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INTEGRATION AND ADAPTATION OF MIGRANTS FROM OTHER CULTURES IN THE URAL-VOLGA REGION
Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, Ufa,
Abstract. The adaptive processes of migrants are quite complex and are caused by a variety of economic, social, cultural, educational factors, and problems. An important condition for the successful adaptation of migrants is their legalization, i.e. migration registration and statutory permits (work permits or patents). To legalize their stay in Russia, a migrant receives certain rights, which contribute to his or her integration into Russian society. Knowledge of the Russian language makes it possible to get information about employment regulations in Russia, increases the chances of obtaining legal work, reduces dependence on fellow countrymen in employment and advancement, enhances contact with the local population, ensures the implementation of the rights of migrants to vocational training, medical care and so on. Based on the results of opinion polls, as well as our own field materials collected in 2014-2015, this article examines the integration and adaptation of migrants in the Republic of Bashkortostan and Tatarstan, Perm Territory, Samara and Orenburg regions - a complex ethnic and confessional composition of the population of the Russian regions. The official governmental body designed to solve the problems of adaptation of migrants, is the Federal Migration Service of the Russian Federation. The regional and territorial management of the FMS carries out practical solutions to these problems in the region. Within the framework of the state migration policy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025, the Federal Migration Service and the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Passport and visa service" developed and implemented a project on opening a center of social adaptation of migrant workers. The studied regions experienced positive gains in implementing national policies at the level of the subject of federation and the whole of the Ural-Volga region. The active and successful activity of the municipal and regional authorities led to the integration of migrants into the local community. Of course, the Ural-Volga region has a positive image, which is based primarily on socio-economic, cultural, sports and other achievements as well as on good governance at the local level. This experience needs to be studied and spread to other regions of Russia.
Key words: migration, migrant workers, adaptation, integration, social culture, social institutions, the Ural-Volga Region
Introduction
The presence of a huge number of migrants around the world, including in Russia and their legal insecurity has caused many countries to think about how to regulate migration flows and to help migrants adapt to new conditions.
Khusnutdinova Lyailyaila - PhD in Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Chair of History and Political Science, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University
Problemy istorii, filologii, kul'tury 2 (2017), 179-195 © The Author(s) 2017
npo6jieMti HcropHH, ^Hjojioran, KyjiKrypti 2 (2017), 179-195 ©ABTOP(H) 2017
L.G. Khusnutdinova
© IA RAS, NMSTU, JHPCS, 2017 | DOI 10.18503/1992-0431-2017-2-56-179-195
The process of integration of migrants into the local community often complicates public opinion, which is infected by xenophobia. First, there is the so-called «everyday xenophobia» (the ratio of locals to migrants in daily life situations), which greatly complicates integration. Second, public opinion is often used by politicians and government officials as a political tool to justify certain administrative actions. The conservative position on migration is particularly evident during election periods, when Russian officials from the anti-immigrant mood of the population formulate their programs. Third, the attitude of the local population towards migrants has a negative impact on the development of society, where instead of tolerance, social passivity or a hostility to newcomers develops. Fourthly, negative public opinion against migrants promotes development of corruption among representatives of the various organizations that allow themselves illegal actions that violate the rights of migrants1.
Meanwhile, today's developed and developing countries, including Russia, need and can not do without migrant workers, especially migrant workers. Russia is a state that is actively receiving migrants along with the United States, Germany, France, Canada and other major receiving countries2. In today's Russian economy migrant workers carry a huge amount of work, particularly in areas such as construction, housing and communal services and agriculture. Therefore, for the normal functioning of the economy, the creation and maintenance of a reliable international and inter-religious climate, our country needs a successful integration of migrants into the local environment. It should be noted that Russia, including some of its regions, has accumulated a huge positive experience in this direction.
The Ural-Volga region is one of the most densely populated areas of Russia, historically characterized by its ethnic, religious and linguistic diversity, and at the same time, a conflict-free coexistence of different cultural traditions. The complexity of the composition of the population also increases under the influence of contemporary migration processes. The large number of foreign migrants stimulates regional and municipal authorities, as well as non-governmental organizations, to constantly seek optimal solutions for the integration of migrants. In this article, we consider a model of such decisions on the example of the largest and most complex ethnic composition of the Ural-Volga regions - Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Perm Krai, Samara, and Orenburg regions.
