CC BY
25ARCHITECTURE
Abdulhadi Hammood Abbood Dr. Sajidah Kazim Aliwi DOI: 10.24412/2520-2480-2020-3284-4-13
INTELLIGENT URBAN FACILITY MANAGEMENT IN RESPONDING TO EMERGENCIES (The role of technology as a stimulation for urban management)
Abstract.
Quick urban growth and technological progress have made urban facilities nowadays more complexity and diversity. Moreover, their breakdown and devastation by calamities will in general reason extreme loss of property and life, which reflects negative impacts on urban development. Therefore, the research, adopted its goal in the necessity of having intelligent urban management for these facilities to deal in a self and effective way in emergencies. The research finds that managing urban facilities through its traditional approach shows limitations in monitoring the condition of facilities at the urban areas level and dealing with emergencies occurring in urban facilities. So this paper provides an integrated approach to managing intelligent urban facilities to respond to emergencies, on the basis of the integration of information related to facilities and management functions (the integration of urban information and functional). Assuming that the speed of emergency response in urban facilities depends on intelligent urban management, according to the urban functional information integration approach. The research paper arrives to the ability of ISUFM (Intelligent System for Urban Facilities management) to detect any defect in advance and respond appropriately by conducting a comprehensive analysis of urban facilities and their connections, and provide immediate, rapid and flexible solutions.
Key words: Intelligent urban facilities management, Respond to emergencies, urban functional information integration, flexible solutions.
1. Introduction
In the last years, an assortment of attempts have been applied to improve the management of urban facilities by integrating information and communications technology into physical infrastructure of urban facilities with the progress of Information and communication technology (ICT). Specifically, increased interest in management in real-time based on acquiring spatial information and accurate status of the different urban facilities, away from the traditional management technique that typically depends on the manual maintenance work after periodical examination reports [41]. The essential goal of moving from labor-intensive and traditional manual methods to more intelligent and dynamic ones by precisely observing the state of facilities is to reduce human and financial losses due to malfunction or failure. In any case, in spite of there are many research conducted on the single facility management
on the basis of gathering information in real time [17,3], on the other hand, there is a lack of research and studies on the diverse facilities management on a large scale like a city level with an integrated way.
The process of traditional facilities management, in the case of an emergency, for example, a fire, flood, or earthquake, it is difficult to take quick and exact activities for the whole influenced region because of lack of actual information gathered from single sites or buildings, thus the main concern is to repair the damage after the event [15]. Conversely, the Intelligent System for Urban Facilities Management (ISUFM) suggested in this paper be able to discover any defect in early time, acquire a comprehensive image of facility's events as well as responding appropriately through playing out a general analysis to the information of both of the geospatial facility and the status in real-time that gathered from sensors, figure 1 illustrates these steps.
Figure 1. The mechanism of intelligent urban facility management in emergency
The use of information for both of geospatial and situation in real-time is not limited to the effective of facility management itself, but in addition to that it is also used to develop and operate different urban based services
Therefore, this paper intends to introduce a concept and execution model for an integrated process to intelligent management of urban facilities dependent on information for both of geospatial and situation in realtime. The point of view of the integrated process in this
paper includes the integration for both information and the functional required for intelligent facilities management as well as the integration of management for the superstructure and infrastructure of urban facilities. The physical range of this research are main superstructure and infrastructure of urban facilities, while the technical range includes design and plan of development of ISUFM with its components, and also this can be partitioned into three sections: information gathering of the superstructure and infrastructure of urban facilities from the sensors installed on it, identification of event based on the examination and analysis of the gathered data and generate and provide the event information. The underground facilities incorporate electricity, heating pipes, gas, water supply, communications, and sewer, while the over-the-ground facilities incorporate bridges, roads, buildings, streetlights, and so forth.
This paper is composed as described: section 2 displays the status of traditional approaches and limitations in the urban facilities management, section 3 portrays an integrated methodology to intelligent urban facilities management that may solve shortcomings of the existing approach, while section 4 displays functional and structural specifics of the application model, prototype system test results and plans of future research and finally section 5 gives an applicability assessment of the suggested system and some concluding research findings and recommendations.
