 1951 the USSR was organized real defeat reserves, due to the general decline of interest in environmental and natural monuments, misunderstanding of the role of senior management of the state. As a result, in 1951, 88 were eliminated reserves, and in 1961 - 16. Unfortunately, on the side of riots not immune to national parks this time, as evidenced by the lack of legal documents for official recognition of protected areas. Despite the above, now in Ukraine has more than seven thousand protected areas and objects that, taken together, form a framework of ecological network in Ukraine. According to data of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources to the nature reserve fund includes 5.04 % of the country with 10.4 % planned for 2015, although according to the appendage V. [7, p. 36] even the percentage of protected areas from the total area of Ukraine does not address fully the problem of maintaining biodiversity.
Moreover, over the past 2-3 years, Ukraine has created 30 national parks. It was a «golden period», although again today come «Ice Age» when the creation of protected areas and then slowed down. Forming a picture of the dynamics of the natural reserve in Ukraine, we note that in the period since 1994, it has grown more than twice.
But protected areas is somewhat broader concept than pursuing the interests of biodiversity and landscapes.
Referring to the legislation [1, 2] shows that protected areas allow for a more pragmatic choice to use them, expanding the space of all spheres of public life.
Yes, nature reserves are conservation, research institutions of national importance established to preserve the natural state of the typical or unique to this area of natural landscape sets with the totality of their components, the study of natural processes and phenomena occurring in them, developing scientific principles of environmental protection, efficient use of natural resources and environmental safety.
The phenomenon of biosphere reserves disclosed in differential mode protection, reproduction and use of natural ingredients in accordance with the zoning. It stands in the zone, which includes areas designated for preservation and restoration of the most valuable natural and landscape disturbed by anthropogenic factors, natural systems, the gene pool of flora and fauna; zone man-made landscapes, including the territory of traditional land use, forestry, water management, recreation and other business. Within the biosphere reserve may be allocated reserve area controlled mode.
While the disclosure of national parks, it appears that they should be regarded as environmental, recreational, cultural, educational and research institutions of national importance, creating for the conservation, restoration and efficient use of natural complexes and objects, which have a special nature , recreational, historical, cultural, scientific, educational and aesthetic value. It is no accident at the Second World Conference on National Parks, which took place in 1972 in Yyellouston park was made on the feasibility of setting their zoning. Accordingly, the domestic legislation in the national parks provide differentiated treatment for their protection, reproduction and use according to the following zoning:
- conservation area - designed for protection and restoration of the most valuable natural complexes;
- controlled recreation area, within which produced short-term rest and recuperation of the population, especially the review of the picturesque and memorable places;
- stationary recreation area, which is designed to accommodate hotels, campgrounds and other facilities to serve visitors to the park;
- economic zone within which economic activity is conducted, aimed at the fulfillment of the tasks of the park, there are settlements, communal facilities of the park facilities and lands of other landowners and land users are included in the
park._
To the construction of regional landscape parks, the destroy of their territories developed a scheme similar national parks, as evidenced by the emergence in recent years of project land areas that involve the allocation of reserves.
The system of using reserves, natural monuments, natural reserves built in such a way that their territories are limited or prohibited activity contrary to the purposes and objectives under the relevant provisions.
Developing this idea V. Davydenko [8, p. 6] states that «Protected areas are the banks, the nature of genetic information, material resources of recreation; special scientific laboratories, museums, nature, its standards, and gardens area indicate that the genius of man is capable of rational use and even transformed landscapes nature». It is important to note that the management of environmental education in the objects of natural reserve fund environmental education activities in the protected, national and regional nature parks is to provide support for natural reserves of the general population as important condition for the performance of their nature-conservation features help address regional environmental concerns, participation in ecological awareness and the development of ecological culture population [11, p. 39-41].
In examining the importance of perspective is the fact that the main task of managing natural parks Ukraine is forecasting - planning, organizing, coordinating and monitoring the conduct of recreational activities, visiting areas, and organizing the implementation of such tourism activities (organization of sales of travel services, tours) relies on specialized public and businesses - recreational facilities, organizing tourist activities under agreements concluded «On recreational activities».
But without exaggeration we can say that discussions are currently taking place to determine the categories of land. The greatest interest attracts regional landscape parks. First you need to figure out what the landscape is «tied» these parks to a wide range of landscape sets is consistent between the territorial and aqua landscapes and others. Investigated that the territorial affiliation landscapes does not reflect (not consistent) the territorial integrity of regional landscape parks.
Therefore, regional landscape parks methodologically appropriate transform in parks because their name is farfetched, without any scientific justification.
Thus, in Ukraine, along with the national nature park will operate a regional park. The difference lies only in the fact that the first will be financed from the state budget, and the second - with the local. Note that in Russia do not find their reflection regional landscape parks - variety is the latest regional parks.