For example, the Republic of Tatarstan is taking serious measures to regulate migration flows. In this regard, society and the state have to expeditiously correct the approaches to migration. Migration policy requires a new quality of work as the executive, the legislative and civil society institutions, such as the Assembly of Peoples of Tatarstan, located in the House of Friendship of Peoples of Tatarstan. The assembly of representatives of the peoples living on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan Peoples Assembly) was established on December 8, 2007 at the IX Conference of the Association of the Republic of Tatarstan of the national-cultural associations (hereinafter, ANKO RT) and was created by the transformation of the latter. The Assembly will automatically include all national non-governmental organizations, which ANKO RT adopted and new communities. Also among the founders of the Assembly are 11 individuals occupying positions of responsibility in the public and social structures of the country. The Assembly is headed by RT State Council Chairman F. Mukhametshin.
1 Хуснутдинова, Габдрафиков, Вильданов, Андреева 2014, 3-4.
2 Lee, Rutina 2009.
The Assembly of Peoples of Tatarstan unites 80 national non-governmental organizations and more than 40 nationalities and ethnic groups. The Public Council is working closely with state authorities.
In 2015 migration legislation in the Republic of Bashkortostan changed. For example, in April, 2015 the National Assembly of the Republic of Bashkortostan adopted the laws «On Amendments to the Law of the Republic of Bashkortostan» and «On national-cultural autonomy in the Republic of Bashkortostan», which added some items, such as: 1) Part I of Art. 1 added the words «to strengthen the unity of the Russian nation, harmonization of interethnic relations, to promote inter-religious dialogue, as well as to implement activities aimed at the social and cultural adaptation and integration of migrants ...». The adoption of these changes makes it possible for national-cultural autonomies to legally pursue their efforts on the adaptation and integration of fellow workers. In October 2015, the Republic of Bashkortostan adopted a migration policy concept for the period up to 2025 (Decree of the Government of the Republic of Bashkortostan dated October 13, 2015 № 446 «On the Republic Bashkortostan Migration Policy Concept for the period until 2025»)3. The concept is a systematic set of goals, objectives, and principles for the priorities of the public authorities, other state bodies and the local self-government of the Republic of Bashkortostan and their interaction with the regulation of migration processes by civil society institutions.
The Perm region is a part of the Volga Federal District and is located in the east of the Eastern European Plain and the western slope of the Mid- and Northern Urals. An important factor in changes in the size of the population of the Perm Region is migration. In recent years the region has seen a steady drop in migration against the backdrop of migration growth in other, competitor regions. In general, the migration situation in the Krai from January-June 2015 was characterized by high numbers of departures in comparison to arrivals. The legal acts on the regulation of migration processes in the Perm region are: The state program of the Perm region «Promotion of employment», in which there is a subprogram «assist the voluntary resettlement to the Perm of compatriots of the region living abroad» (The program's goal is the promotion and organization of the process of voluntary resettlement of compatriots in the Perm region); The state program of the Perm region «Ensuring interaction between society and the authorities», in which there is a Sub-program «The implementation of the state national policy in the Perm region» (The goal is to strengthen the unity of the Russian Federation, the multinational people (the Russian nation) residing in the Perm region and to ensure the realization of the federal target program «Strengthening the unity of the Russian nation and ethno-cultural development of the peoples of Russia 2014-2020») (2014); «On the Coordinating Council of National Affairs of the Perm region» Decree of the Governor of the Perm region (2012); Order of the Governor of Perm Krai «On approval of the Coordination Council on Migration Policy» (2013) and others.
In the Samara region much is done for the integration of migrants; a priority of the state national policy in the Samara region is the creation of favorable conditions for the socio-cultural adaptation of migrants. This is the development and implementation of special programs related to integration and adaptation arriving in the Samara region of foreigners.4 This is also the policy of the region, which is doing everything possible to
3 Хуснутдинова 2016а, 146-147.