2. Traditional approaches and limitations
With the fast development of urban areas, the numeral of facilities required to urban life has risen, and the structures and capacities of these facilities have additionally gotten progressively complex. Likewise, catastrophes, for example, September 11th attacks, the earthquake in Sichuan city, China in 2008, and the
waves of tsunami in 2011 in Japan have prompted to increase mortality following the decimation of urban facilities, leading to heavy financial losses, also the changes in functions of some urban facilities due to corona virus (Covid-19). In recent years, the continuous development of information technology has encouraged to conduct several tests to improve the management of urban facilities, by integrating information technology into the infrastructure of these facilities [6].
Generally, the facilities management (FM) is an integral of procedures inside an organization to preserve and build up the concurred services that improve and support the efficiency of its essential activities [34]. Urban Facilities management is a more extensive idea than FM, due to it pointing to an incorporated management service to the sustainability and operation of various urban facilities [10]. Other related areas of urban facilities management incorporate disaster management and urban land management, different endeavors have been made in order to give the geographic data of urban zones and gather the data of disaster regions and casualties through utilizing sensors [1].
This section examines research limitations and trends of the urban facilities management related areas.
2.1. Urban land management
Land management in the urban facilities development operation is one of the main key components for advancing resilient and sustainable cities. For example, the urban sprawl is pointing to unsustainable and mismanagement of land. Most studies dealing with urban land management were conducted within two main axes: The first: Urban land management consists of two parts: institutional and physical [8]. Figure 2 illustrated main factors to each part.
Figure 2. Main parts and elements
Physical part of urban land management very related to environmental considerations, vulnerability, potential for land development, planning, servicing, selection and availability. Institutional part are associated with provision of tenure, enrollment of land divides related cadastral data, financing of land buy and adjusting and the institutional capacities and political will required to complete these tasks. The second: Researches on the incorporation of three-dimensional urban data to
urban land management contain the incorporation of geographic three-dimensional data for superstructure and infrastructure of urban facilities through building and visualizing of three-dimensional city models and utilizing the CityGML format through incorporating the building-associated information from GIS and CAD/BIM by CityGML [23].
Since these researches fundamentally have concentrated on the geospatial databases construction and
the urban information visualization, further researches are required to recognize comprehensive application by the combination of different management functions necessary for effective management to factual urban facilities.
2.2. The computer aided facility management
Facilities management FM incorporates different
fields including space management, financial management, behavioral management and operational management [41]. As of late, with the IT application to facilities management, the term CAFM (computer aided facility management) has risen as a significant subfield. The essential goal of CAFM is to assist strategic and operational facility management including technical, infrastructural and administrative FM tasks to reduce the cost and increase the performance of the facility. CAFM systems are commonly evolved based on an assortment of ICT, for example, BIM, database systems, sensor networks and CAD systems [17].
The principle research areas of CAFM are data models standardization for efficient data exchange between different management systems, amelioration of the building management operation by utilizing the building management tasks automation and wireless devices because of changes of building conditions and users, frequently alluded to as IBS (Intelligent Building System) or BMS (Building Automation System) [26]. Most CAFM frameworks plan to get better the management and the operation of a single establishment or building. To accomplish this goal, development and research have been effectively carried out on the incorporation of different components that constitute a building [41].
Nevertheless, integrated management taking into consideration the connection between the various facilities (one of the essential exploration interests in urban facilities management) has not been notably studied.
2.3. The urban disaster management
Urban disaster management's goal is to reduce losses, wounds, and property damage due to disasters, for example, floods, quakes and such. Different data technologies have been used to empower efficient planning for disasters and restoration work. Kinds of implementation incorporate the 3D representation of damaged territories and their changes like to that of management of urban land, data gathering from damaged buildings or areas [36], and efficient information participation to help regular monitoring, salvage, and rebuilding [22], and the forecast of the degree of damage. Research regarding in information gathering from damaged buildings or areas covers the gathering of site information of casualties through utilizing wireless devices to empower efficient salvage inside a damaged zone, and real-time examination of a building by utilizing BIM [9].
