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G. Guzelbaeva,
sociologist, (Kazan (Volga) Federal University) INTERETHNIC RELATIONS IN TATARSTAN: CURRENT STATE AND NEW CHALLENGES
Tatarstan is characterized as a stable region of interethnic relations by almost all researchers and experts. However, the process of migration requires a new detailed study of the current trends on the possible changes of the interethnic cooperation and relationships for the recent years, as well as ascertain the singularities of ethnic identity of the citizens of the republic. The population of Tatarstan is represented by several ethnic groups: the title and the most numerous ethnic group are Tatars - 53,2% of the population, according to the census of 2010; the second largest ethnic group is Russian - 39.7%;
There are also Chuvash, Udmurt, Mordovia, Mari, Ukrainian, Azerbaijani and others - 7.1%.
Contemporary socio-cultural processes are characterized by variability and dynamism. The old forms are developed dynamically, creating new mixed identities. Ethnic, religious boundaries are gradually blurred, the structure of social identities becomes complicated, traditional classification is not always applicable. [5]
According to the materials of the empirical study of ethno-confessional relations in the Republic of Tatarstan, carried out by a research team of the Department of Sociology, Kazan Federal University in February-March 2012 (sample size - 1590 units) [12], the issue of ethnic identity is important for the majority of citizens of the Republic of Tatarstan: 71% of residents believe, that a modern man must feel himself a representative of any ethnic group (ethnicity is important for three-quarters of the Tatars and two-thirds of Russian). At the same time, the people are more loyal to the nationality of others: it is not significant for 58.5% of the population, 49% of Tatars and 68% of Russians do not pay attention to the nationality of others. It is worth emphasizing, that ethnic identity is ranked the third by the number of preferences behind civilian identities: Republican - 24% and Russia - 27%.
Ethnic identity is defined by ethnicity of parents, according to the absolute majority of the inhabitants of Tatarstan (90%). The significant criteria also are: the language for 36.4% of the population and religion for 28% of them. Name (including middle name and surname) is significant for 16% of the population, as well as compliance with national ceremonies, festivals and customs - to 14.4%. Residence on the traditional territory and availability of a husband / wife of the same nationality is much less important for ethnic identity, according to the residents of Tatarstan.
One of the main markers of ethnic identity is the native language. [6] The inhabitants of the Republic are presented in two equal groups on linguistic grounds: some consider Russian to be the native language - 48% of citizens, and others - Tatar to be their native one -also 48%. However, not all the Tatars consider their ethnic language to be native, unlike Russian. Every tenth Tatar believes Russian to be his native language (Tatars who do not speak or speak badly Tatar language, as well as Tatars of mixed marriages). An indication of ethnicity is also the significance of the ethnic language for future generations: it is important for 70% of the population that their children speak their native language.
The Republic of Tatarstan is a bilingual region: almost all citizens speak Russian, more than half - Tatar. The Law on Languages of the Peoples of the Republic of Tatarstan (adopted in 1992) secured the two state languages. That same year, the Tatar language was introduced as a compulsory subject in the curriculum of secondary education, which had to be studied by all students, regardless of ethnic origin.
There has been an activation of public debate during the past few years and the situation was caused by the introduction of the Tatar language as a compulsory subject for study by students in the republic. There are discussions among parents of students, regarding the optimal ratio of Russian and Tatar languages in the school curriculum up to the question of whether it is necessary to study Tatar in the established volumes in school. Parents of students are often dissatisfied that their language is not taught at the appropriate level, that the existence of the Tatar language in the school curriculum leads to deterioration of the Russian language teaching. [10] Nevertheless, a survey of residents of the republic shows that the majority of the inhabitants have a positive attitude to the compulsory presence of the Tatar language in
the school curriculum (72%), including 84% of Tatars and 57% Russian. The vast majority of the republic's residents (90%) say that they do not experience difficulties due to bilingualism either when communicating with friends, neighbors, relatives or at work nor in education or in public life.
The opinion that every resident of Tatarstan should know the Tatar language, is supported by 56% of the population of the republic -from "be able to speak" (22%) to the "least understood" (34%). However, the position depends on the ethnicity of the respondents to a large extent: a third part of Tatars, and only a tenth part of Russians assert that everyone should speak Tatar. [4]
There is a sufficient proportion of those who do want to learn the Tatar language: 43% of those who do not speak or speak slightly are ready to undertake it. Describing interethnic relations, social scientists often refer to the terms of willingness to allow people of other ethnic groups to certain positions that are significant on the social status or are in close proximity in relation to the respondent. Residents of the republic impose the highest demands on the people who are within the smallest social distance, and are included in the inner circle -husband / wife (as well as the spouses of children), only 10% would like to see representatives of other nationalities as their spouses, and 45% are neutral to it. The respondents are worried due to the ethnicity of the head of the Republic of Tatarstan: 9% of respondents admit a person of another nationality occupying this position, and 52% are neutral to this assumption. Tatars want to see a representative of their ethnic group as the head of the republic more than other nations wish the same.