4 Осипова 2013, 31-32.
strengthen the unity of the Russian state and to preserve the ethnic and cultural identity of the peoples of the Samara region. Thus, since 1994 the oblast has completed several programs, such as «Revival», «Different, but not other people - peace through culture», «The development of civil society» and others. In December 2013 the Resolution of the Samara Region Government № 803 «On Approval of the State Program of the Samara region strengthening the unity of the Russian nation and the ethno-cultural development of the peoples of the Samara Region (2014-2020)» was signed, as well as other resolutions.
In the Orenburg region the practice of regional development for the implementation of national policy programs, including the preservation and development of national cultures, became widespread. Currently the Office of the Governor and the Government of the Orenburg region are successfully enforcing the target program «Realization of the national policy of regional models of the Orenburg region for 2013-2015». An important direction of this program is to support the ethnic and cultural activity of national-cultural associations. «In the Orenburg region there are 126 national centers. These national organizations have representatives of 21 ethnic groups and 57 associations officially registered with the judicial authorities. In accordance with the Law «On Public Associations» 69 associations operate without registration». 97 schools operate within the region, where the native language is studied by more than 4 thousand students. The Orenburg's library collection stores 110 thousand copies of books in the languages of the peoples of Russia. In addition, the Government of the Orenburg region provides financial support for the publication of national newspapers («Jan Vakyt» - Tatar, «Ai-kap» - Kazakh and «Caravanserai» - Bashkir), as well as financial assistance in carrying out a number of ethno-cultural events: Ukrainian «Shevchenko March», Kazakh Nauryz, Akatuyev Chuvash, Tatar Sabantuy, the festival of Korean culture, and others.
Materials and methods. The study of the problems of social and cultural adaptation of migrants is now important because, in the current state of society, there is a shortage of psychological comfort and a sense of psychological security, not only among workers, but also the indigenous population. In modern conditions society is virtually unprepared to effectively address the challenges posed by the emergence of a huge flow of migrants, including refugees and internally displaced persons, returnees, irregular migrants, and an increase in individual labor migration.
The methodological basis of this research is to study of the problem by using a mul-tidisciplinary approach, as well as the analysis of the connections between the regulatory and social context of migration. The complexity of such a task requires the narrowing of the subject of study in order to focus on the analysis of interrelated facets of the problem. Research was conducted using the following methods: expert interviews with the administration of rural, urban, and regional districts, the Federal Migration Service of the Russian Federation for the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Perm Territory and Orenburg region, etc.; analysis of official documents, scientific literature; extrapolation of data obtained in the study of the problem; and correlation of the data obtained from the different groups of sources.
The theoretical and methodological framework of this study includes the theoretical framework to study adaptation processes developed in social geography (The works of V. Anuchin, E. Alaev, Yu. Saushkin), in the adaptation of psychology (L. Wild, B. Pet-roshevsky, Stepanov, Sukharev, G. Oberg, B. Hopson) and Urban ecology (T. Dridze,
A. Janicki). The experience of creation and the efficiency of compact settlement, the adaptation of immigrants in the Russian village, the role of cultural differences in the adaptation process, the relationship of immigrants with the local people and the authorities, the legal status of migrant workers, and the factors that promote and prevent successful adaptation were investigated by EI Philippova. Similar issues are investigated by V. Amelin (Orenburg), G. Vitkovskaya (Moscow), G. Gabdrakhmanova (Republic of Tatarstan)5, V. Gritsenko (Saratov region), and G. Pyaduhovym (Penza region). The study of patterns, trends, types, forms and directions of migration are covered in the works of many scientists. The efforts of geographers (J. Zayonchkovskaya, V. Pereve-dentsev, N. Yukhneva and others) is aimed at identifying patterns of interaction between nature and society, which is reflected in historical trends resettlement and migration. The problem of displacement has recently become a subject of study by historians and sociologists. Their work has a national tone, where migration is seen from the standpoint of the formation of ethnic enclaves (L. Gumilev, G. Starovoitova, Z. Sikevich). The research of economists (G. Vechkanov, R. Kostin, L. Rybakovsky6, S. Ryazantsev7 and others) is concerned with the formation of human resources, urbanization, and the structure of the economy. The approaches of creating a «migrantology» (M. Denisenko, V. Iontsev, B. Horites) significantly added to the new conditions under which the researchers studied forced migration, migration policy and social work with migrants (Y. Bulatetsky V. Mosneaga, V. Tishkov, A. Khokhlov, T. Yudin, R. Galin, I. Gabdrafikov, L. Khusnutdinova and others). Foreign experts are notably interested in ethnic relations in the former USSR (P. Goldman, J. Lagshdusa, V. Zaslavskogo and others)8.