Research on efficient information participation for orderly disaster management incorporates the system framework design for sharing and combination of disaster-linked information, the fire detection development and response systems that dependent on wireless and sensors networks, and development system of disaster information gathering and participation based on
the open source programming [21]. The ICT applications types can generally be classified into three groups:
• Non-real-time or real-time information gathering from areas or facilities.
• Analysis' conversion' and participation of gathered data.
• Visualization and 3D modeling of processed data or physical environment [33].
To defeat the obstacles of the current way to deal with urban facilities management, this article suggests a model and concept of intelligent urban facilities management dependent on the integration with both of facilities-associated information and management functions.
3. The integrated approach's concept of intelligent urban facilities management
3.1. Integrated management
The essential goal of facilities management is to enhance user comfort and safety through maintaining the condition and state of facilities by maintenance, and inspection [15].
However, facilities repeatedly experience the ill effects of performance degradation and safety precautions, because of the long life period designed, and operated. Moreover, any defect in the facilities maybe cause discomfort to users and at last lead to disaster cases with many losses in property and victims [15]. Considering such attributes of facilities, making sure about their quality, safety, and performance through continuous observing is fundamental in facilities management [40]. Specifically, numerous urban facilities have a nearby structural or functional interrelationship with different facilities [30], and hence a system of facilities management should not be only recognize distortions to individual facilities, yet in addition foresee and react to their effects on different facilities [32]. The features of most traditional methods of dealing with facilities management are:
• Manual detailing is the primary source through which an issue introduces itself.
• Very limited maintenance by real-time observation [15].
• Typically' each system is responsible for one facility [26].
All these traditional features prevent flexible and effective measures taken in the event of an emergency by sharing information with different systems, as well as the high cost of development and operation of the system. To solve these issues, the traditional facilities management practice requires to merge the integrated process of intelligent management, that is dependent on the concept of integration with both of functional and information.
3.2. The information integration
3.2.1. The integration of facility information
The urban facilities generally can be categorized according to the kind and utilization of a facility into private and public facilities [15]. Local or central government offices are responsible for management of public facilities; in any case, private companies usually implement design and build the system [15]. Likewise,
in private facilities, various participants frequently implement the design, build, and the management of facilities in addition to generating and management information at every stage [5]. This frequently creates difficulties in sharing and utilization the information in facilities management because of the various kinds, formats and sources of information [20].
Thus, to achieve successful facilities management, facility information must be integrated taking into account problems from variations in data kinds and formats [29, 16]. To integrate the facility information, this research paper included three databases: a facility database, a 3D geospatial database and a typical master database. The typical master database is created by utilizing road maps, digital topographic maps, and building layout plans. All the data that collected, edited and saved in the database are analyzed, which gives basic topological information on the urban environment, as the urban facilities are located [27]. The urban facility database, in any case, is constructed dependent on design/build documents for facilities and the traffic maps, also it incorporates the information of property for individual facilities, for example, location, size, type, and the responsible management authority. This database is used to give detailed facilities' situation and relationships [7].
At last, the motivation behind the database of 3D geospatial is to imagine the geospatial information to urban facilities on the framework of management. The geospatial information incorporates altitude/contour, aerial images, satellite images, 3D shape data, and video image data.
3.2.2. Integration of sensor information
To manage urban facilities in real-time, various kinds of sensors are required (temperature sensors.
pressure sensors, noise sensors, power sensors, and so forth.) [41]. As sensors for the most part have various management methods and communication relying upon manufacturer and kind, separate controllers are needed to gather and transfer sensor information [26]. Thusly, as the kind and number of sensors increment, number of controllers units has also increased [22]. Moreover, the greater the need for sensors, It will increase installation costs and increase demand for management [13]. Hence, the information created from various sensors of various kinds ought to be gathered and used in an incorporated way to empower the effective management to urban facilities in real-time [39].