In conservation activities in Ukraine widespread as a basic methodological model selection in the establishment of national and regional natural landscape parks, as already mentioned, conservation areas, areas controlled and fixed recreation, economic zones. This principle of zoning of protected areas, which is abstracted from the circumstances of time, locations and other areas mentioned. Limits can accept customized design solutions because Article of the Law «On Protected Areas» prescribed zoning to appropriate areas as a important condition. But in the process of developing a strategy Regional Park «Kinburn Spit» and National Nature Park «Biloberezhzhya Sv'yatoslava» found that placement of permanent recreation areas in their territory is impractical for many reasons: the unsuitability for construction site due to spelling conditions, the possibility of getting static water and sewage into groundwater and the Black Sea, the Dnieper-Bug estuary, bay Yagorlitsky, entertainment, night clubs with loud music scare off animals and birds from nesting and resting places, the main benefit will come to owners of hotels and others., and pollution and other danger will remain local people.
The best accommodation option stationary recreation area will Ochakiv where tourists amateur hotel daily boat can go forward, relax and in the evening back again in Ochakiv.
А. В. Богославская
ТЕОРЕТИКО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ...
There will also be organized by waterbus from Nikolaev, who will provide transportation services to all residents and visitors wishing to Nikolaev. The concept of recreational area meets prevent anthropogenic impact on vulnerable ecosystems Kinburn Spit, relieve tension between local residents and vacationers. Therefore, the law «On the Nature Reserve Fund of Ukraine» to make changes that would have a hard bind to the separation of functional areas. It is important to describe only the principle of selection as is done in Russia. The key here is the fact that, in accordance with the laws of Russia can be allocated different functional areas, including:
- conservation area, which integrates land areas that are of particular interest in terms of observation of the natural processes of nature in the new human interference;
- particular security zone, whose membership includes particularly valuable in environmental and natural systems against cognitive National Park, in which for any reason it is impossible or impractical to install protected mode;
- area of tourism, which stands along the main tourist routes and trails in areas where the most valuable in cognitive terms, and the most popular among the visitors of the park natural objects;
- recreation area, which includes areas that differ the most favorable combination of recreational resources of traditional local recreation. This area is intended for short-term and long-term stay in the wild;
- area of historical and cultural sites, which together around a particular area of protection of historical and cultural sites located within the National Park;
- service area designed for the reception, accommodation and national park visitor services;
- zone economic purposes, which includes, as a rule, land is not withdrawn from economic use, as well as some areas of the park land, designed to provide the core activities of the National Park;
- traditional areas of extensive natural resources that can be allocated in national parks located in areas inhabited by indigenous peoples, which allows traditional economic activities, handicrafts and crafts and its associated species use of natural resources;
- special treatment areas that stand out in locations protected objects of the Russian Defense Ministry, while crossing the park mainline railways and other complex utility systems.
The presented list of nine functional areas does not mean that they should all be highlighted in the National Park as it will hard the management process that will lead to additional costs. Policy Reserves in Russia is that it aims to reduce the maximum number of functional areas, focusing only on those that are an important part of effective protection and use of natural resources fit the flow of tourists, tourism trends, needs international cooperation and European processes and activities in the resort, improving tourist image of Ukraine and its regions.
However, between the national park, created in remote and lightly populated regions of the Russian Federation and parks, organized in cultivated areas, there is a difference, which is based in the fact that in remote areas, focused on preserving natural contacts and objects in their natural state, and in reclaimed areas spend more managing cultural landscapes, creating the conditions for recreation, preventing reduction of local people.
Reduced experience of the territory of the Russian Federation gives good reason for translating existing theory and practice of protected areas in Ukraine, which is necessary to adopt a new package of regulations in this field, to develop sectoral rules that would regulate the relationship between authorities and agents lobby public stakeholders in the creation of protected areas. Now the meeting to discuss the problems of protected areas, preferably not invited to the public, contrary to the Aarhus Convention.
Another important dimension of competitiveness of protected areas in Ukraine is implementing a new model of a nature reserve, which provides absolute deviation from their
natural reserve, because it does not fully realized those expectations are formed in society. First, a low standard of living of the local population, the lack of opportunities for economic development provoke conflicts in the sphere of nature reserves, complicating the problem of preservation of natural, historical and cultural complexes and objects.
Therefore, special attention should be given to providing opportunities visit protected areas by population specially designed routes. This will solve two problems: to strengthen the financial position of the institution and cultivate love for nature by removing the curtains of mystery and economic activities in protected areas. To see the beauty of wildlife to look at it, but not long-distance service under closed eye protection. Even John Ruskin (1819-1900) - famous English philosopher and cultural studies 1 century said that the criteria for beauty only found in the wild as soon as it is nothing defiled and desecrated [13, p. 197]. He felt love for nature religious feeling, the idea of linking conservation with patriotism, believing that trees, endless landscapes, steppes and flowers are made for everyone, and they actually have to see, to enjoy, to renew the spiritual and physical strength.