The empirical base of the research were the results of a sociological survey conducted in the Ural-Volga region (in Bashkortostan and Tatarstan, Perm Krai, Samara and Orenburg regions) for the study of the socio-cultural adaptation and integration of migrants into the local community, as well as the role of regional and municipal authorities in this process.
Results
The Republic of Bashkortostan is today the largest republic in the Russian Federation in terms of population - 4061,5 thousand people - and it is a unique region due to the variety of ethnic groups represented in it and their cultures and languages9. Numerically the region is dominated by Bashkirs (29,5% of the population), Tatars (25,4%) and Russian (36,0%). Apart from these, in the Republic of Bashkortostan large groups of Ukrainians, Chuvash, Mari, Mordovians, Udmurt, Latvians, Armenians, Azeris, Jews, Kazakhs, Uzbeks, and others also live compactly or dispersed. At the same time, Bashkortostan is a regions with a high migration activity of the population10. Migrant workers come to the republic from 41 states. In 2013 from abroad arrived 1400 people, and by in 2014 that number had already grown to 1700. Most of those arriv-
5 Хуснутдинова 2012, 14.
6 Рыбаковский 2003.
7 Ryazantsev, Pismennaya, Karabulatova, Akramov 2014.
S Khusnutdinova, Vildanov, Andreeva, Ilyasova, Gabdrafikov 2015, 224-225.
9 Хуснутдинова 2016, 4.
10 Хуснутдинова, Ильясова 2015, 159-160.
ing from foreign countries are citizens of Turkey, North Korea, Vietnam and China. An additional incentive for migration inflows to Bashkortostan was the preparation for the international summits of SCO and BRICS, which were held in Ufa in July, 2015; for this reason, the flow of migrant workers into the region in 2014 has increased significantly. Foreign workers come to Bashkortostan from Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Kazakhstan and Belarus citizens work in Russia, according to interstate agreements, without permits. As of January 1, 2015 in the Republic of Bashkortostan. 13100 foreign workers have a valid work permit. In addition to migrant workers, forced migrants were also present in the region. As of January 1, 2015 the Federal Migration Service of Russia in the Republic of Bashkortostan had registered 3600 foreign citizens who have been granted temporary asylum. Most of these came from Ukraine (3554 persons), but some have also arrived from Iraq, North Korea, Kyr-gyzstan, Syria.
Assistance to refugees involved representatives of the Russian Federal Migration Service of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Pension Fund, the employment center, and other ministries and departments. These agencies have prepared and are regulating the provision of one-time financial assistance, and also set the size limit on the reimbursement to districts and cities to provide accommodation, food, transport costs (up to 800 rubles, per person per day). Locals are not indifferent to the fate of refugees; they bring in items of humanitarian aid including clothing, food, household appliances, and medicine, and public organizations help collect and deliver humanitarian aid to the population of the south-eastern regions of Ukraine, covered by military clashes. The Public Advisory Council under the Federal Migration Service of Russia for the Republic of Bashkortostan makes a significant contribution to the solution of problems of formation of tolerant attitudes towards migrants and their adaptation and integration.. It is composed of representatives of national-cultural centers. In 2014, a visiting public meeting of the Community Advisory Board of the Federal Migration Service for the Republic of Bashkortostan in Russia was held in the district of Nagaevo in the October district of Ufa. At the meeting, in addition to members of the board were representatives of public authorities, FMS, science, and heads of national cultural centers. They openly discussed the problem of attracting foreign workers to the regional labor market and the problems of formation of tolerant attitudes of the local population toward foreign workers.
At the end of October, 2015 in Tuymazy, 164 km from the city of Ufa, the FSUE «PVA» common immigration center opened. The Migration Center operates on the principle of «single window», i.e. foreign citizens have the opportunity in one place to receive a range of services associated with the paperwork needed in order to work in the country. There can also be tested for knowledge of Russian history and the Russian Federation, as well as to obtain a patent (work permit).