This research adopted the system of USN1 (Ubiquitous Sensor Network) Gateway to gather sensor data from various kinds of sensors and transfer it in a batch to a system of management. The sensors that installed on over-the-ground and underground facilities send data to the gateway by GFSN (Ground Facility Sensor Node) and UFNS (Underground Facility Sensor Node) respectively. Both the GFSNs and UFSNs give standard telecommunication interfaces to get information from various sensors. The Integrated system of Ubiquitous Sensor Network Gateway is consists from GFDA (Ground Facility Data Aggregator) and UFDA (Underground Facility Data Aggregator), and the data that the GFSN and UFSN obtain it is aggregated for the GFDA and UFDA systems, and this data sent in real time to the facilities management system (Fig. 3). Whereas wireless telecommunication is utilized on a fundamental level between GFSN/ UFSN and GFDA/UFDA, wired telecommunication can likewise be utilized, in case of need.
Figure.3. Sensor information integration
3.2.3. Facility information link with sensor information
The constant observing of facilities demands dynamic information showing physical changes as well as constant information showing geospatial features of the facilities [31]. Constant information is acquired of the three databases (as referenced before), which consist of the information of integrated facility, while the dynamic information is gotten through the incorporated sensor information gathered from assorted sensors in
the facilities. To observe the state of a facility or part of it, it is necessary to connect the two types of information. For example, when a building Y in an area X is vulnerable to fire, both the facility information and information from the sensor of fire detection are necessary to predict the fire progression.
At this stage, the concept UOID (Urban Object Identification) is utilized to connect facility information with information of the sensor. UOID in a systematic manner categorizes and identifies individual facilities,
1 A USN consists of devices that interact with the surrounding environment by getting the rate of environmental readings. It incorporates actuator networks, wireless sensor networks,
wired sensor networks, webcams, RFID readers, laptop computers, speakers, etc.
their subcomponents and sensors that installed in the urban facilities like an urban organism through appointing an ID to each of them. In the UOID application, facilities with their subcomponents are defined as primary objects; the sensors as well as the particular parts that the sensors are connected with it are defined as secondary objects. As per the degree of objects, UOID categorizes facilities, sensors, and areas into three various groups: primary, secondary, and the last is tertiary.
Facility information, as a code design, integrated in UOID incorporates information of the object, organization, situating and so on. To get better the advantage of UOID, the "situating information" and "object information," the two of which are used frequently, are determine as primary characteristics, and the remainder of the information is determine as sub- characteristics. Every UOID is displayed in a format of simplified code with a constant size, and can be divided into Information and Header. The Information includes Domain, Location, Service, Instance, and Manager. The UOID can assume the job of setting up joins between the Information that belonging to each of the facility and the sensor by appointing distinctive IDs (including fundamental information) for sensors and urban facilities.
3.3. Functional integration
The development of most traditional facilities management systems are carried out with concentrating on one function or a number particular tasks that they are assumed to perform. Management functions are classified into four classifications: 1) management of facility information; 2) operation and maintenance of the facility; 3) management of facility event; and, 4) visualization of facility information.
First, management of facility information is the most well-known function to give information about the status of an urban facility, for example, use, size, and location, [14, 18]. Second, operation and maintenance of the facility give functions to control and inspect the state of an urban facility by actuators and sensors installed on areas or parts of a facility [26]. Third, management of facility event is for determine the occurrence of the event or an emergency situation in an area or particular urban facility, and take appropriate actions in response to this emergency situation [36]. Fourth, visualization of facility information aims to give information that the operator can intuitively understand it through visualizing of information for each of the facility and emergency in shape of two-dimensional or three-dimensional pictures [37].
Urban facilities management and a result of its wide management extension and complex connections between facilities, may not be acceptable with one function or a few fixed functions, whether in emergencies or in routine operations. Therefore, intelligent system for urban facilities management (ISUFM) suggested in this research was developed dependent on the incorporation of the entirety of the previously mentioned functions. With (ISUFM), chiefs accountable for facilities management can make a fast investigation on the facility data and effectively observe the facilities' situation, in a normal operation and in an emergency. Besides, an alert will be launched or make predictions
before an emergency occurs by ISUFM. In case of an emergency, ISUFM will help chiefs in making a fast decision, and give fitting measures relying upon the urgency level.