Residents of Tatarstan are ready to have a person of another ethnic group as a friend, colleague or neighbor in the community - the vast majority of people think about it as positive or neutral (85.7%,
84.6% and 84.5%). We can say that the ethnic groups, living in the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan traditionally show friendly attitude towards each other.
Let us consider the subjective assessment of the state of ethnic relations in Russia and the republic. The respondents noted that these relations are much more favorable in Tatarstan than in the whole country. Interethnic relations in Russia are called harmonious and favorable by 12% of respondents, and in Tatarstan - 20% of respondents; in Russia they are considered calm by 30% of respondents, and in Tatarstan - by 43% of respondents; evaluate them as satisfactory - 36% and 28%; call them tense and crisis - 15% in Russia, while only 5.3% of respondents- in Tatarstan. The Tatars assess the situation in the Republic of Tatarstan: as more prosperous than other nations. Residents of the republic look with a great deal of optimism at further development of interethnic relations in the Republic of Tatarstan: 8% of Tatarstan people expect that these relations will deteriorate in the Republic of Tatarstan.
However, according to our study, 12% of the population of the Republic of Tatarstan, have faced with the facts of ethnic discrimination in recent years. Although the vast majority of the population (80.4%) did not meet similar situations, but there is an interesting ethnic situation with those who have been subjected to a similar infringement. Comparing the Russians and the Tatars, we can say with confidence that the Russians feel less protected than the Tatars. 17.6% of the Russian population and only 6.4% of the Tatars have faced with the facts of discrimination and humiliation. Ethnic minorities feel even less sure - 23.6% of their representatives had to endure the cases of infringement by ethnicity.
However, if relations are still quite favorable between the Russian and Tatar population of Tatarstan, then a different picture is
observed in relation to newcomers from neighboring countries and Russian regions. [2, 11] Sociologist S. Akhmetova points out that many people express cautious or even hostility towards migrants, despite little experience of direct personal contact with them. The researcher identifies several reasons, including unreliable and tendentious information about migrants, distributed by media and everyday rumors. [1] The inhabitants of the republic do not strive for openness and tolerance, according to S. Akhmetova. The sociologist predicts the possible formation of risks, of ethno-religious rejection that can become difficult to manage by nature. Thus, the materials of sociological studies indicate that although ethnic portrait of Tatarstan community retains the features of stability, it is in the state of variability, accepting new challenges and risks, associated primarily with the migration process. Considering the experience of other countries, that have faced with the presence of migrants before and in large quantities, it can be stated that the continued distancing of the host community from groups of immigrants of other countries and other regions of Russia may be potential threats to tolerate inter-ethnic cooperation.
Summary:
The article is based on an empirical study, conducted by sociologists at Kazan Federal University in 2012. The question of ethnic identity is important to the majority of citizens of the Republic of Tatarstan. At the same time, people say they are loyal to the nationality of others and do not distinguish people by ethnicity. Social and cultural processes are characterized by variability in the modern world, the old forms develops dynamically, creating new mixed identity. Ethnic, religious borders are gradually "blurred", structures of social identities become more complex, the traditional classification are not always applicable.
Successful interethnic relations in Tatarstan traditionally faced with new challenges in recent years: the complexity of the development of the balanced bilingualism and the influx of migrants. If the first problem is solved gradually, the presence of visitors from other countries and regions of Russia raises new questions and destabilizes interethnic situation to a certain extent. A significant part of the population relates to migrants with alarm despite the declared tolerance to representatives of different ethnic groups. Not all the residents of the country aspire to openness and tolerance. Unreliable and tendentious information about migrants plays an important role in the spread of such attitudes. Thus, taking into account the experience of other countries, that have been faced with the presence of migrants before and in large volumes, there is a possibility of formation the situation of ethnic and confessional rejection, which can lead to new risks and may carry potential threats to the tolerant interethnic cooperation.
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12. A research project of the Kazan Federal University [within the public tasks of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation]; scientific director R. Minzaripov, the team of authors: S. Akhmetov, G. Guzelbaeva, M. Eflova, L. Nizamova, A. Nurutdinova.
"Kazanskiy sotsialno-gumanitarnyy vestnik", Kazan, 2015, № 3 (16), pp 8-12.