The Republic of Tatarstan is also among the largest and most rapidly developing regions of Russia. The economic and political stability in Tatarstan stimulates the arrival of foreign migrant workers. Tatarstan is in the third place in the Volga Federal District in terms of the number of immigrants. In 2013, the 156700 migrants were registered, with 90000 in Kazan alone. In 2014, the 172000 migrants were registered in Tatarstan, of which 146,000 were foreign citizens arriving from abroad and other Russian regions, and 26000 foreign citizens were put on the migration registration to extend their status. According to the Federal Migration Service of the Republic of Tatarstan, the largest
number of international migrants come from Uzbekistan (33,7%), Tajikistan (11,5%), Turkey (6,9%), Azerbaijan (5,4%), Ukraine (4,5% ), Belarus (4,5%), Germany (4,3%), Italy (1,3%), USA (1,3%), and Korea (1%)11.
In the Republic of Tatarstan, refugees continue to arrive from Ukraine. Thus, according to the Federal Migration Service of Russia on RT as of July 1, 2014, 2500 people Ukrainians have been registered, 897 of whom were registered for the first time. Some of them are placed with relatives in Kazan. Some of them were placed by Ministry of Emergency Situations in dormitories, hotels, hostels, and heated pioneer camps. However, Tatarstan has not only helped refugees. A few months ago by order of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan R. Minnikhanov a fund was «In support of the residents of the Crimea». Naberezhnye Chelny alone gave about one million rubles. In Ukraine itself a trailer with humanitarian aid arrived a few days ago, including contributions made from Kazan.
The Republic's agency of employment and legal assistance to immigrants plays an important role in the adaptation of migrants in Tatarstan. In 2013, with the assistance of the Assembly of Peoples of Tatarstan and of the Agency, in accordance with the republican target program on the prevention of terrorism and extremism in the Republic of Tatarstan for 2014-2020, the Center for Employment and adaptation of migrants was formed as an autonomous non-profit organization whose purpose is to provide services in the field of education and law. To achieve this goal, the «Center for Employment and adaptation of migrants» provides: counseling, social and legal assistance, as well as employment assistance and adaptation of migrants in the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan; organizing and conducting training (schools, seminars, lectures, etc.) for foreign citizens, civil servants, law enforcement officials, business leaders and organizations in order to increase intercultural competence and optimizing social practices in accordance with the legislation on education; creating and conducting lectures (seminars, etc.) for foreign nationals to study Russian laws, including labor laws, of the migration registration act.
The national-cultural autonomy of the Republic of Tatarstan strives as much as possible to help their fellow countrymen. For example, leaders and ordinary members of the community attend a special reception center of the Kazan police department, where citizens are kept to be expelled from the territory of the Russian Federation. Detainees are provided with material assistance, transfer of food and clothing. The NKA pays for the repatriation of murdered or deceased migrants to their homeland. In addition, the leaders of the autonomous regions are involved in the investigation and legal proceedings, as well as interpreters.
In the city of Perm the ANO «Perm migration center» became operational with the support of the Administration and the Governor of the Perm Krai Government to September 2012. During the work the organization has processed more than 53,000 applications of foreign citizens and employers in the region. The center is implementing a number of projects jointly administred with the governor of the Perm region with total funding of 750 thousand rubles a year: «Public reception for migrants», «Memo to the migrant» and «The School of Russian language for migrants». The Centre is actively
11 Хуснутдинова, Габдрафиков, Вильданов, Андреева 2014, 135-136.
cooperating with the Agency for Employment of the Perm Krai and employers in the region, to recruit foreign workers and giving them a range of services12.
Currently, the Center is the only regional platform that provides comprehensive services to foreign citizens on the principle of «one window». It provides a unique opportunity for foreign citizens to receive government services in terms established by the legislation on the principle of «single window», without losing time to move to different areas of the city in order to obtain services by organizations providing highly specialized services in the field of labor migration. Integrated service delivery is especially important for those foreign nationals who do not speak Russian and do not know how to get around in the Perm region.