4. Application of the intelligent system of urban facility management (ISUFM)
This section examines the application of ISUFM dependent on the integrated methodology explained in the past section. To assess the applicability for the suggested model, a preliminary system was tested and developed as shown below.
4.1. Application overview
As appeared in Fig. 4, the model comprises of three levels, which play the functions of gathering, handling, and provision for information, respectively. First, the bottom level gathers information of sensor from superstructure and infrastructure of urban facilities, filters and processes the gathered information in linking with UOID, and afterward transfers information to the middle class, which determines whether the case is really an emergency (also the extent of its level) or not through analyzing the information gathered. Finally, the top level shows information on GUI (Graphical User Interface); this includes 2D or 3D forms to the processed outcomes, and gives information about the event and the facility to related departments. In this ways, the suggested model, by the informational functional integration, can give intelligent facilities management. Each level contains 2 or 3 from the functional modules; the main function of every of individual modules is depicted below.
The UOID module allocates UOIDs to sensors and facilities with its management throughout the life cycle to the sensors and facilities. The gateway of integrated USN gathers information from sensors about facilities and then sends it for the module of GFM (Ground Facilities Management) and module of UFM (Underground Facilities Management). Both of modules (UFM and GFM) consolidate the got information of sensors with conformable UOIDs, and afterward examine the information to review if the data is inside the typical range. On the off chance that there is data out of typical range, at this point the data will be sent for integrated management module. Integrated management module includes connecting information between the various modules and is responsible for three tasks:
1. Context-Awareness module (It classifies sensor information as unusual data through the UFM and GFM modules and information required) will sending in order to event conclusion on demand from this module. 2. Context-Awareness module will send the outcome of event inference to 3D visualization module, then; 3. Sending the outcome information to related departments.
The module of context-awareness, which takes the function of the "brain" in ISUFM, estimates the occurrence of the event or an emergency situation and its influence depending on information by the module of integrated management, then sends the conclusion outcome back to the module of Integrated management, as shown in (Fig. 4).
Sensor Information from Integrated USN Gateway
Figure. 4. System configuration.
On the other hand, there are two kinds of 3D visualizations to display the condition of facilities in real time and the environment that surrounding with their in the suggested system: 1) 3D visualization of the information that gathered from sensors, 2) 3D visualization for the information that related with the event from the module of Context-Awareness [25].
First, information of sensor is visualized to 3D by utilizing a multi-texture mechanism. The information of both sensor and geospatial of the facilities are mapped in 3D meshes integrated with GIS information, satellite pictures, and aerial images (Fig. 5) [25]. Second, 3D visualization for the information that related
with the event combines between an animation and texture mapping technique. After the primary 3D visualization of the facilities and sensors based on the information that related with the event from the module of context-awareness, the module puts 3D symbols on the target facilities and sensors depending on the type and level of the event, and creates an animation for visualize the effective and dynamic proceed of the event through changing the 3D symbols' texture. Figure 6 illustrates the process of visualizing event information [2].
Figure. 5. Visualization the information of sensor.
Figure. 6. Model of visualizing event information
At last, the module of 3D visualization imagines, with graphic images of two and three-dimensional, the conclusion outcome from the module of integrated management to assist chiefs acquire an intuitional comprehension of the facility's condition, [24, 12].
4.2. Prototype experience and future work
The test scenarios are configured to test three significant functions: Gathering the information of the sensor and UOID, analysis of gathered information to both of the UOID/sensor and facility, and identify and visualize the event.
4.2.1. The case study
The scenario deals with an applied study by choosing the Karrada sector/Baghdad city, (for importance of this region according to vital transportation facilities, as shown in figure 7 and that is by setting a proposal for an intelligent urban system for transportation facility management to improve the service level for these facilities and rapid response in emergency situations (when collision accidents and traffic congestion), by introducing telematics networks within the region and linking them to the main network of the city of Baghdad according to the mechanism in the figure 8 as well as taking advantage from the techniques of some groundbreaking projects in this field, which includes;
Figure 7. The study area within the city of Baghdad
Figure 8. The mechanism for evaluating and monitoring the performance of transport facilities system adopted
by the research
The Cambridge City project "Time" Project called "Transport Information Monitoring Environment" is an interesting and characteristic application, is runned by the University of Cambridge in Cambridge city in UK [42], as shown in fig.9 and fig. 10.