However, representatives of radical conservation [14] denying intervention in the development of wildlife, arguing that «the existence of wildlife well on its own, and control over it is inherently wrong».
Special attention to the ideology of Wildlife devoted Russian environmentalist N. FY. Reimers [13, p. 192-193], who believed that the reserves - a place where wildlife is board itself without any kind of use, including scientific, educational, recreational, religious and so on.
Note that the «wildness» of protected areas supported by G. Kozhevnikov, D. Solovyev, V. Dokuchaev, F. Shtylmark [13, p. 189], which follows the principles of protected they are formulated:
1. Complete ban on commercial activities.
2. Perpetual operation preserves.
3. Management is focused on absolute freedom protect-edness and wildlife.
4. Conduct long-term research.
5. Protecting wildlife for its own sake.
6. Public responsibility for parks and protectedness.
In this regard, there are now protected and the Philosopher's current direction - prezervatsionizm whose purpose is to protect wildlife and species of living beings for their own sake [13, p. 188], which found its expression in the rules of etiquette of Protected Areas:
1. Use ethical methods Science and Environmental education.
2. Prices, love, respect wildlife for its own sake.
3. Honor the protected area as a holy space.
4. Seek not to obtain profit from the reserve.
5. Do not tolerate a reserve.
6. Command as soon as possible and as much as possible.
7. Takes care not only of species, but the individual sentient beings.
8. I am not sure it is better to do nothing [13, p. 187].
The most significant conservatism illustrates the integrity of protected wildlife fact that zoning reserves is seen not only as a measure of «empty, but harmful» [13, p. 158].
Let us find the essence of wild nature. «The Law of the United States» (1964) «On Wildlife» says that «area wildlife belongs to those projects where the man and his work dominates the landscape, the real confesses area where the earth and its living populations of brook no interference from by man, and where man himself is a visitor who does not remain» [14, p. 8]. As you can see, the U. S. legislation forbids visiting areas of nature. Note that according to American law «area wildlife must have at least 2,000 hectares or large enough to keep it in pristine condition, as well as» may contain ecological, geological, or other features that have scientific, educational, Landscape or historical value» [14, p. 8].
The fourth International Congress of Wildlife adopted a definition of wildlife: «Plot wildlife - a vast natural area protected by the legislature and has sufficient size to maintain
А. В. Богославская
ТЕОРЕТИКО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ...
not involved in the use of natural elements that can serve as a physical and spiritual well-being. This is an area where little human intervention permitted it, but so that natural processes continue to evolve» [14, p. 9].
Also considered in the scientific community that wildlife areas should have the following qualities:
- View or landscape beauty or special scientific interest present.
- An area remote from the sounds and smells of mechanization and everything that
is connected with civilization;
- A place where you can feel their personal remoteness from civilization.
- A place where you can feel the spirit of adventure.
- A place where the full enjoying nature depends on the personal perception of physical skill and intelligence [14, p. 9-11].
In this regard, an interesting experience of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), which in 1997 adopted the following category of protected areas as «wilderness area» which is a «vast areas» of land (including water) from the wild or minimally altered nature that are not has a permanent population, very distant from the urban areas and the development of which is kept in order to maintain the basic parameters of the biosphere, the natural course of natural processes and intact ecosystems used for research, environmental monitoring, hard limited selections, in strictly limited and environmentally sound scale permitted resources of the local population.
As a result of the above, we can conclude that in this case the areas of wildlife may be «soft» use - recreational, landscape, religious, scientific, educational, cultural, educational, environmental and others, that allows eco-tourism, hunting, fishing, horse riding, etc.
In this context, wildlife praised in China and Japan, Canada and Australia, in Europe where people draw strength and energy, where there is a trade-off between protection and use of natural resources, creating masterpieces of biological and landscape diversity. Accordingly, society is defined throughout the civilized world for its humane treatment of wildlife limited from his wild freedom, respecting the autonomy of the rational use of natural resources in national parks and reserves.
Therefore, summarizing the above, we can conclude that the value of reserves and should be in the society to protect wildlife, not for herself, but for the needs of people.
Thus, the above-mentioned system of concepts such as «control» and «regulation» give the following answer: «Ukraine and its regions, there is no wild and can't be covered in natural areas, even not significantly modified by society or individuals.
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- Shatsky lake. LDPE «Stronghold» - Luck - 2009 - 48 p.
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© 2015
THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL BASIS FOR STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT OF PROTECTED AREAS
A.V. Bogoslavs'ka, candidate of economical science, associate professor of the chair
«International economics»
Mykolayiv national university named after V. O. Sukhomlynsky, Mykolayiv (Ukraine)
Abstract. The article deals with modern theoretical and methodological foundations and methodical aspects of forming of strategy of development of protected areas.
Keywords: protected areas, landscapes, rational use, competitiveness.