In addition to the activities of the Centre, the Perm region also runs a public reception. «Since May 2015, the city of Perm has begun the public reception of advisory services to migrants and their families, - says the head of the department of international relations of the Department of internal policy of the Administration of the Governor of Perm Krai Alexander Subbotin. - The necessary legal assistance to foreign nationals arriving Perm is provided free of charge».
The Samara region is home to about 3,3 million people. According to the National Population Census of 2010, the region is home to 140 nationalities, but is numerically dominated by Russians (2,6 million) And in the region are also Tatars (126,100).13 Additionally, the Chuvash live here as well as Mordvinians, Ukrainians, Armenians, Kazakhs and others. The Samara region is one of the regions of the Volga federal District, where there is very high migration activity. According to Federal Migration Service reports, in the period from 2007 to 2012 about 1,3 million foreign nationals were registered.14 Here it is necessary to take into account that in the Samara region are many transit migration flows. For five months of 2014 - 100000 foreign citizens were recorded, who come mainly from the CIS countries - Uzbekistan (48,7%), Tajikistan (18,4%), Kyrgyzstan (11%).
The Samara region has accumulated a great experience of public debate on the regulation of labor migration and integration. Round tables are regularly held, main suppliers of foreign labor in the Samara region are Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Seminars, scientific conferences at various levels, which are attended by representatives of the authorities and representatives of civil society, and religious leaders are also held. In 2014, a meeting of the Public Council under the Federal Migration Service of the Samara region was held, to discuss the role of national-cultural associations and religious organizations in the prevention of crimes and inter-ethnic conflicts.
However, the main function of the migration service of the Samara region is considered the registration control of workers and their employers. Also in 2014, there was the opening of the largest in the Volga federal district center for the temporary detention of foreigners subject to deportation or administrative expulsion from Russia. In this institution fall under the court decision migrant workers who violate Russian laws and will be deported. With regard to integration, this is how the Federal Migration Service takes part in the framework of public-private partnership.
12 XycHyT^HHOBa 2015, 81-82.
13 ^aftMHH 2014.
14 MyxaMeTmHHa 2013, 38.
In order to ensure favorable conditions for ethnic and cultural development, preservation of languages, and traditions the MAS CO «House of Friendship of Peoples» (Samara) has operated since 2001. According to the management of the national and confessional policy monitoring department head of the public opinion of the Administration of Samara Region Governor NP Osipova, with the support of the House of Friendship there are massive ethno-cultural events held annually, such as the Kazakh holidays «Kamal Ait» and «Navruz», the Korean «Solnal» and the Armenian «trndez». Since 2008 the House of Friendship has carried out free consultations on migration issues for migrant workers, held adaptation courses «migrant school» and training seminars on the theme «What you need to know about local customs and traditions». Such meetings are held not just by consultants, lawyers and social activists, but also by representatives of the Federal Migration Service and the Interior Ministry. The Friendship House publishes various manuals and pamphlets for migrants. This device assists the Government of Samara region. For example, the House published booklets called «Migrants on the Samara Region», «Information for foreign citizens and persons without citizenship», «Memo for foreign nationals or persons who arrived in the Russian Federation in a manner not requiring a visa or a work permit». Importantly, these materials are available not only in Russian, but also in the Uzbek, Kyrgyz, and other languages. Back in 2011 it published a brochure called, «Samara region. Migrants Guide», which includes material on the history and contemporary life of the local population, the current legislation and the conditions of stay of migrants in the Samara region. We publish specialized material on the history and ethnography of the region, a brochure about the modern life of different groups of the population, such as «Kazakhs Samara Region», «The Ukrainians Samara Region», and «The Germans Samara Region».
Of the various social organizations, the national-cultural associations have provided the most help to migrants to help them to adapt. In the Samara region there are more than 100 ethnic and cultural associations, including 43 national-cultural autonomy of the local, regional and federal levels. There are such well-known organizations in the region as the «League of the Samara region of Azerbaijanis», Kyrgyz organization «Manas-Ata», Tajik «Paivand-Unity», and «Uzbek community». Since 2007, there has been the Federal National Cultural Autonomy of Russian Kazakhs with the center in Samara. Also, there are 17 Sunday schools, Azerbaijani, Armenian, Georgian, Kirghiz, etc. Most of the national-cultural associations have their own printing press15.