The "TIME" venture considers the putting of the best possible observing frameworks, (for example, remote systems, GPS, CCTV on vehicles, RF tags, Short Message Service on cell phones) in vital areas inside the urban spaces, with the goal that transport facilities can be observed and their services improved [42].
Figure 9. CCTV camera areas in the center of Cambridge city, TIME venture [42
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Figure 10. The maps are allowed to save and maintain tracks
The Australian Highway project is one of IoT pilot projects in the management of transport facilities, which uses the Cisco system to connect roads to connect 70,000 sensors and 6,500 traffic cameras to monitor the performance of transportation facilities [35].
However, any comprehensive transport management system that based IoT has not been fully implemented despite the many advantages of this system, as indicated by Phillip A. Laplante (professor of systems engineering and software in Malvern, Pa., IEEE Magazine Fellow and the author of the article "Smarter'
Roads and Highways"). For example, an IoT-based traffic control system utilizes a combination of communication and analysis systems between: vehicle-and-fa-cilities, facilities-and- facilities, and vehicle-and-vehi-cle; for manage traffic positions [11]. This will enable the interaction with various systems like traffic-awareness services and drones, such as Waze, as appeared in the Fig. 11. Other advantages of the system include:
1. Paving the way
Local administrations can begin making their streets more intelligent through the deployment of sensors. Wired or wireless IoT sensors to all kinds can gather information about a street's condition, the climate, and performance of transportation facilities [11].
2. SECURITY AND PRIVACY
According to Laplante "Security and protection of data are a worry for all IoT implementations, but extreme caution should be exercised with highways. The
transportation facilities must be ensured against vandalism, theft, and damage as well as the information transmitted wirelessly should be safe against hacking and eavesdropping". In addition, insurance companies and law-enforcement agencies could utilize the gathered information for aim other than its main purpose, for example, observing somebody's driving propensities or track the location of the vehicle [38].
3. SUPPORTING STANDARDS
Laplante specified a few IEEE standards that assist intelligent highways. They incorporate IEEE 802.11p, which systematizes V2V (vehicle-to-vehicle) and V2I (vehicle-to-infrastructure) telecommunication. The IEEE 1609 group of criterions of wireless access in environments of vehicular defines a structure and an integrated set of interfaces and services for secure V2I and V2V wireless telecommunication [19].
Figure 11. IOT technology will link vehicles, highways, and streetlights
As the above devices sense and record the volume and speed of traffic in each direction of the intersections as well as obtaining information about the performance of transportation facilities (roads, streets, public and private transport), collision accidents and traffic congestion, the sensor sends the information to the UFM by USN gateway. Subsequently, the sensor information will be filtered by the module of UFM, which is outside the typical range, then sends information to the module of Integrated Management. Afterwards, the module of context-awareness, after getting the filtered information, infers this event and its degree of urgency, sends the inference outcome and response suggestions to the module of integrated management. At last, the module of integrated management informs the related departments with the information of event and essential measures.
5. Conclusion
Urban facilities management ought to be intelligent and integrated for the purpose of economic and effective management to urban facilities, which, due to quick urban development and technological progress, has become growingly complex and varied. To accomplish this target, this paper suggested an idea and application model of ISUFM regarding functional and information integration. The suggested model, derived from two case studies with using the prototype system, is expected to defeat the disadvantages of traditional facilities management systems, including intensive employment requests and guidance for identifying and recovering damage caused by events. The suggested system may hypothesize two significant features from its implementation to urban facilities management.
First, as far as "monitoring of urban facilities' status", it be able to intelligently characterize facility risks through gathering, analyzing, processing, and distributing the information of facility and sensor in real-time, and dealing with them immediately to prevent or reduce death toll and property because of emergency events.
Second, regarding "the working of an urban facilities management system", it be able to unify the process of management, and minimize the expense of operating and developing individual urban facilities management systems by integration of both facility and sensor information collection, and provision of facility management functions.
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