The Orenburg region is one of the largest regions of the Russian Federation, located in two parts of the world, Europe and Asia. The Orenburg Region is an attractive region for foreign citizens. This is due to the position of the border region, the presence of railways and highways connecting the European part of the Russian Federation in the Urals and Siberia, as well as the direct access to Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and North Caucasus. For example, in 2014 in the territory of Orenburg region there were 97500 migrations registred: foreign citizens and stateless persons. (Same period 2013 - 87 ths.)16.
The labour activity of migrants is concentrated in construction, agriculture, commerce and industry. Their employment is weakly represented in the social sphere: education, health, provision of utilities, home, social services and other activities.
15 Khusnutdinova, Istamgalin, Galliulin, Bakulim, Sadykova, Nifontov 2016, 84-85.
16 Ameline, Denisov, Morgunov 2014, 42.
The region is actively working to integrate migrants into the local community. This includes the development and implementation of special projects related to the integration and adaptation for foreigners while they are in the Orenburg Region. This is the policy in the region, which is doing everything possible to strengthen the unity of the Russian state and the preservation of the ethnic and cultural identity of the peoples of the Orenburg region. Thus, the region has received widespread practice in the development of implementation of the national policy of regional programs, including the preservation and development of national cultures. Currently the Office of the Governor and the Government of the Orenburg region has successfully implemented the program «Realization of the national policy of regional models of the Orenburg region for 2013-2015». An important direction of this program is to support the ethnic and cultural activity of national-cultural associations. In the Orenburg region there are 126 national centers. The national organizations have representatives of 21 ethnic groups. There are 57 associations officially registered with the judicial authorities.
In September 2013 the City of Orenburg opened «Centre for social adaptation of migrant workers». This center is one of the pilot projects to change the temporary accommodation center status of internally displaced persons in the Center for Social Adaptation of foreign migrants to the socio-economic and cultural conditions of Russia17. A similar project was implemented in the Tambov region. This center was created for temporary labor migrants in order to help them adapt them to local conditions. The center provides accommodation rooms with all amenities; conducts instruction in the Russian language, Russian history and the basis of legislation of the Russian Federation with a certificate on the results of testing; organizes various events, attracting national and cultural and religious associations, and arranges trips to museums and the attractions of Orenburg. In addition, the center helps to collect documents for the registration of migrant workers and organizes the monitoring of compliance with internal regulations in their places of residence. Accommodation can be paid for either by employers or the residents themselves. Upon the completion of training, the Federal Migration Service of Russia in the Orenburg region evaluates the most successful participants to decide whether to give them permission for temporary residence in the Russian Federation.
Discussion. The term «integration» has a long history and is one of the most used in a variety of contexts, primarily economic. This research concerns the integration of refugees and migrants and are particularly prevalent in countries where the influx of migrants is not only traditional but also where the nation itself was created by migrants, and where there has been increasing dynamics of migration processes as a result of social, ethnic conflicts and economic disasters.
Integration is a mutual, dynamic and ongoing process. «From migrant integration requires a willingness to adapt to a new way of life for him the community in which he finds himself, without losing their cultural identity. From a society that accepts migrants, and the communities to whom the migrant attaches himself, integration requires a hospitable and sympathetic attitude to migrants, and from government agencies it is necessary to have the willingness to meet the needs of newcomers».
The term adaptation18 (from the Latin adaptatio - Device) as a scientific concept first began to be used in the physiology of the 2 nd half of XIX century. Thanks to
17 Khusnutdinova, Ilyasova, Yurochkin 2015, 193-194.
18 Рыбаковский 2003, 6.
the German physiologist G. Aubert. The sense of the device meant the organ of vision or hearing to the action of external stimuli. Currently, adaptation is one of the most important interdisciplinary scientific concepts widely and extensively analyzed in the biomedical, information technology and social sciences. As part of this work is of interest to us is one of the most important types of adaptation - social adaptation, which will be considered with respect to the social group of forced migrants and local territorial communities.
A number of publications (V. Amelin, B. Belozerov, F. Borodkin, E. Vinogradov, I. Gabdrafikova, V. Gritsenko, Z. Kalugin, I. Karabulatova19, L. Korel, R. Kostina, E. Miller, N. Mukhametshin, S. Panarin S. Ryazantsev, L. Khusnutdinova) highlight the adaptation of migrants in the various regions of Russia.
Of particular interest for the development of the sociological theory of adaptation of migrants are working L. Makarova, G. Morozova, L. Rybakovsky, N. Tarasova and V. Shapiro on the theoretical modeling of migratory behavior. While in recent years research on the problems of refugees and ides has become much more active, many questions remain insufficiently developed: not yet resolved are the fundamental issues of methodological and conceptual nature related to the disclosure of migration, identifying its causes, and methods of measuring its intensity and efficiency.
Conclusion
In the Ural-Volga region, namely in Bashkortostan and Tatarstan, Perm Krai, Samara, and Orenburg regions, which have a large number of arriving migrants, generally favorable conditions of social and cultural adaptation of migrants are present. The very presence in these regions of a large number of foreign migrant workers confirms that the conditions are really good. At the same time, the problems of adaptation and integration of migrants do not only concern regional authorities, but also civil society organizations, and in many areas are carried out jointly - in the framework of a public-public partnership. A special role is played by national-cultural organizations; they contribute to the formation of the atmosphere of tolerance. Helping fellow workers and immigrants from neighboring countries, these organizations do not seek, as they did in the past, to lock in their «internal ethno-cultural interests». Their task now includes the promotion of migrants to the widest possible social interaction, because ultimately cooperation and collaboration is the most effective way to a smooth integration.
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ИНТЕРГРАЦИЯ И АДАПТАЦИЯ ИНОКУЛЬТУРНЫХ МИГРАНТОВ В УРАЛО-ПОВОЛЖСКОМ РЕГИОНЕ
Л.Г. Хуснутдинова
Уфимский государственный нефтяной технический университет, Уфа, Россия, [email protected]
Аннотация. Адаптационные процессы мигрантов достаточно сложны и обусловлены совокупностью экономических, социокультурных, образовательных факторов и проблем. Важным условием успешной адаптации мигранта является его легализация, т.е. постановка на миграционный учет и получение предусмотренным законом разрешительных документов (разрешения на работу или патента). Легализовав свое пребывание в России, мигрант получает определенные права, которые способствуют его интеграции в российское общество. Знание русского языка дает возможность получения информации о правилах трудоустройства в России, увеличивает шансы получения легальной работы, снижает зависимость от земляков в деле трудоустройства и обустройства, расширяет возможности
контактов с местным населением, обеспечивает реализацию прав мигранта на профессиональное обучение, получение медицинской помощи и т.д. На основе результатов социологических опросов, а также собственных полевых материалов, собранных в 2014-2015 гг., в статье рассматриваются интеграция и адаптация мигрантов в республиках Башкортостан и Татарстан, Пермского края, Самарской и Оренбургской областей, являющихся сложными по этническому и конфессиональному составу населения российскими регионами. Официальным государственным органом, призванным решать проблемы адаптации мигрантов, выступает Федеральная миграционная служба Российской Федерации. Практическое решение данной задачи в регионах осуществляется силами региональных и территориальных Управлений ФМС. В рамках реализации Концепции государственной миграционной политики Российской Федерации на период до 2025 г. Федеральной миграционной службой и ФГУП «Паспортно-визовым сервисом» разработан и реализуется проект по открытию Центров социальной адаптации трудовых мигрантов. В исследуемых регионах накоплен положительный опыт реализации национальной политики на уровне субъекта федерации и в целом Урало -Поволжья. Активно и успешно действуют муниципальные и региональные органы власти в направлении интеграции мигрантов в местное сообщество. Безусловно, Урало-Поволжье имеет позитивный образ, который основан прежде на социально-экономические, культурные, спортивные и иные достижения, а также на хорошем управлении на местном уровне. Этот опыт необходимо изучать и распространять в других регионах России.
Ключевые слова: миграция, трудовые мигранты, адаптация, интеграция, социальная культура, общественные институты, Урало-Поволжье
